[The criminal law protection of healthcare workers as persons entrusted with public functions]. / Az egészségügyben közfeladatot ellátó személyek büntetojogi védelme.

INTRODUCTION: Since the second half of the 20th century, criminal law has offered enhanced protection to healthcare workers as persons exercising public service functions, and to this day, such specific protection affects the lives and work of health professionals. OBJECTIVE: The aim of the study is to present how healthcare workers' enhanced criminal protection has developed since the second half of the 20th century, how the scope of its subjects has evolved and broadened, and what it really contains. It is also aimed at presenting how the crime of assault on persons exercising public service functions in this field is reflected in criminal statistics. METHOD: The study was carried out by reviewing the relevant legislation, judicial practice and literature, as well as by analysing the data provided, upon request, by the Office of the Prosecutor General. RESULTS: Along with the expansion of the scope of passive subjects of the crime of assault on persons exercising public service functions, the range of healthcare workers has also expanded, and modern Hungarian criminal law has been offering them a higher level of criminal protection. Judicial practice has expanded this circle even further, thus, the current range of persons entitled to enhanced criminal protection is particularly wide. However, this protection is not general in nature, but it is linked to specific healthcare activities, which is confirmed by the available and analysed statistical data. CONCLUSION: Healthcare workers, being persons exercising public service functions, are entitled to enhanced criminal protection, as a result of which they are more likely to be victims of the crime of assault against persons exercising public service functions. Orv Hetil. 2023; 164(6): 227-233.

[Experimental "functional amputate model" in ischemia-reperfusion]. / Kísérletes "funkcionális amputációs modell" lehetosége az ischaemiareperfusio tükrében.

Limb amputation and ischemia-reperfusion (I/R) after trauma is a serious challenge, though there are few laboratory parameters that are available to predict the prognosis. It is even less so when possible adverse effects of preventive cooling may also influence the clinical outcome. We performed an experimental model earlier on mongrel dogs to investigate the local and systemic effects of cooled and non-cooled limb I/R. In this paper we describe the model and summarize the informative laboratory results. In the warm I/R group the femoral vessels were separately clamped for 3 hours, while steel-loop tourniquet for 7 hours was performed under the femoral vessels around the thigh. After ischemia releasing the clamps provided reperfusion for 4 hours then the steel-loop was removed. In the cooled I/R group similar procedure was performed but with cooling by ice bags. Cooled and non-cooled sham-operated groups also were used. Before operations, during the reperfusion and for 5 days blood samples were collected then haematology and chemistry parameters were determined. Blood rheology and certain coagulation factors were significantly different between the cool and non-cool ischemia-reperfusion groups, furthermore, the changes were also significant compared to sham-operated animals, suggesting that these parameters may be useful in the prognosis.

[Kidney neovascularization by the greater omentum after pretreatment with omental angiogenic factor]. / A vese neovascularizatiója a nagycseplesz felhasználásával omentális angiogén faktor elokezeléssel.

BACKGROUND: Several diseases may affect the renal artery and the circulation of the kidney. In these cases alternative blood flow should be secured to preserve renal function. There are experimental methods for this, such as omentonephropexy. In this model the new vessels grow into the kidney from the omentum. METHODS: Thirty mongrel dogs were anaesthetized and operated on. The left kidney was exposed, partially decapsulated, then omental angiogenic factor extractum was placed on the renal surface and the greater omentum was fixed there. After 4 weeks the left renal artery was ligated, and further 4 weeks later the right kidney was removed. Hematology tests were performed, urea, creatinine levels were measured and urine samples were tested after each operations. For statistical analysis Mann-Whitney rank sum and Wilcoxon signed rank tests were used. RESULTS: The survival rate was 20%. Significant elevations were observed in serum creatinine and urea levels after each operation, mostly after the third one and in non-surviving animals. Moderate anaemia was also present. CONCLUSION: The efficacy of the neovascularization presented in this study and the survival rate indicate further investigations are necessary in order to explore the mechanism and the dynamics of the vascularization processes.

Changes in microcirculation after ischemic process in rat skeletal muscle.

Laser Doppler flowmetry (LDF) is a good method to investigate tissue microcirculation, but it has many standardization and measuring problems. To exclude these effects, we performed a test using LDF on rat skeletal muscle. In 12 CD outbred anesthetized rats, bilateral femoral vessels and the quadriceps femoris muscle were exposed. The left femoral artery and vein were clamped for 1 h by microvascular clips (ischemic side). On the right side, no other intervention was made (control side). An LDF probe was applied on the medial vastus muscle. Short-term occlusions (2-3 s) were performed before and after the 1-h clamping and on the control side while LDF curves were registered. The halftimes of ascending curves on the ischemic side were significantly elongated vs. the condition before clamping (P = 0.0007) or the control side (P = 0.0017). Microcirculatory changes caused by 1-h ischemia were shown by this simple, quick, and well-reproducible test on rat skeletal muscle.