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Biochar (BC) is an organic compound formed by the pyrolysis of organic wastes. Application of BCs as soil amendments has many benefits including carbon sequestration, enhanced soil fertility and sustainable agriculture production. In the present study, we acidified the different BCs prepared from rice straw, rice husk, wheat straw, cotton stalk, poultry manure, sugarcane press mud and vegetable waste; following which, we applied them in a series of pot experiments. Comparisons were made between acidified and non- acidified BCs for their effects on seed germination, soil properties (EC, pH) nutrient contents (P, K, Na) and organic matter. The treatments comprised of a control, and all above-described BCs (acidified as well as non-acidified) applied to soil at the rate of 1% (w/w). The maize crop was selected as a test crop. The results showed that acidified poultry manure BC significantly improved germination percentage, shoot length, and biomass of maize seedlings as compared to other BCs and their respective control plants. However, acidified BCs caused a significant decrease in nutrient contents (P, K, Na) of soil,maize seedlings, and the soil organic matter contents as compared to non- acidified BCs. But when compared with control treatments, all BCs treatments (acidified and non-acidified) delivered higher levels of nutrients and organic matter contents. It was concluded that none of the BCs (acidified and non-acidified) had caused negative effect on soil conditions and growth of maize. In addition, the acidification of BC prior to its application to alkaline soils might had altered soil chemistry and delivered better maize growth. Moving forward, more research is needed to understand the long-term effects of modified BCs on nutrient dynamics in different soils. In addition, the possible effects of BC application timings, application rates, particle size, and crop species have to be evaluated systemtically.
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Carvão Vegetal , Germinação , Solo , Zea mays , Zea mays/crescimento & desenvolvimento , Zea mays/efeitos dos fármacos , Zea mays/metabolismo , Carvão Vegetal/química , Carvão Vegetal/farmacologia , Solo/química , Germinação/efeitos dos fármacos , Nutrientes/metabolismo , Esterco , Agricultura/métodos , Plântula/crescimento & desenvolvimento , Plântula/efeitos dos fármacosRESUMO
The prevalence of inorganic pollutants in the environment, including heavy metals (HMs), necessitates a sustainable and cost-effective solution to mitigate their impacts on the environment and living organisms. The present research aimed to assess the phytoextraction capability of spinach (Spinach oleracea L.), under the combined effects of ascorbic acid (AA) and microwave (MW) irradiation amendments, cultivated using surgical processing wastewater. In a preliminary study, spinach seeds were exposed to MW radiations at 2.45â¯GHz for different durations (15, 30, 45, 60, and 90â¯seconds). Maximum germination was observed after the 30â¯seconds of radiation exposure. Healthy spinach seeds treated with MW radiations for 30â¯s were cultivated in the sand for two weeks, after which juvenile plants were transferred to a hydroponic system. Surgical industry wastewater in different concentrations (25â¯%, 50â¯%, 75â¯%, 100â¯%) and AA (10â¯mM) were provided to both MW-treated and untreated plants. The results revealed that MW-treatment significantly enhanced the plant growth, biomass, antioxidant enzyme activities and photosynthetic pigments, while untreated plants exhibited increased reactive oxygen species (ROS) and electrolyte leakage (EL) compared with their controls. The addition of AA to both MW-treated and untreated plants improved their antioxidative defense capacity under HMs-induced stress. MW-treated spinach plants, under AA application, demonstrated relatively higher concentrations and accumulation of HMs including lead (Pb), cadmium (Cd) and nickel (Ni). Specifically, MW-treated plants with AA amendment showed a significant increase in Pb concentration by 188â¯% in leaves, Cd by 98â¯%, and Ni by 102â¯% in roots. Additionally, the accumulation of Ni increased by 174â¯% in leaves, Cd by 168â¯% in roots, and Pb by 185â¯% in the stem of spinach plant tissues compared to MW-untreated plants. These findings suggested that combining AA with MW irradiation of seeds could be a beneficial strategy for increasing the phytoextraction of HMs from wastewater and improving overall plant health undergoing HMs stress.
