[Spanish version of the Nordic Musculoskeletal Questionnaire: cross-cultural adaptation and validation in nursing aides].

BACKGROUND: The aim of this study is to translate, culturally adapt, and validate a Spanish version of the Nordic Musculoskeletal Questionnaire for a sample of nursing assistant aides. METHODS: The questionnaire was translated and culturally adapted. Next, it was included in a battery of tests that was completed by 526 nursing assistants working in residential care homes in the Principality of Asturias (Spain). To assess its validity, the Exploratory Factor Analysis and the Confirmatory Factor Analysis were used. The internal consistency was estimated with McDonald's Omega coefficient (?), complemented by the test-retest reliability analysis through the intraclass correlation coefficient. The validity of the criteria was established by the correlation between total score on the test and quality of life measures, job insecurity and psychological demand, and social support at work. RESULTS: The Exploratory Factor Analysis and Confirmatory Factor Analysis adjustment indices confirmed it is a unidimensional test. The internal consistency values indicated very high reliability (? = 0.81). Similarly, the intraclass correlation coefficient showed statistically significant values and an excellent correlation coefficient (r = 0.95). The validity of the criteria showed a statistically significant correlation with all the constructs studied, particularly with quality of life. CONCLUSIONS: This Spanish version of the Nordic Musculoskeletal Questionnaire has good psychometric qualities for a population of nursing aides and therefore may be a valid and reliable tool for assessing musculoskeletal disorders.

Psychosocial Risk in COVID Context: The Impact of Economic Factors and Labour Protection Policy (ERTEs) in Spain.

The pandemic and the current situation have caused working poverty and therefore social risk, which implies a deterioration in well-being, affecting mental health and anxiety. In this context, the employment situation tends to be regarded ignoring previous social differences, economic and mental components, which should be considered when establishing priorities to program a global action of various synergistic elements. The study involved 4686 people (3500 women and 1186 men). They all completed a questionnaire that evaluated their anxiety, employment situation, income, changes of working status, and fears of becoming infected at the workplace. The results show the need to take into account the social determinants of mental health in vulnerable groups due to socioeconomic factors, job changes, contractual changes, age, or gender, considering the need to generate strategies to manage mental health and deal with it at a structural level, therefore displacing individual focus policies and interventions. An example of these policies are ERTEs (record of temporary employment regulation), constituting a perceived measure of protection and acting as an effective buffer against the economic crisis, thus reducing anxiety.

Revisiting the work-suicide link: renewed evidence and models of analysis in workplace contexts.

Suicide is a priority public health problem for the World Health Organization. It is a multifactorial phenomenon, for which there is no effective strategy for prevention and reduction. The scientific knowledge generated has not paid much attention to the differentiating role of work and employment on the phenomenon of suicide. This article first presents Abrutyn's recent conceptual model of suicide, which has a psychosocial, holistic and integrated approach. Based on this model, it examines the most recent and solid evidence and trends linking working conditions and phenomenon of suicide, identifying the most relevant findings in work stress theories. It concludes by pointing out avenues of development for a more holistic and ecological understanding of suicide.

Influence of Job Insecurity on Musculoskeletal Disorders: A Mediation Model with Nursing Aides.

Work-related musculoskeletal disorders are some of the most prevalent diseases in the world. They have a multifactorial aetiology encompassing ergonomic and psychosocial risk factors. The aim of this study is to analyse the way job insecurity and physical workload are linked to musculoskeletal disorders, as well as the mediating role other psychosocial work risks can have on this potential relationship. A parallel mediation path regression analysis was designed using a sample of 457 nursing aides. The influence job insecurity and physical workload has on the onset of musculoskeletal symptoms together with the variables which mediate this relationship were examined. The results prove that both independent variables explain the onset of musculoskeletal symptoms in these professionals. The influence exerted by job insecurity is mediated by the social support received at work and the demands of the job. However, when analysing the physical workload, the social support received at work is not relevant as a mediator in this relationship. Job insecurity and physical workload are significant variables on the occurrence of musculoskeletal symptoms. The data obtained supports the need to focus on physical and psychosocial factors in order to prevent these disorders.

