Speciation in savanna birds in South America: The case of the Least Nighthawk Chordeiles pusillus (Aves: Caprimulgidae) in and out of the Amazon.

The Least Nighthawk Chordeiles pusillus is widespread wherever there are savannas in the South American tropics, often in isolated patches, such as white-sands savannas in the Amazon rainforest realm. Here, we investigate genetic relationships between populations of the Least Nighthawk to understand historical processes leading to its diversification and to determine dispersal routes between northern and southern savannas by way of three hypothesized dispersal corridors by comparing samples from white-sand savannas to samples from other savannas outside of the Amazon rainforest region. We use 32 mtDNA samples from the range of C. pusillus to infer a dated phylogeny. In a subset of 17 samples, we use shotgun sequences to infer a distance-based phylogeny and to estimate individual admixture proportions. We calculate gene flow and shared alleles between white-sand and non-Amazonian populations using the ABBA-BABA test (D statistics), and Principal Component Analysis (PCA) to examine genetic structure within and between lineages. Finally, we use species distribution modelling (SDM) of conditions during the Last Glacial Maximum (LGM), currently, and in the future (2050-2080) to predict potential species occurrence under a climate change scenario. Two main clades (estimated to have diverged around 1.07 million years ago) were recovered with mtDNA sequences and Single Nucleotide Polymorphism (SNPs) and were supported by NGSadmix and PCA: one in the Amazon basin white-sand savannas, the other in the non-Amazonian savannas. Possible allele sharing between these clades was indicated by the D-statistics between northern non-Amazonian populations and the white-sand savanna population, but this was not corroborated by the admixture analyses. Dispersal among northern non-Amazonian populations may have occurred in a dry corridor between the Guianan and the Brazilian Shield, which has since moved eastward. Our data suggest that the lineages separated well before the Last Glacial Maximum, consequently dispersal could have happened at any earlier time during similar climatic conditions. Subsequently, non-Amazonian lineages became more divergent among themselves, possibly connecting and dispersing across the mouth of the Amazon River across Marajó island during favourable climatic conditions in the Pleistocene.

Genomic Architecture Predicts Tree Topology, Population Structuring, and Demographic History in Amazonian Birds.

Geographic barriers are frequently invoked to explain genetic structuring across the landscape. However, inferences on the spatial and temporal origins of population variation have been largely limited to evolutionary neutral models, ignoring the potential role of natural selection and intrinsic genomic processes known as genomic architecture in producing heterogeneity in differentiation across the genome. To test how variation in genomic characteristics (e.g. recombination rate) impacts our ability to reconstruct general patterns of differentiation between species that cooccur across geographic barriers, we sequenced the whole genomes of multiple bird populations that are distributed across rivers in southeastern Amazonia. We found that phylogenetic relationships within species and demographic parameters varied across the genome in predictable ways. Genetic diversity was positively associated with recombination rate and negatively associated with species tree support. Gene flow was less pervasive in genomic regions of low recombination, making these windows more likely to retain patterns of population structuring that matched the species tree. We further found that approximately a third of the genome showed evidence of selective sweeps and linked selection, skewing genome-wide estimates of effective population sizes and gene flow between populations toward lower values. In sum, we showed that the effects of intrinsic genomic characteristics and selection can be disentangled from neutral processes to elucidate spatial patterns of population differentiation.

Whole genomes show contrasting trends of population size changes and genomic diversity for an Amazonian endemic passerine over the late quaternary.

The "Amazon tipping point" is a global change scenario resulting in replacement of upland terra-firme forests by large-scale "savannization" of mostly southern and eastern Amazon. Reduced rainfall accompanying the Last Glacial Maximum (LGM) has been proposed to have acted as such a tipping point in the past, with the prediction that terra-firme inhabiting species should have experienced reductions in population size as drier habitats expanded. Here, we use whole-genomes of an Amazonian endemic organism (Scale-backed antbirds - Willisornis spp.) sampled from nine populations across the region to test this historical demography scenario. Populations from southeastern Amazonia and close to the Amazon-Cerrado ecotone exhibited a wide range of demographic patterns, while most of those from northern and western Amazonia experienced uniform expansions between 400 kya and 80-60 kya, with gradual declines toward 20 kya. Southeastern populations of Willisornis were the last to diversify and showed smaller heterozygosity and higher runs of homozygosity values than western and northern populations. These patterns support historical population declines throughout the Amazon that affected more strongly lineages in the southern and eastern areas, where historical "tipping point" conditions existed due to the widespread replacement of humid forest by drier and open vegetation during the LGM.