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Ácido Ascórbico , Biodegradação Ambiental , Metais Pesados , Micro-Ondas , Sementes , Spinacia oleracea , Spinacia oleracea/efeitos dos fármacos , Spinacia oleracea/metabolismo , Spinacia oleracea/efeitos da radiação , Spinacia oleracea/crescimento & desenvolvimento , Ácido Ascórbico/metabolismo , Sementes/efeitos da radiação , Sementes/efeitos dos fármacos , Águas Residuárias/química , Germinação/efeitos dos fármacos , Germinação/efeitos da radiação , Poluentes Químicos da Água , Antioxidantes/metabolismo , Espécies Reativas de Oxigênio/metabolismo , Resíduos IndustriaisRESUMO
Water contamination with metals poses significant environmental challenges. The occurrence of heavy metals (HMs) prompts modifications in plant structures, emphasizing the necessity of employing focused safeguarding measures. Cadmium (Cd), lead (Pb), and chromium (Cr) emerge as particularly menacing toxins due to their high accumulation potential. Increasing the availability of organic acids is crucial for optimizing toxic metal removal via phytoremediation. This constructed wetland system (CWs) was used to determine how oxalic acid (OA) treatments of textile wastewater (WW) effluents affected morpho-physiological characteristics, antioxidant enzyme activity, oxidative stress, and HM concentrations in Phragmites australis. Multiple treatments, comprising the application of OA at a concentration of 10 mM and WW at different dilutions (25%, 50%, 75%, and 100%), were employed, with three replications of each treatment. WW stress decreased chlorophyll and carotenoid content, and concurrently enhanced HMs adsorption and antioxidant enzyme activities. Furthermore, the application of WW was found to elevate oxidative stress levels, whereas the presence of OA concurrently mitigated this oxidative stress. Similarly, WW negatively affected soil-plant analysis development (SPAD) and the total soluble proteins (SP) in both roots and shoots. Conversely, these parameters showed improvement with OA treatments. P. australis showed the potential to enhance HM accumulation under 100% WW stress. Specifically, there is an increase in root SP ranging from 9% to 39%, an increase in shoot SP from 6% to 91%, and an elevation in SPAD values from 4% to 64% compared to their respective treatments lacking OA inclusion. The OA addition resulted in decreased EL contents in the root and shoot by 10%-19% and 13%-15%, MDA by 9%-14% and 9%-20%, and H2O2 by 14%-21% and 9%-17%, in comparison to the respective treatments without OA. Interestingly, the findings further revealed that the augmentation of OA also contributed to an increased accumulation of Cr, Cd, and Pb. Specifically, at 100% WW with OA (10 mM), the concentrations of Cr, Pb, and Cd in leaves rose by 164%, 447%, and 350%, in stems by 213%, 247%, and 219%, and in roots by 155%, 238%, and 195%, respectively. The chelating agent oxalic acid effectively alleviated plant toxicity induced by toxins. Overall, our findings demonstrate the remarkable tolerance of P. australis to elevated concentrations of WW stress, positioning it as an eco-friendly candidate for industrial effluent remediation. This plant exhibits efficacy in restoring contaminants present in textile effluents, and notably, oxalic acid emerges as a promising agent for the phytoextraction of HMs.
HMs stress decreased the physiology and morphology of Phragmites australis L.OA improved the photosynthetic pigments and antioxidant enzymesHMs accumulation and bioavailability increased under OAPhragmites australis L. showed higher efficacy for textile effluent treatment under OA.
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Nano-enabled agriculture has emerged as an attractive approach for facilitating soil pollution mitigation and enhancing crop production and nutrition. In this study, we conducted a greenhouse experiment to explore the efficacy of silicon oxide nanoparticles (SiONPs) and iron oxide nanoparticles (FeONPs) in alleviating arsenic (As) toxicity in wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) and elucidated the underlying mechanisms involved. The application of SiONPs and FeONPs at 25, 50, and 100 mg kg-1 soil concentration significantly reduced As toxicity and concurrently improved plant growth performance, including plant height, dry matter, spike length, and grain yield. The biochemical analysis showed that the enhanced plant growth was mainly due to stimulated antioxidative enzymes (catalase, superoxide dismutase, peroxidase) and reduced reactive oxygen species (electrolyte leakage, malondialdehyde, and hydrogen peroxide) in wheat seedlings under As stress upon NPs application. The nanoparticles (NPs) exposure also enhanced the photosynthesis efficiency, including the total chlorophyll and carotenoid contents as compared with the control treatment. Importantly, soil amendments with 100 mg kg-1 FeONPs significantly reduced the acropetal As translocation in the plant root, shoot and grains by 74%, 54% and 78%, respectively, as compared with the control treatment under As stress condition, with relatively lower reduction levels (i.e., 64%, 37% and 58% for the plant root, shoot and grains, respectively) for SiONPs amendment. Overall, the application of NPs especially the FeONPs as nanoferlizers for agricultural crops is a promising approach towards mitigating the negative impact of HMs toxicity, ensuring food safety, and promoting future sustainable agriculture.