Cross-cultural adaptation of the Job Insecurity Scale (JIS) in Brazil and cross-national analysis of Job Insecurity effects in Brazil and Spain.

BACKGROUND: Job flexibilisation has increased interest in job insecurity and its consequences. Job insecurity, understood as a fear of losing employment, is linked to a deterioration of mental health, social relations or job satisfaction. Its study has been developed primarily in Europe, in the absence of validated psychometric scales in the Latin American context. To bridge this knowledge gap, the aim of this study is to cross-culturally adapt the Job Insecurity Scale (JIS) in Brazil, and secondly, to establish a cross-national analysis between people employed in Brazil and Spain. METHODS: As criteria for the sample, people with formally established employment in Brazil and Spain were selected. For the scale adaptation process, a sequence of EFA, CFA and validity tests are carried out, as well as a multigroup invariance according to the gender variable. The cross-national comparison compares the effect sizes of affective and cognitive job insecurity on the mental health variable measured with the GHQ-28 scale in both countries. RESULTS: 1165 employed people participate in the study, of whom 573 reside in Brazil and 592 in Spain. The results of the scale adaptation show that the JIS is suitable for use in the Brazilian employment context. The scale offers a factorialisation in two dimensions (affective and cognitive) (CFI = 0.993; TLI = 0.987; RMSEA = 0.04; SRMR = 0.049; GFI = 0.999; NFI = 0.980) with good reliability (ω > 0.84). The cross-national comparison shows that job insecurity has a greater weight in explaining the mental health of the employed population in Brazil than in Spain, which is related to higher indicators of job insecurity in the Brazilian context. CONCLUSIONS: With this validation we now have a validated scale of job insecurity validated for the Brazilian context. The comparison between countries shows the need to establish these analyses, since the behaviour of the phenomenon is different in the contexts studied.

Perceived precarious life: a SEM model for re-dimensioning of precarious work and its impact on mental health.

Introduction: Precarious work is one of the most studied concepts related to work, and its effects have been analyzed in relation to variables such as mental health and wellbeing. However, there is a tendency to atomise the analysis of precarious work, without understanding that people's working life is intertwined with other areas of their life. Objective: Faced with this situation, this paper presents the concept of perceived precarious life, which is aligned with contemporary models of social inclusion and exclusion. Thus, perceived precarious life comprises variables of labor precariousness, social support and hopelessness in the family economic situation. Methods: To test this idea, a structural equation model (SEM) is presented, which tests the structure of the construct of perceived precarious life by relating it to mental health and coping strategies. Results: After testing the fit of the model in both men and women, a SEM path analysis is designed between the variables, observing that perceived precarious life has an effect on mental health (ß = 0.635, p < 0.01). This relationship is mediated by unproductive coping strategies (ß = 0.142, p < 0.01). Conclusion: This model exposes a broad and integrated conceptualization of precariousness, combining aspects of work, relationships and hopelessness, which allows for an understanding of the integral experience of precariousness.

Risk and Protective Factors of Mental Health Conditions: Impact of Employment, Deprivation and Social Relationships.

This study looks into the relationship between mental health and social exclusion scenarios, paying special attention to employment-related factors. Previous studies have shown the relationship between mental health, social exclusion and poverty. For this study, authors have used data from the VIII Report on social development and exclusion in Spain, with a sample of 11,655 households. The SPSS Statistics programme was used for statistical analysis. Several factors that could pose a risk or be a protection for the presence of mental health conditions were designed. By means of a binary logistic regression the impact of these factors on mental health issues was scored. The results show that a deteriorated social network and a negative interpretation of reality are the most influential factors related to the presence of mental health conditions in a given household. On the contrary, positive social relationships protect households and function as a support when mental health conditions are already present. Thus, the support of positive and committed social relationships is a key element to protect the mental health of households.

Technodiscipline of Work: Does Post-Pandemic Platform Employment Generate New Psychosocial Risks?

In the publication Uses of work and forms of governance: precarious work as a tool of discipline Alonso and Fernández [...].