Quadros de ansiedade durante a pandemia: impactos no controle da diabetes mellitus 2 em mulheres jovens com sop e necessidade de revisão no manejo de atuação e inclusão de serviços de psicologia / Anxiety system during the pandemic: impacts on the control of diabetes mellitus 2 in young women with pcos and the need for review in action management and inclusion of psychology services / Sistema de ansiedad durante la pandemia: impactos en el control de la diabetes mellitus 2 en mujeres jóvenes con sop y la necesidad de revisión en la acción gestión e inclusión de los servicios de psicología

O Diabetes mellitus (DM) é uma doença crônica que apresentou um crescente aumento em sua prevalência, principalmente de DM II em mulheres com Síndrome do Ovário Policístico (SOP). Dentro deste parâmetro, o estudo verificou não só fatores de risco modificáveis ­ sobrepeso e sedentarismo, mas também fatores como a ansiedade, identificada principalmente durante a pandemia, a qual resultou em efeitos sobre a saúde mental dessas mulheres. Sendo assim, o objetivo do estudo é conhecer a influência da ansiedade no tratamento da DM II em jovens com SOP, durante a pandemia. A metodologia foi realizada em modelo de estudo observacional entre o período de junho de 2020 a outubro de 2021, via prontuários do INOVA-Secretaria Municipal de Joinville, onde foram qualificadas mulheres da Atenção Primária do Município de Joinville-SC portadoras de DM II e com idade igual ou inferior a 30 anos. Um total de 44 mulheres atendendo aos requisitos iniciais de inclusão. Como resultado, verificou-se a influência do Índice de Massa Corporal (IMC) sobre a glicemia pela mediada, tendo-se dois grupos (IMC>30 e IMC<30), sem se constatar diferença significativa. Entretanto, nas análises dos Grupos Ansiedade (GAN) e Não Ansiedade (GNAN), observou-se que o GAN concentra as participantes com glicemias mais elevadas. Portanto, conclui-se que, a ansiedade afeta condições que interferem no controle glicêmico (sistema endócrino, manejo comportamental), se tratando de uma condição a ser mais bem manejada na DM2, o que abre discussão para a reorganização da atenção à saúde mental na atenção primária à saúde nos pós pandemia.

Diabetes mellitus (DM) is a chronic disease that has shown an increasing increase in its prevalence, especially DM II in women with Polycystic Ovary Syndrome (PCOS). Within this parameter, the study verified not only modifiable risk factors ­ overweight and sedentary lifestyle, but also factors such as anxiety, identified mainly during the pandemic, which resulted in effects on the mental health of these women. Therefore, the objective of the study is to understand the influence of anxiety on the treatment of DM II in young people with PCOS, during the pandemic. The methodology was carried out in an observational study model between the period from June 2020 to October 2021, via medical records from INOVA-Joinville Municipal Secretariat, where women from Primary Care in the Municipality of Joinville-SC who had DM II and with aged 30 years or less. A total of 44 women met the initial inclusion requirements. As a result, the influence of the Body Mass Index (BMI) on glycemia was verified through mediation, with two groups (BMI>30 and BMI<30), without finding a significant difference. However, in the analyzes of the Anxiety (GAN) and Non-Anxiety (GNAN) Groups, it was observed that the GAN concentrates participants with higher blood glucose levels. Therefore, it is concluded that anxiety affects conditions that interfere with glycemic control (endocrine system, behavioral management), being a condition to be better managed in DM2, which opens discussion for the reorganization of mental health care in primary health care in the post-pandemic period.

La diabetes mellitus (DM) es una enfermedad crónica que ha mostrado un aumento creciente en su prevalencia, especialmente la DM II en mujeres con Síndrome de Ovario Poliquístico (SOP). Dentro de ese parámetro, el estudio verificó no sólo factores de riesgo modificables ­sobrepeso y sedentarismo­, sino también factores como la ansiedad, identificados principalmente durante la pandemia, que resultaron en efectos sobre la salud mental de estas mujeres. Por tanto, el objetivo del estudio es comprender la influencia de la ansiedad en el tratamiento de la DM II en jóvenes con SOP, durante la pandemia. La metodología se realizó en un modelo de estudio observacional entre el período de junio de 2020 a octubre de 2021, a través de historias clínicas de INOVA- Secretaría Municipal de Joinville, donde participaron mujeres de Atención Primaria del Municipio de Joinville-SC que tenían DM II y con 30 años. años o menos. Un total de 44 mujeres cumplieron con los requisitos de inclusión inicial. Como resultado, se verificó mediante mediación la influencia del Índice de Masa Corporal (IMC) sobre la glucemia, con dos grupos (IMC>30 e IMC<30), sin encontrar diferencia significativa. Sin embargo, en los análisis de los Grupos de Ansiedad (GAN) y No Ansiedad (GNAN), se observó que el GAN concentra a los participantes con niveles más altos de glucosa en sangre. Por lo tanto, se concluye que la ansiedad afecta condiciones que interfieren en el control glucémico (sistema endocrino, manejo conductual), siendo una condición a ser mejor manejada en la DM2, lo que abre discusión para la reorganización de la atención a la salud mental en la atención primaria de salud en el pos- período pandémico.