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Arsênio , Nanopartículas , Poluentes do Solo , Triticum , Arsênio/toxicidade , Arsênio/análise , Cádmio/toxicidade , Antioxidantes/análise , Nanopartículas/química , Solo , Nanopartículas Magnéticas de Óxido de Ferro , Poluentes do Solo/toxicidade , Poluentes do Solo/análiseRESUMO
Cadmium (Cd) stress in crops has been serious concern while little is known about the copper oxide nanoparticles (CuO NPs) effects on Cd accumulation by crops. This study investigated the effectiveness of CuO NPs in mitigating Cd contamination in wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) cultivation through a pot experiment, presenting an eco-friendly solution to a critical agricultural concern. The CuO NPs, synthesized using green methods, exhibited a circular shape with a crystalline structure and a particle size ranging from 8 to 12 nm. The foliar spray of CuO NPs was applied in four different concentrations i.e. control, 25, 50, 75, 100 mg/L. The obtained data demonstrated that, in comparison to the control group, CuO NPs had a beneficial influence on various growth metrics and straw and grain yields of T. aestivum. The green CuO NPs improved T. aestivum growth and physiology under Cd stress, enhanced selected enzyme activities, reduced oxidative stress, and decreased malondialdehyde levels in the T. aestivum plants. CuO NPs lowered Cd contents in T. aestivum tissues and boosted the uptake of essential nutrients from the soil. Overall, foliar applied CuO NPs were effective in minimizing Cd contents in grains thereby reducing the health risks associated with Cd excess in humans. However, more in depth studies with several plant species and application methods of CuO NPs are required for better utilization of NPs in agricultural purposes.
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Nanopartículas , Poluentes do Solo , Humanos , Triticum , Cádmio/análise , Cobre/farmacologia , Poluentes do Solo/análise , Nanopartículas/química , Solo/química , Óxidos/farmacologiaRESUMO
The negative effects of salinity on plant growth and physiology are well-established, which is one of the major threats to food security in semi-arid and arid regions of the world. The current research focuses on biosynthesis of copper nanoparticles (CuNPs) from a bacterial strain NST2, which was genetically identified as Klebsiella pneumoniae based on taxonomic identity of 16S rRNA gene. The strain was selected for bioprospecting of CuNPs owing to its Cu tolerance potential. The biologically-synthesized CuNPs were confirmed in culture by using ultraviolet visible spectroscopy. The material characteristics of green CuNPs were further investigated by using Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, X-ray diffractometer, scanning electron microscopy and transmission electron microscopy, where crystallite size was ranged from 22.44 nm to 44.26 nm and particles were stabilized by various functional groups, such as carbonyl and amine groups. When 100 mg kg-1 of green CuNPs were mixed in saline soil in a pot experiment, the maize plants showed increased root and shoot length (43.52% and 44.06%, respectively), fresh weight (46.05% and 51.82%, respectively) and dry weight (47.69% and 30.63%, respectively) in comparison to control maize plants without CuNPs application. Moreover, green CuNPs at their highest treatment level (100 mg kg-1 of soil) counteracted the lipid peroxidation and oxidative damage in maize plants by promoting the activities of antioxidants and demoting the cellular levels of reactive oxygen species and ionic contents of Na+ and Cl-. Conclusively, biogenic CuNPs is an emerging and promising technique, which could replace traditional methods of salinity management in agricultural soils.
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Cobre/fisiologia , Klebsiella pneumoniae/fisiologia , Nanopartículas Metálicas , Estresse Salino/fisiologia , Zea mays/fisiologia , Antioxidantes/farmacologia , Cobre/química , Klebsiella pneumoniae/efeitos dos fármacos , Microscopia Eletrônica de Varredura , Microscopia Eletrônica de Transmissão , Estresse Oxidativo/efeitos dos fármacos , RNA Ribossômico 16S , Estresse Salino/efeitos dos fármacos , Espectroscopia de Infravermelho com Transformada de Fourier , Zea mays/efeitos dos fármacosRESUMO
The cultivation of leafy vegetables on metal contaminated soil embodies a serious threat to yield and quality. In the present study, the potential role of exogenous jasmonic acid (JA; 0, 5, 10, and 20 µM) on mitigating chromium toxicity (Cr; 0, 150, and 300 µM) was investigated in choysum (Brassica parachinensis L.). With exposure to increasing Cr stress levels, a dose-dependent decline in growth, photosynthesis, and physio-biochemical attributes of choysum plants was observed. An increase in Cr levels also resulted in oxidative stress closely associated with higher lipoxygenase activity (LOX), hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) generation, lipid peroxidation (MDA), and methylglyoxal (MG) levels. Exogenous application of JA alleviated the Cr-induced phytotoxic effects on photosynthetic pigments, gas exchange parameters, and restored growth of choysum plants. While exposed to Cr stress, JA supplementation induced plant defense system via enhanced regulation of antioxidant enzymes, ascorbate and glutathione pool, and the glyoxalase system enzymes. The coordinated regulation of antioxidant and glyoxalase systems expressively suppressed the oxidative and carbonyl stress at both Cr stress levels. More importantly, JA restored the mineral nutrient contents, restricted Cr uptake, and accumulation in roots and shoots of choysum plants when compared to the only Cr-stressed plants. Overall, the application of JA2 treatment (10 µM JA) was more effective and counteracted the detrimental effects of 150 µM Cr stress by restoring the growth and physio-biochemical attributes to the level of control plants, while partially mitigated the detrimental effects of 300 µM Cr stress. Hence, JA application might be considered as an effective approach for minimizing Cr uptake and its detrimental effects in choysum plants grown on contaminated soils.
