Hodgkin Lymphoma in Children: A 16-year Experience at the Children's Welfare Teaching Hospital of Baghdad, Iraq.

Background: Childhood Hodgkin lymphoma (HL) is an eminently curable disease. Good outcomes can be achieved even in resource-limited settings, and the focus is increasingly on limiting long-term toxicity. Contemporary treatment incorporates a risk-stratified, response-adapted approach using multiagent chemotherapy with/without low-dose radiotherapy. Many developing countries continue to use ABVD-based regimens due to limited acute toxicity, cost, and ease of delivery. Objective: We herein report the outcomes of childhood HL diagnosed and treated in an Iraqi single centre over 16 years. Methods: Children ≤14 years old with biopsy-proven HL were enrolled. Most patients received ABVD chemotherapy or COPP/ABV when Dacarbazine was unavailable. Radiotherapy was not available. Results: Three hundred-three children were consecutively newly diagnosed with HL; 284 were considered eligible for the retrospective analysis (treatment refusals 9; deaths before therapy 5; initially diagnosed of non-Hodgkin lymphoma 5). ABVD scheme was administered to 184 children (65%), COPP/ABV to 83 (29%), and other schemes to the remaining 17 patients. Complete response (CR) was achieved in 277 (98%); 4 (1.4%) showed disease progression, and 1 had stable disease. Four patients in CR abandoned therapy and were in CR at the time of analysis, 2 died from infection. Relapse occurred in 42 patients (15%). The 15-year OS and EFS are 89.7% and 70.3%, respectively. Conclusion: In this single Centre, over 16 years, almost 90% of children suffering from HL survive, despite the numerous limitations in diagnostic procedures, shortage of chemotherapy, no radiotherapy facilities, absence of effective second-line treatments, and finally, therapy abandonment for social and financial reasons.

Comprehensive global collaboration in the care of 1182 pediatric oncology patients over 12 years: The Iraqi-Italian experience.

BACKGROUND: Iraq's health care system has gradually declined after several decades of wars, terrorism, and UN economic sanctions. The Oncology Unit at Children's Welfare Teaching Hospital (CWTH) in Baghdad was lacking basic facilities and support. To address this shortcoming, a humanitarian and educational partnership was established between CWTH and Sapienza University of Rome (SUR). METHODS: We investigated the outcomes of 80 online and 16 onsite educational sessions and 142 teleconsultation sessions from 2006 to 2014. We also determined the outcomes of pathology reviews by SUR of 1216 tissue specimens submitted by CWTH from 2007 until 2019 for second opinions. The primary outcomes were discordance, concordance, and changes among clinical diagnoses and pathology review findings. The measures included the frequency of teleconsultation and tele-education sessions, the topics discussed in these sessions, and the number of pathology samples requiring second opinions. FINDINGS: A total of 500 cases were discussed via teleconsultations during the study period. The median patient age was 7 years (range, 24 days to 16·4 years), and the cases comprised 79 benign tumors, 299 leukemias, 120 lymphomas, and 97 solid tumors. The teleconsultation sessions yielded 27 diagnostic changes, 123 confirmed diagnoses, and 13 equivocal impacts. The pathology reviews by SUR were concordant for 996 (81·9%) cases, discordant for 186 (15·3%), and inconclusive for 34 (2·8%). The major cause of discordance was inadequate immunohistochemical staining. The percentage of discordance markedly decreased over time (from 40% to 10%). The cause of the improvement is multifactorial: training of two CWTH pathologists at SUR, better immunohistochemical staining, and the ongoing clinical and pathologic telemedicine activities. The partnership yielded 12 publications, six posters, and three oral presentations by CWTH investigators. INTERPRETATION: The exchange of knowledge and expertise across continental boundaries meaningfully improved the diagnoses and management of pediatric cancer at CWTH.

Childhood acute promyelocytic leukemia in a pediatric cancer referral center in Baghdad, Iraq. Improved results with ATRA extended consolidation.

Modern treatments have dramatically improved the prognosis of childhood acute promyelocytic leukemia (APL). This progress has not yielded equivalent benefit in developing countries, where biological studies and supportive cares are insufficient and often unavailable. Since 2003, an all-trans retinoic (ATRA)-based, risk-adapted protocol was initiated in Baghdad. Patients were defined: high-risk with WBC ≥10 × 109/L and standard-risk with WBC <10 × 109/L. ATRA was included in induction and maintenance and, from 2010, in consolidation. Of 429 pediatric acute myeloid leukemia (September 2003-August 2019), 118 (27.5%) were APL. Six children died before therapy, 4 refused; 94/108 (87%) achieved a remission; 12 (11%) died early and 2 abandoned. The 5-year overall survival and event-free survival are 61.8% and 55.5% for all patients, 51.7% and 43.6% for first protocol, 68.4% and 63.9% for second one. Baseline WBC count was a risk factor for induction mortality; early hemorrhagic death remains a major cause of failure. ATRA extended consolidation improved results.