Self-Criticism in In-Work Poverty: The Mediating Role of Social Support in the Era of Flexibility.

In-work poverty reflects situations of income below the poverty threshold among employed people, involving a deterioration of wellbeing. The International Labour Organization prioritises this situation, which in countries such as Spain, Germany or Italy reaches rates of 11.8%, 10.6% and 11.8%, respectively. Within a context of flexibility, the occupational situation tends to be understood as an individual responsibility, which is why this study analyses the increase in self-criticism in these situations, and the role of social support in this relationship. The mediation of social support in the manifestation of self-criticism among people experiencing in-work poverty is analysed. The participants were 1430 employed people, grouped into those in a situation of poverty and those who are not. The results show that people in a situation of in-work poverty present a higher score in self-criticism and lower in social support. Social support is a mediating variable that prevents the manifestation of self-criticism. Lastly, a gender analysis shows that women experience this relationship more intensely. These findings enable a critical assessment of the activation policies that only take an individual approach. As an alternative, we propose strengthening interventions that foster social support, particularly among women.

Gaining a Better Understanding of the Types of Organizational Culture to Manage Suffering at Work.

Organizational culture is a central concept in research due to its importance in organizational functioning and suffering of employees. To better manage suffering, it is necessary to better understand the intrinsic characteristics of each type of culture and also its relationships with the environment. In this study, we used the multiple regression analysis to analyze the capacity of eight environment variables, five business strategies, and eight organizational competencies to predict the presence of Clan, Market, and Hierarchy cultures (Cameron and Quinn, 1999) in a subsample of Spanish managers (n 1 = 362) and a subsample of Peruvian managers (n 2 = 1,317). Contrary to what most of the literature suggests, we found almost no relationship between the environmental variables and the culture types. Strategy and competencies, in contrast, do have a significant predictive capacity, showing 9 links with the Clan culture, 7 with the Hierarchy culture, and 10 with the Market culture. In conclusion, this study has found the important characteristics of the types of organizational culture that could be useful to better manage the suffering of employees.

Impact of a sex education programme in terms of knowledge, attitudes and sexual behaviour among adolescents in Asturias (Spain).

Sex education in schools is an adolescents' right, and can have health benefits, such as improved knowledge or increased condom use. In Asturias, a secondary school programme called Neither Ogres Nor Princesses educates pupils for four years with trained teaching staff and external workshops. This study examined whether this programme (a) improved adolescents' sexuality knowledge, attitudes and skills, and (b) increased condoms use. A quasi-experimental survey was conducted, with comparison arm, with a pre-test in the first year of secondary school (12- to 13-year-olds), and two post-tests: after the intervention (15- to 16-year-olds) and two years later (17- to 18-year-olds). A questionnaire with socio-demographic, knowledge, attitude, skill and sexual behaviour variables was used. The impact was evaluated with 'difference-indifferences' analyses. There was a greater increase of knowledge in the intervention arm in both post-tests, and an increase in skills in the first post-test. Girls in the intervention arm reported less practices with penetration and greater condom use the first time, this also among boys. However, the impact was limited in time. Interventions that aim to increase sex education in curricula with quality and fidelity are a priority to guarantee children's rights and their health.

The Influence of Gender Inequality in the Development of Job Insecurity: Differences Between Women and Men.

Job insecurity is an indicator of precarious work that refers to the fear of losing one's job. It is a relevant source of stress, with negative consequences on people's mental health. The main objective and contribution of this study is to identify how gender inequality and job insecurity are related, responding to the lack of consensus found in scientific literature in this field of study. To do so, a predictive study of job insecurity, broken down by gender, is developed, considering sociodemographic and labor variables as antecedents. The sample included 1,005 employees (420 men and 585 women) aged between 18 and 65, and a linear regression was conducted for each group. Results show that women perceive greater insecurity under precarious working conditions (temporary work, informal work, salary cuts, tenure), whereas in the case of men variables related to their professional careers (job category, education) and household incomes were relevant predictors. It is concluded that job insecurity affects both gender groups, but the conditions in which this perception grows are significantly impacted by gender inequality. These findings will allow for holistic and effective actions to decrease the effects of precarious work.