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Antioxidantes/farmacologia , Brassica/fisiologia , Cromo/toxicidade , Ciclopentanos/farmacologia , Oxilipinas/farmacologia , Poluentes do Solo/toxicidade , Antioxidantes/metabolismo , Ácido Ascórbico/metabolismo , Brassica/efeitos dos fármacos , Brassica/metabolismo , Glutationa/metabolismo , Peróxido de Hidrogênio/metabolismo , Oxirredução , Estresse Oxidativo/fisiologia , Fotossíntese/efeitos dos fármacos , Folhas de Planta/metabolismoRESUMO
The natural capacity of plants to endure salt stress is largely regulated by multifaceted structural and physio-biochemical modulations. Salt toxicity endurance mechanism of six ecotypes of Typha domingensis Pers. was evaluated by analyzing photosynthesis, ionic homeostasis, and stomatal physiology under different levels of salinity (0, 100, 200 and 300 mM NaCl). Typha populations were collected across different areas of Punjab, an eastern province in Pakistan. All studied attributes among ecotypes presented differential changes as compared to control. Different salt treatments not only affected gas exchange attributes but also shown significant modifications in stomatal anatomical changes. As compared to control, net photosynthetic rate, transpiration rate, total chlorophyll contents and carotenoids were increased by 111%, 64%, 103% and 171% respectively, in Sahianwala ecotype among all other ecotypes. Similarly, maximum water use efficiency (WUE), sub stomatal CO2 concentration, sodium (Na+) and chloride (Cl-) contents were observed in Sahianwala (191%, 93%, 168%, 158%) and Knotti (162%, 75%, 146%, 182%) respectively, as compared to the others ecotypes. Adaxial and abaxial stomatal areas remained stable in Sahianwala and Knotti. The highest abaxial stomatal density was observed in Gatwala ecotype (42 mm2) and maximum adaxial stomatal density was recorded in Sahianwala ecotype (43 mm2) at 300 mM NaCl salinity. The current study showed that Typha ecotypes responded varyingly to salinity in terms of photosynthesis attributes to avoid damages due to salinity. Overall, differential photosynthetic activity, WUE, and changes in stomatal attributes of Sahianwala and Knotti ecotypes contributed more prominently in tolerating salinity stress. Therefore, Typha domingensis is a potential species to be used to rehabilitate salt affected lands for agriculture and aquatic habitat. SUPPLEMENTARY INFORMATION: The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1007/s12298-021-00963-x.
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Heavy metals (HMs) are common contaminants with major concern of severe environmental and health problems. This study evaluated the effects of organo-mineral amendments (mesquite biochar (MB), zeolite (ZL) and bentonite (BN) alone and in combination) applied at different rates to promote the maize (Zea mays L.) growth by providing essential nutrient and improving the soil physio-chemical properties under zinc (Zn) and lead (Pb) contamination. Result revealed that the incorporation of organo-mineral amendments had significantly alleviated Pb and Zn contamination by maize plants and improved the physiological and biochemical attributes of plants. Combined application of organo-mineral amendments including BMA-1, BMA-2 and BMA-3 performed excellently in terms of reducing Pb and Zn concentrations in both leaves (19-60%, 43-75%, respectively) and roots (24-59%, 42-68%, respectively) of maize. The amendments decreased the extractable, reducible, oxidisable and residual fractions of metals in soil and significantly reduced the soil DTPA-extractable Pb and Zn. BMA-1 substantially improved antioxidant enzyme activities in metal-stressed plants. This study indicated that combined use of organo-mineral amendments can effectively reduce the bioavailability and mobility of Pb and Zn in co-contaminated soils. Combined application of organo-mineral amendments could be viable remediation technology for immobilization and metal uptake by plants in polluted soils.
