RESUMO
This study aimed to employ GC-MS to assess the chemical composition of MeOH leaf extracts of R. officinalis and A. indica and evaluate their insecticidal, antioxidant, and antibacterial activities. Twelve components, representing 98.61% and 100% of the total volatile compounds, were deduced from the extracted R. officinalis and A. indica, respectively, using this method. In R. officinalis extract, limonene is typically positioned as the main component (23.03%), while the main chemicals identified in A. indica extract were methyl (E)-octadec-13-enoate (23.20%) and (2R)-1,3,8-trimethyl-4-propyl-5-ethyl-2-(1-hydroxyethyl)-7-methoxycardonylethyl-6-methylenecarbonyl-porphyrin (23.03%). Both extracts of R. officinalis and A. indica exhibited different toxicity against the stored grain pest T. castaneum, with LC50 values of 1.470 and 2.588 mg/ml, respectively. Additionally, after 4 and 5 h of treatment at a concentration of 0.2 mg/ml, the A. indica extract showed the highest levels of repellent action (81.4% and 93.4%), and the R. officinalis extract showed a good repellent rate (64.9% and 80.7%) against T. castenum larvae. With an IC50 value of 35.83 and 28.68 mg/L and a radical scavenging activity percentage of 67.76% and 72.35%, the leaf extract was found to be the most potent plant extract when tested for DPPH antioxidant activity. Overall results showed that MeOH extracts of R. officinalis and A. indica were more effective against S. aureus than E. coli. To determine how the investigated chemicals attach to the active sites of E. coli DNA gyrase A and S. aureus undecaprenyl diphosphate synthase, docking studies were carried out. The consensus score analysis showed that limonene exhibits the best binding energy with both enzymes in docking analysis and more stability in molecular dynamics simulations. The RMSD was obtained at 20.6 and 4.199 (Kcal/mole). The two compounds were successfully used in molecular dynamics simulation research to generate stable complexes with DNA gyrase A.
RESUMO
The biological activity of crude petroleum ether extracts of Oshar (Calotropis procera); Harmal (Rhazya stricta) and Hargal (Solenostemma argel) were assessed using the 4th larval instar of cotton leafworm Spodoptera littoralis (Boisd.) (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae). All extracts exhibited a significant antifeedant activity at the LC50 levels. Harmal extract deterred feeding potential of insect larvae by 52.96% but decreased to 26.76 and 18.00% for Hargal and Oshar, respectively. In nutritional assays, all plant extracts affected Growth Rate (GR mg) where Harmal caused the highest rate of efficiency and followed by Oshar against 4th larval instar fed for two days on castor leaves treated with botanical extracts (LC50) and three days on un-treated leaves after that. Hargal didn't show a significant effect on growth rate compared with un-treated larvae. The differences between Consumption Index (CI mg) of larvae treated with Hramal and Hargal after five days of feeding in comparison with un-treated larvae were significant. Efficiency of Conversion of Ingested food (ECI%) to biomass reached 31.81 +/- 1.49, 26.06 +/- 1.89 and 48.67 +/- 1.54 after five days of treatment by Oshar, Harmal and Hargal, respectively. These values were 49.61 +/- 1.72, 39.12 +/- 0.54 and 53.20 +/- 0.96 for digested food utilization (ECD%) in larvae treated with the aforementioned extracts after five days, respectively. There was a remarkable inhibitory activity of plant extracts on the digestive carbohydrate enzymes, amylase and invertase in vitro. It was noticed that Harmal had a remarkable inhibitory action causing an average of 42.58% inhibition rate on amylase and 16.27% on invertase followed by Hargel and Oshar with inhibition rates of 33.27 and 19.58% against amylase, while these values averaged 11.19 and 5.97% of inhibition in case of invertase, respectively.