Job Insecurity, Family Functionality and Mental Health: A Comparative Study between Male and Female Hospitality Workers.

The aim of the present article is to compare the family functionality, mental health and job insecurity of employees of the hospitality industry in Puerto Vallarta and Bahía de Banderas, in México. This is a quantitative and cross-sectional study. The sample was selected by non-probabilistic sampling for convenience and comprised a total of 914 people, of whom 438 were women (47.92%) and 476 were men (52.08%). The women surveyed reported more somatic symptoms, anxiety, insomnia and social dysfunction compared to men, which allows the conclusion that their mental health is vulnerable; meanwhile, men showed better perception of family functionality, a positive factor that reveals the family as a potential support factor that reduces stress, anxiety and improves men's mental health. Another result reveals that the gender structure permeates the hotel sector, inequalities in the type of contract and income are corroborated, and the existence of a sexual division of labor to the detriment of women is confirmed, as they are mostly employed in low-skilled jobs that reproduce domestic tasks, particularly those related to cleaning and food service tasks.

[CONS-32: factor structure and psychometric properties]. / CONS-32: estructura factorial y propiedades psicométricas.

CONS-32: Factor structure and psychometric properties. Risk prevention in the construction industry has a psychosocial etiology. This article studies the psychometric properties of a scale (CONS-32) created to detect personal prevention and job-related risks. The 336 participants in the present study are from the construction industry and reside in Catalonia. After exploratory factor analysis of the scale, the structure is shown to consist of four factors that involve job characteristics and individual behaviours. The results indicate adequate reliability. Therefore, the present scale may be ideal for identifying safety risks in the construction industry.

[Evolution of sexual health in spanish and asturian adolescents]. / Evolución de la salud sexual de la población adolescente española y asturiana.

OBJECTIVE: Sexual health among adolescents is crucial for their wellbeing and for global health, as reflected in the United Nations Sustainable Development Goals. The aim of this study is learn more about the state of sexual health of adolescents in Spain and Asturias, and how it has evolved over time. METHODS: Secondary data on sexual behavior, voluntary interruption of pregnancy, sexually transmitted infections and gender violence from 2011 to 2016 were collected and analyzed. Percentages and averages were used for sexual behavior and rates for the rest of the variables. The difference in the evolution was calculated using the differences-in-differences method and with the percentage increase or decrease for the rates. RESULTS: In the period studied there was an increase in penetrative sex among adolescents (4% in Asturias and 2% in Spain), a decrease in condom use (-5% in Asturias and -10% in Spain) and an increase in the use of the contraceptive pill (12 percentage points in Asturias and 7 in Spain). In relation to the rates, sexually transmitted infections decreased in Asturias (-4%, -18% y -33%, respectively) and gonorrhea increased in Spain (+74%). Rates of abortion (-25% in Asturias, -34% in Spain) and female victims of gender violence (-9% in Asturias, -14% in Spain) decreased in both territories. CONCLUSIONS: Rates of sexually transmitted infections and abortion show great vulnerability in adolescence. It is urgent that we defend sexual rights with comprehensive, effective and universal interventions, such as compulsory sex education in schools and health care for sexual health.