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Metais Pesados , Poluentes do Solo , Zeolitas , Zea mays/química , Bentonita/química , Zeolitas/química , Chumbo , Poluentes do Solo/análise , Metais Pesados/análise , Zinco/análise , Carvão Vegetal/química , Solo/químicaRESUMO
The present work studied the impact of different levels of PVC-microplastics (PVC-MPs), namely 0 (no PVC-MPs), 2, and 4 mg L-1, along with mercury (Hg) levels of 0 (no Hg), 10, and 25 mg kg-1 in the soil, while concurrently applying titanium dioxide-nanoparticles (TiO2-NPs) at 0 (no TiO2-NPs), 50, and 100 µg mL-1 to sorghum (Pennisetum glaucum L.) plants. This study aimed to examine plant growth and biomass, photosynthetic pigments and gas exchange characteristics, oxidative stress indicators, and the response of various antioxidants (enzymatic and non-enzymatic) and their specific gene expression, proline metabolism, the AsA-GSH cycle, and cellular fractionation in the plants. The research outcomes indicated that elevated levels of PVC-MPs and Hg stress in the soil notably reduced plant growth and biomass, photosynthetic pigments, and gas exchange attributes. However, PVC-MPs and Hg stress also induced oxidative stress in the roots and shoots of the plants by increasing malondialdehyde (MDA), hydrogen peroxide (H2O2), and electrolyte leakage (EL) which also induced increased compounds of various enzymatic and non-enzymatic antioxidants and also the gene expression and sugar content. Furthermore, a significant increase in proline metabolism, the AsA-GSH cycle, and the pigmentation of cellular components was observed. Although, the application of TiO2-NPs showed a significant increase in plant growth and biomass, gas exchange characteristics, enzymatic and non-enzymatic compounds, and their gene expression and also decreased oxidative stress. In addition, the application of TiO2-NPs enhanced cellular fractionation and decreased the proline metabolism and AsA-GSH cycle in P. glaucum plants. These results open new insights for sustainable agriculture practices and hold immense promise in addressing the pressing challenges of heavy metal contamination in agricultural soils.
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Mercúrio , Nanopartículas , Pennisetum , Sorghum , Plásticos , Pennisetum/metabolismo , Sorghum/metabolismo , Cloretos , Microplásticos , Peróxido de Hidrogênio/metabolismo , Antioxidantes/metabolismo , Titânio/farmacologia , Grão Comestível/metabolismo , Prolina/metabolismo , SoloRESUMO
The contamination of farm soils with heavy metals (HMs) has raised significant concerns due to the increased bioavailability and accumulation of HMs in agricultural food crops. To address this issue, a survey experiment was conducted in the suburbs of Multan and Faisalabad to investigate the spatial distribution, bioaccumulation, translocation, and health risks of cadmium (Cd) and lead (Pb) in agricultural crops. The results show a considerable concentration of Cd and Pb in soils irrigated with wastewater, even though these levels were below the permissible limits in water and soil matrices. The pollution index for Cd was mostly greater than 1 at the selected sites, indicating its accumulation in soil over time due to wastewater irrigation. Conversely, the pollution index for Pb was below 1 at all sites. Among the plants, Zea mays accumulated the highest concentration of Cd and Pb. The translocation factor from soil to root was highest for Brassica olearecea (7.037 for Cd) and Zea mays (6.383 for Pb). The target hazard quotient (THQ) value of Cd exceeded the non-carcinogenic limit for most vegetables. The highest value was found in Allium cepa (5.256) and the lowest in Allium sativum (0.040). In contrast, the THQ level of Pb was below the non-carcinogenic limit for most vegetables, except for Allium cepa (1.479), Solanum lycopersicum (1.367), and Solanum tuberosum (1.326). The study highlights that Allium cepa poses the highest health risk for humans, while Medicago sativa poses the highest risk for animals due to Cd and Pb contamination. These results underscore the urgent need for effective measures to mitigate the health risks associated with HM contamination in crops and soils.
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The NRAMPs (natural resistance-associated macrophage proteins) are major transporters for the absorption and transport of metals like Pb, Zn, Mn, Fe, and Cd in plants. While NRAMP gene family members have been extensively studied as metal transporters in model and other plants, little information has been reported on their role in Triticum aestivum, particularly in response to Cd stress. Current study reported 13 NRAMP candidates in the genome of T. aestivum. Phylogenetic analysis divided these into three clades. Motif and gene structure study showed that members in the same clades shared the same location and pattern, which further supported the phylogenetic analysis. The analysis of cis-acting elements in promoter sequences of NRAMP genes in wheat identified stress-responsive transcription factor binding sites. Multiple sequence alignment identified the conservation of important residues. Based on RNA-seq and qRT-PCR analysis, Cd stress-responsive variations of TaNRAMP gene expression were reported. This study provides comprehensive data to understand the TaNRAMP gene family, its features, and its expression, which will be a helpful framework for functional research.