Treatment of children with B-cell non-Hodgkin lymphoma in a low-income country.

BACKGROUND: An adapted LMB 96 derived protocol for B-cell non-Hodgkin lymphoma (NHL) was implemented at the pediatric oncology unit of the Children Welfare Teaching Hospital in Baghdad (Iraq) from 2000 to present. The purpose was to evaluate the feasibility and efficacy of this intensive therapeutic regimen in a limited resource country. METHODS: Patients <15 years of age with high grade B-cell NHL were included. A modified LMB 96 regimen was employed with a reduction of cyclophosphamide and methotrexate dosages due to inadequate laboratory facilities and supportive care. RESULTS: Between 2000 and 2005, 261 children with non-lymphoblastic NHL were registered; 239 were eligible for the analysis. Two patients had stage I disease, 20 stage II, 179 stage III, and 38 stage IV. Fifty-two patients (22%) had bulky disease. Twelve children were assigned to therapeutic group A (low risk), 184 to group B (intermediate risk), and 43 to group C (high risk). One hundred and eighty-four patients (77%) had a complete response after the COP pre-phase. Sixty-nine patients (29%) died during treatment. Twenty-nine patients abandoned treatment. At 24 months, the overall survival rate of the entire patient population was 66% (CI 95%: 62.2-70.6) and the event-free survival rate 53.3% (CI 95%: 50.0-56.8). CONCLUSIONS: The treatment schedule proved effective, but the treatment-related mortality due to infections and metabolic complications was very high owing to the limited supportive care available. The high rate of treatment abandonment was also an important cause of failure, especially for children living far away from the hospital.

Reality of pediatric cancer in Iraq.

This brief report displays comprehensive details of health services provided by Children's Welfare Teaching Hospital, medical city, Baghdad. In 2010; 366 children with newly diagnosed cancer were admitted for treatment, two thirds were leukemia and lymphoma cases followed by other solid tumors except brain tumors. With this large number of patients; there are shortcomings in provision of health services in many aspects including professional manpower, infrastructure, diagnostic and therapeutic facilities, supportive and palliative care. The previous wars and sanction and the current instability of the country added to the socioeconomic difficulties of the families jeopardizing the appropriate therapy and ultimately the poor treatment outcome. Since 2003 an international collaboration had a major contribution in many aspects like provision of drugs and medical supplies, attendance of scientific workshops, and updating doctor's knowledge and experience through telemedicine programs which resulted in decreasing the induction mortality in acute lymphoblastic leukemia from 24% in the year 2007% to 10% in 2010 after introduction of pre-phase steroids and in acute promyelocytic leukemia from 95% to 5% after introduction of all trans-retinoic acid. A collaborative work with Rome University resulted in changing diagnosis of 20% of pathological samples sent there for reevaluation. Iraqi pediatric oncologists still need real attempts to improve infrastructure and human resources in addition to twinning programs with internationally recognized cancer centers to face these management challenges.

Treatment of childhood acute lymphoblastic leukemia in Iraq: a 17-year experience from a single center.

We performed a retrospective analysis of 1415 acute lymphoblastic leukemia children diagnosed between January 2000 and December 2016 at Children Welfare Teaching Hospital, Baghdad, Iraq. Patients were divided into three cohorts according to treatment period (2000-2005; 2006-2011; 2012-2016). Treatments were based on modified-UKALL protocols; a steroid-pre-phase was introduced from September 2008. The overall complete remission was 86%, increased from 80% to 91% in the last period. Early deaths occurred in 10%, decreasing to 6%, overtime. Relapses were 23%; toxic deaths and abandonment 8% and 13%, respectively. At a median follow-up of 65.3 months, with abandonment considered as an event, the 5-year overall survival (OS) and event-free survival were 62.2% and 46.3%, statistically influenced by treatment period (5-year OS 62.6%, 59.1%, 66.3%; p=.057, respectively). Though pediatric ALL survival in Iraq is still below that observed in high income countries, survival rates progressively improved. Toxic deaths remain an important cause of failure.