OBJETIVO: La salud sexual en la adolescencia es clave para la salud global, tal y como recogen los Objetivos de Desarrollo Sostenible de la Organización de las Naciones Unidas. El objetivo de este estudio fue conocer el estado de la salud sexual de la población adolescente asturiana y española, así como su evolución temporal. METODOS: Se recogieron datos secundarios sobre conducta sexual, interrupción voluntaria del embarazo (IVE), infecciones de transmisión sexual (ITS) y violencia de género desde 2011 hasta 2016. Se usaron porcentajes y medias para la conducta sexual y tasas para el resto. Se calculó la diferencia en la evolución mediante el método diferencias-en-diferencias y mediante el incremento o descenso porcentual para las tasas. RESULTADOS: En el periodo estudiado, hubo un aumento de las relaciones sexuales coitales en la adolescencia (del 4% en Asturias y del 2% en España), un descenso del uso del preservativo (-5% en Asturias y -10% en España) y un aumento del uso de la píldora anticonceptiva (+12 puntos porcentuales en Asturias y +7 en España). En Asturias, las tasas de infección por el VIH, gonorrea y sífilis descendieron desde 2014 (-4%, -18% y -33%, respectivamente), mientras que en España la gonorrea aumentó (+74%). Las tasas de aborto (-25% en Asturias y -34% en España) y de mujeres víctimas de violencia de género (-9% en Asturias y -14% en España) descendieron en ambos territorios. CONCLUSIONES: El aumento de prácticas sexuales con penetración y el descenso del uso del preservativo coloca a los adolescentes en una situación de gran vulnerabilidad frente a las infecciones de transmisión sexual. Es urgente garantizar los derechos sexuales, con intervenciones integrales, efectivas y universales, tales como la educación sexual obligatoria en las escuelas y la atención sanitaria de la salud sexual.

Job Insecurity and Mental Health: The Moderating Role of Coping Strategies From a Gender Perspective.

Job insecurity is a growing phenomenon, typical of an employment context characterised by high rates of temporary work and unemployment. Previous research has shown a direct relationship between job insecurity and mental health impairment. The present analysis goes into this relationship in depth, studying the moderating role of coping strategies and predicting that men and women implement different types of strategies. A sample of 1.008 workers is analysed, 588 women and 420 men. The Tobin CSI scale was used to analyse the coping strategies, in addition to JIS-8 to assess job insecurity, the MOS Perceived Social Support Survey and the GHQ-28 test to evaluate mental health. Then, a hierarchical linear regression was designed to study the moderating role of 8 coping strategies of job insecurity and 4 mental health subscales in men and women, separately. Results illustrate that coping strategies play a moderating role in the relationship between job insecurity and mental health. However, the aggravating role of disengagement coping strategies is more relevant than the buffering role of engagement strategies. On the other hand, women implement a greater number of coping strategies, with more positive results for mental health. Also, in the relationship between job insecurity and mental health the most important strategies are the ones related to social interaction inside and outside an organisation, and these are the main ones used by women. It therefore follows that strengthening rich social relationships inside and outside the working environment is a guarantee of well-being.

[Scale of expectations of control and responsibility: adaptation to the Spanish language and its relation to personal initiative]. / Escala de aspiraciones de control y responsabilidad: adaptación española y su relación con la iniciativa personal.

Personal initiative, understood as a proactive behaviour, self-initiated, persistent and pro-organization, is indispensable in contemporary organizations immersed in an environment of rapid and complex changes and innovations. In this work, one of the antecedents of personal initiative in the work setting is analyzed: the expectations or hopes of control and responsibility. We studied the adaptation to Spanish of the Scale of Expectations of Control and Responsibility of Frese and colleagues, using two cross-sectional samples (n=414 and 396, respectively). We performed exploratory and confirmatory factorial analyses that positively replicate the factor structure of the original scale. The relation of the expectations of control with personal initiative is confirmed, as suggested in the general model of antecedents and consequences of personal initiative. Likewise, the study confirms that control can be considered an antecedent of expectations of control and responsibility.

[Interpersonal relations as a source of risk of mobbing in the local police]. / Las relaciones interpersonales como fuente de riesgo de acoso laboral en la policía local.

Social relations in the workplace are one of the main sources of risk for the onset of mobbing. In this work, we analyzed, through the perceived social climate, the influence of interpersonal relations on the characterization of the processes of mobbing, in a sample of local police (N = 235). In particular, the policemen and women's opinions of the quality of the personal relations among the group members and the treatment they receive from the command posts were assessed. The results of the study show that the development of guidelines of social interaction based on discrimination and abuse of authority are predicting variables of mobbing in this group.

Spanish validation of the Job Insecurity Scale JIS-8: Viability of the cognitive and affective model.