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Cádmio , Triticum , Cádmio/toxicidade , Cádmio/metabolismo , Triticum/genética , Triticum/metabolismo , Filogenia , Proteínas de Plantas/genética , Proteínas de Plantas/metabolismo , Metais/metabolismo , Proteínas de Membrana Transportadoras/genética , Regulação da Expressão Gênica de Plantas , Estresse Fisiológico/genéticaRESUMO
Energy has always been the most concerned topic worldwide due to its large consumption. Among various types of energies, light has amazing characteristics and have interesting effects on living organisms. Interest is increasing in the use of laser kernel treatment as an environment friendly physical technique for better results in agronomic crops, but the work is still in progress. The present study was conducted with the aim to examine the application of range of Neodymium-doped Yttrium Aluminum Garnet (Nd:YAG) pulsed laser exposures (200, 400, 600, 800, 1000, 1200, 1400 J/cm2) as pre-sowing kernel treatment on seedling survival rate, leaf photosynthetic activity in relation with photosynthetic pigments and visual morphological effects at seedling to maturity stage. Results showed that the low laser exposure (200, 400 and 600 J/cm2) improved the photosynthetic activity in parallel with improvement in chlorophyll a, chlorophyll b, total chlorophyll, carotenoids as well as morphological traits. Kernel treatments with higher laser fluences (800, 1000, 1200 and 1400 J/cm2) showed irregular responses in studied attributes examined at the individual plant level. At 800 and 1000 J/cm2 improvements were found in some plants but at higher doses clear negative impacts were recorded on studied attributes. In conclusion, the lower doses of Nd:YAG pulsed laser fluences are found beneficial for induction of improvement in maize plants for better growth but higher doses were found toxic ones. In future further studies are needed to check the impacts of low laser doses on yield related attributes under field conditions and the high doses might also be used to create variants with beneficial characteristics if possible.
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Lasers de Estado Sólido , Lasers de Estado Sólido/uso terapêutico , Zea mays , Clorofila A , Fotossíntese , Luz , Resultado do TratamentoRESUMO
Rapid industrialization and extensive agricultural practices are the major causes of soil heavy metal contamination, which needs urgent attention to safeguard the soils from contamination. However, the phytotoxic effects of excessive metals in plants are the primary obstacle to efficient phytoextraction. The present study evaluated the effects of hesperidin (HSP) on metals (Cu, Cd, Cr, Zn) phytoextraction by hyperaccumulator (Celosia argentea L.) plants. For this purpose, HSP, a flavonoid compound with strong antioxidant potential to assist metal phytoextraction was used under metal stress in plants. Celosia argentea plants suffered significant (P ≤ 0.001) oxidative damage due to the colossal accumulation of metals (Cu, Cd, Cr, Zn). However, HSP supplementation notably (P ≤ 0.001) abated ROS generation (O2â¢â, â¢OH, H2O2), lipoxygenase activity, methylglyoxal production, and relative membrane permeability that clearly indicated HSP-mediated decline in oxidative injury in plants. Exogenous HSP improved (P ≤ 0.001) the production of non-protein thiol, phytochelatins, osmolytes, and antioxidant compounds. Further, HSP enhanced (P ≤ 0.001) H2S and NO endogenous production, which might have improved the GSH: GSSG ratio. Consequently, HSP-treated C. argentea plants had higher biomass alongside elevated metal accumulation mirrored as profound modifications in translocation factor (TF), bioaccumulation coefficient (BAC), and bioconcentration factor (BCF). In this context, HSP significantly enhanced TF of Cr (P ≤ 0.001), Cd (P ≤ 0.001), and Zn (P ≤ 0.01), while BAC of Cr (P ≤ 0.001), Cd (P ≤ 0.001), and Zn (P ≤ 0.001). Further, BCF was significant (P ≤ 0.05) only in plants grown under Cr-spiked soil. Overall, HSP has the potential for phytoremediation of metals by C. argentea, which might be a suitable strategy for metal-polluted soils.