BACKGROUND: This instrumental study is the Spanish adaptation and validation of the Job Insecurity Scale in its 8-item version (JIS-8). This is one of the reference tests in this field and it also allows the distinction between affect and cognition in quantitative job insecurity to be tested. METHOD: The JIS-8 was carried out on a Spanish sample with 592 participants (186 men, 406 women; Mean age = 36.68), together with mental health and job satisfaction tests. An exploratory factor analysis and confirmatory factor analysis were carried out, and the relationship between the scale and other variables was examined. RESULTS: The Spanish validation shows good construct validity, internal consistency and a Cronbach a = .88, higher than the value obtained in the validation of the original instrument. The analysis shows the consequences of job insecurity on workers’ mental health, as well as on their job satisfaction. The exploratory factor analysis as well as the confirmatory analysis, in which a one-dimensional and a two-dimensional model were tested, maintain the presence of two factors: the cognitive and the affective dimensions. CONCLUSIONS: The results underpin the fact that the test is appropriate for application to people in active employment in the Spanish population.

Validade fatorial do Questionário de Saúde Geral (QSG-28) / Factorial validity of the Goldberg General Health Questionnaire (GHQ-28) / Validez factorial del Cuestionario de Salud General (GHQ-28)

Conduzimos pesquisa com objetivo de avaliar a validade fatorial e a consistência interna do Questionário de Saúde Geral de Goldberg com 28 itens (QSG-28) no Brasil, comparando os ajustes de sua estrutura fatorial com quatro, três e cinco fatores. Realizamos procedimento de tradução reversa (inglês-português-inglês) do instrumento. Aplicamos o QSG-28 em 878 estudantes de duas faculdades de Belo Horizonte/MG. Desenvolvemos análise fatorial exploratória, Smallest Space Analysis e análise fatorial confirmatória (AFC). Na AFC, nenhum dos modelos apresentou bons ajustes. O modelo de três fatores do QSG-28 se mostrou mais adequado que os modelos de quatro e cinco fatores para a avaliação de estudantes universitários, ainda que o modelo de quatro fatores possa ser adotado. Concluímos que o instrumento se configura em uma alternativa para rastrear alterações na saúde mental em indivíduos não clínicos, podendo ser utilizado em estudos no campo do trabalho.(AU)

This study evaluated the factorial validity and internal consistence of the Brazilian version of the 28-item Goldberg General Health Questionnaire (QSG-28), comparing the four, three and five factor adjustments of its factorial structure. A reverse translation procedure (English-Portuguese-English) of the instrument was carried out. We applied the QSG-28 with 878 students from two colleges in Belo Horizonte/MG. Exploratory factorial analysis, Smallest Space Analysis and confirmatory factorial analysis (CFA) were performed. In the CFA, none of the models presented a good fit. The three-factor model of the QSG-28 was more appropriate than the four- and five-factor models for the evaluation of college students, although the four-factor model could be adopted. It was concluded that the instrument is an alternative for screening for changes in mental health in non-clinical individuals and can be used in occupational studies. (AU)

Se llevó a cabo una investigación con el objetivo de evaluar la validez factorial y consistencia interna del Cuestionario de Salud General de Goldberg con 28 ítems (QSG-28) en Brasil, comparando los ajustes de su estructura factorial con cuatro, tres y cinco factores. El procedimiento de traducción inversa (Inglés-Portugués-Inglés) del instrumento fue realizado. El QSG-28 fue aplicado en 878 estudiantes de dos facultades de Belo Horizonte/MG. También se realizó un análisis factorial exploratorio, Smallest Space Analysis y análisis factorial confirmatorio (AFC). En el AFC, ninguno de los modelos presentó buenos ajustes. El modelo de tres factores del QSG-28 se mostró más adecuado que los modelos de cuatro y cinco factores para la evaluación de estudiantes universitarios, aunque el modelo de cuatro factores pueda ser utilizado en estudios en el campo del trabajo. Concluimos que el instrumento se configura en una alternativa para el seguimiento de alteraciones en la salud mental en individuos no clínicos, pudiendo ser utilizado en estudios en el ámbito del trabajo. (AU)