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Celosia , Hesperidina , Metais Pesados , Poluentes do Solo , Cádmio/toxicidade , Cádmio/análise , Zinco , Cobre , Antioxidantes , Cromo/toxicidade , Peróxido de Hidrogênio , Biodegradação Ambiental , Solo , Fotossíntese , Poluentes do Solo/toxicidade , Poluentes do Solo/análiseRESUMO
One of the most crucial steps in the practical conservation of endangered endemic mountain plants is to address their population size status and habitat requirements concurrently with understanding their response to future global warming. Three endangered Silene species-Silene leucophylla Boiss., S. schimperiana Boiss., and S. oreosinaica Chowdhuri-in Egypt were the focus of the current study. These species were examined for population status change, habitat quality variables (topography, soil features, and threats), and predictive current and future distributions. To find population size changes, recent field surveys and historical records were compared. Using Random Forest (RF) and Canonical Correspondence Analysis (CCA), habitat preferences were assessed. To forecast present-day distribution and climate change response, an ensemble model was used. The results reported a continuous decline in the population size of the three species. Both RF and CCA addressed that elevation, soil texture (silt, sand, and clay fractions), soil moisture, habitat-type, chlorides, electric conductivity, and slope were among the important variables associated with habitat quality. The central northern sector of the Saint Catherine area is the hotspot location for the predictive current distribution of three species with suitable areas of 291.40, 293.10, and 58.29 km2 for S. leucophylla, S. schimperiana, and S. oreosinaica, respectively. Precipitation-related variables and elevation were the key predictors for the current distribution of three Silene species. In response to climate change scenarios, the three Silene species exhibited a gradual contraction in the predictive suitable areas with upward shifts by 2050 and 2070. The protection of these species and reintroduction to the predicted current and future climatically suitable areas are urgent priorities. Ex-situ conservation and raised surveillance, as well as fenced enclosures may catapult as promising and effective approaches to conserving such threatened species.
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Under salinity conditions, growth and productivity of grain crops decrease, leading to inhibition and limited absorption of water and elements necessary for plant growth, osmotic imbalance, ionic stress, and oxidative stress. Microorganisms in bio-fertilizers have several mechanisms to provide benefits to crop plants and reduce the harmful effect of salinity. They can be effective in dissolving phosphate, fixing nitrogen, promoting plant growth, and can have a combination of all these qualities. During two successful agricultural seasons, two field experiments were conducted to evaluate the effect of bio-fertilizer applications, including phosphate solubilizing bacteria (PSB), nitrogen fixation bacteria and a mix of phosphate-solubilizing bacteria and nitrogen fixation bacteria with three rates, 50, 75 and 100% NPK, of the recommended dose of minimal fertilizer on agronomic traits, yield and nutrient uptake of barley (Hordeum vulgare) under saline condition in Village 13, Farafra Oasis, New Valley Governorate, Egypt. The results showed that the application of Microbein + 75% NPK recorded the highest values of plant height, spike length, number of spikes/m2, grain yield (Mg ha-1), straw yield (Mg ha-1), biological yield (Mg ha-1), protein content %, nitrogen (N), phosphorus (P), potassium (K) uptakes in grain and straw (kg ha-1), available nitrogen (mg/kg soil), available phosphorus (mg/kg soil), total microbial count of soil, antioxidant activity of soil (AOA), dehydrogenase, nitrogen fixers, and PSB counts. The application of bio-fertilizers led to an increase in plant tolerance to salt stress, plant growth, grain yield, and straw yield, in addition to the application of the bio-fertilizers, which resulted in a 25% saving in the cost of mineral fertilizers used in barley production.
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In the present study, Brassica napus, a food plant, was grown for phytoextraction of selected heavy metals (HMs) from marble industry wastewater (WW) under oxalic acid (OA) amendment. The hydroponic experiment was performed under different combination of WW with OA in complete randomized design. Photosynthetic pigments and growth reduction were observed in plants treated with WW alone amendments. The combination of OA in combination with WW significantly enhanced the growth of plants along with antioxidant enzyme activities compared with WW-treated-only plants. HM stress alone enhanced the hydrogen peroxide, electrolyte leakage, and malondialdehyde contents in plants. OA-treated plants were observed with enhanced accumulation of cadmium (Cd), copper (Cu), and lead (Pb) concentrations in the roots and shoots of B. napus. The maximum concentration and accumulation of Cd in root, stem, and leaves was increased by 25%, 30%, and 30%; Cu by 42%, 24%, and 17%; and Pb by 45%, 24%, and 43%, respectively, under OA amendment. Average daily intake and hazard quotient (HQ) were calculated for males, females, and children in two phases of treatments in phytoremediation of metals before and after accumulation into B. napus leaves and stems. HQ of metals in the leaves and stem was < 1 before metal accumulation, whereas > 1 was observed after HM accumulation for all males, females, and children. Similarly, the hazard index of the three study types was found > 1. It was observed that the estimated excess lifetime cancer risk was of grade VII (very high risk), not within the accepted range of 1 × 10-4 to 1 × 10-6. Based on the present study, the increased levels of HMs up to carcinogenicity was observed in the B. napus which is not safe to be consumed later as food.
Assuntos
Biodegradação Ambiental , Brassica napus , Ácido Oxálico , Águas Residuárias , Brassica napus/metabolismo , Águas Residuárias/química , Metais Pesados , Medição de Risco , CarcinógenosRESUMO
In recent times, significant attention has been directed toward the synthesis and application of nanoparticles (NPs) in agriculture sector. In current study, nanoceria (CeO2 NPs) synthesized by green method were employed to address cadmium (Cd) accumulation in wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) cultivated in field with excess Cd. The application of CeO2 NPs was carried out through foliar spraying, performed twice during the growth of T. aestivum. Four levels of CeO2 NPs were used: T0, T1, T2, and T3 as 0, 50, 75, and 100 mgL-1, respectively. Results highlighted the positive effects of CeO2 NPs on various growth parameters, including plant height, spike length, photosynthetic related attributes, as well as straw and grain of grains in comparison to T1 (control group). Furthermore, CeO2 NPs led to a reduction in oxidative stress in the leaves and enhanced in enzyme activities in comparison to T1. Notably, Cd concentrations in straw, roots, and grains exhibited a decline following the treatment with CeO2 NPs, in contrast to the control group. In terms of health implications, the calculated health risk index associated with dietary consumption of grains by adults remained below the defined threshold with supply of nanoparticles. Foliar application of CeO2 NPs proved to be an effective approach in reducing cadmium content in wheat grains. This reduction holds significant potential for minimizing the risk of cadmium exposure to human health through the food chain. Employing the green synthesis method amplifies the potential for extensive production and a wide array of environmental applications for CeO2 NPs. This dual capacity makes them proficient in tackling environmental stresses while concurrently mitigating adverse ecological effects.
Assuntos
Cádmio , Efeitos Colaterais e Reações Adversas Relacionados a Medicamentos , Adulto , Humanos , Triticum , Transporte Biológico , DietaRESUMO
Chromium (Cr) is classified as a toxic metal as it exerts harmful effects on plants and human life. Bacterial-assisted nano-phytoremediation is an emerging and environment friendly technique that can be used for the detoxification of such pollutants. In current study, pot experiment was conducted in which spinach plants were grown in soil containing chromium (0, 5, 10, 20 mgkg-1) and treated with selected strain of Bacillus sp. and Cu-O nanoparticle (CuONPs). Data related to plant's growth, physiological parameters, and biochemical tests was collected and analyzed using an appropriate statistical test. It was observed that under chromium stress, all plant's growth parameters were significantly enhanced in response to co-application of CuONPs and Bacillus sp. Similarly, higher levels of catalase, superoxide dismutase, malondialdehyde, and hydrogen peroxide were also observed. However, contents of anthocyanin, carotenoid, total chlorophyll, chlorophyll a & b, were lowered under chromium stress, which were raised in response to the combined application of CuONPs and Bacillus sp. Moreover, this co-application has significant positive effect on total soluble protein, free amino acid, and total phenolics. From this study, it was evident that combined application of Bacillus sp. and CuONP alleviated metal-induced toxicity in spinach plants. The findings from current study may provide new insights for agronomic research for the utilization of bacterial-assisted nano-phytoremediation of contaminated sites.
Assuntos
Bacillus , Nanopartículas , Poluentes do Solo , Humanos , Cromo/toxicidade , Cromo/metabolismo , Cobre/toxicidade , Cobre/metabolismo , Spinacia oleracea/metabolismo , Solo/química , Clorofila A/metabolismo , Bacillus/metabolismo , Biodegradação Ambiental , Nanopartículas/toxicidade , Poluentes do Solo/toxicidade , Poluentes do Solo/metabolismoRESUMO
Salinity has emerged as a major threat to food security and safety around the globe. The crop production on agricultural lands is squeezing due to aridity, climate change and low quality of irrigation water. The present study investigated the effect of biogenic silicon (Si) sources including wheat straw biochar (BC-ws), cotton stick biochar (BC-cs), rice husk feedstock (RH-fs), and sugarcane bagasse (SB), on the growth of two consecutive maize (Zea mays L.) crops in alkaline calcareous soil. The application of SB increased the photosynthetic rate, transpiration rate, stomatal conductance, and internal CO2 concentration by 104, 100, 55, and 16% in maize 1 and 140, 136, 76, and 22% in maize 2 respectively. Maximum yield (g/pot) of cob, straw, and root were remained as 39.5, 110.7, and 23.6 while 39.4, 113.2, and 23.6 in maize 1 and 2 respectively with the application of SB. The concentration of phosphorus (P) in roots, shoots, and cobs was increased by 157, 173, and 78% for maize 1 while 96, 224, and 161% for maize 2 respectively over control by applying SB. The plant cationic ratios (Mg:Na, Ca:Na, K:Na) were maximum in the SB applied treatment in maize 1 and 2. The study concluded that the application of SB on the basis of soluble Si, as a biogenic source, remained the best in alleviating the salt stress and enhancing the growth of maize in rotation. The field trials will be more interesting to recommend the farmer scale.