A fludarabine and melphalan reduced-intensity conditioning regimen for HSCT in fifteen chronic granulomatous disease patients and a literature review.

Chronic granulomatous disease (CGD) is a life-threatening immunodeficiency condition. To date, hematopoietic stem cell transplantation (HSCT) is the only curative modality. We prospectively studied the outcomes of fifteen CGD patients undergoing HSCT with fludarabine and melphalan plus anti-thymocyte globulin (ATG). Most of the donors were fully matched siblings (n = 12). Cyclosporine A and methylprednisolone were used for graft-versus-host disease (GVHD) prophylaxis. CGD diagnosis had been suspected upon clinical symptoms and was confirmed in all patients by an abnormal neutrophil functional assay. The three-year overall survival (OS) and event-free survival (EFS) rates were 73.3% and 46.7%, respectively. With the median follow-up time of 33.12 months, the mean OS and EFS were 42.6 and 26.8 months; respectively. Eleven patients (73.33%) achieved full donor chimerism. Two stable mixed chimerisms with no sign of the underlying disease (13.33%) and two secondary graft failure (13.33%) occurred as well. The cumulative incidence of transplant-related mortality was 23.1% and it was two times more in adults compared with children. Three years GVHD-FS (free survival) was 57.8% in all patients and it was 70% and 42.9% in children and adults, respectively. Our results indicate that fludarabine, melphalan, and ATG have relatively favorable outcomes in CGD patients. Also, we suggest that HSCT should be performed as soon as a suitably matched donor is found.

Concurrent Evaluation of the Expression and Methylation of secreted frizzled-related protein 2 along with beta-catenin Expression in Patients with non-M3 Acute Myeloid Leukemia.

Background: Wnt signaling is a critical pathway for the development of acute myeloid leukemia (AML). Some studies have evaluated the expression or methylation of secreted frizzled-related protein 2 ( SFRP2 ) as an antagonist and beta-catenin (ß-catenin) as a critical mediator of this pathway. Since we found no comprehensive study on these genes in Iran, we aimed to investigate the status of both SFRP2 expression and methylation, and also ß-catenin expression, in conjunction with clinical characteristics, in Iranian patients with de novo non-M3 AML. Methods: The methylation and expression of SFRP2 were determined in 188 patients with primary non-M3 AML and 60 healthy controls, who were referred to Shariati Hospital, Tehran, Iran, between January 2017 and February 2019. The methylation-specific polymerase chain reaction (PCR) and real-time quantitative PCR were used, respectively. The expression of ß-catenin was explored via real-time quantitative PCR. Statistical analysis was performed using the Mann-Whitney U test (SPSS software, version 23). A P value of less than 0.05 (2-tailed) was considered significant. Results: SFRP2 mRNA showed a significant decline in the AML group compared with the controls (P<0.001). The hypermethylation of the SFRP2 promoter occurred in 25.5% (48/188) of the cases. SFRP2 expression exhibited a negative correlation with the white blood cell count (P=0.003). The expression of ß-catenin increased significantly in the patients in comparison with the controls (P<0001), and a significant difference was observed between the patients, who achieved complete remission and those, who did not (P=0.046). Conclusion: The findings of this study showed that alterations in SFRP2 and ß-catenin expression can be used as a potential biomarker for differentiating patients with new non-M3 AML from the controls. Additionally, an evaluation of ß-catenin expression may be valuable in predicting complete remission in patients with non-M3 AML.

Peripheral blood stem cell apheresis in low-weight children: A single centre study.

Peripheral blood stem cell transplantation (PBSCT) is now widely used in both malignant and non-malignant hematologic diseases as a treatment strategy. Using this approach, a controversial group of donors is children weighing 20 kg or less. The aim of this study was to evaluate results of allogeneic and autologous PBSCT and also the efficacy of our suggested alternative method for a custom prime in cell harvesting of this group. All the participants' demographic and laboratory data were collected before apheresis. A total of 37 individuals participated in this study of which 12 and 25 of them were categorized in autologous and allogeneic groups respectively. For the apheresis procedure, a central venous access was used as well as the custom prime method with some changes. Apheresis details, as well as CD34 and CD3 cell counts in the allogeneic and autologous groups, were calculated. In this study, 91.9% (N = 34) of all individuals achieved the minimal amount of cells for PBSCT (2 × 106 CD34+ cells/kg) in one session. On the other hand, 12% (N = 3) of donors in the allogeneic group achieved the minimal threshold in 2 apheresis sessions. During the leukapheresis a total processed blood volume/total blood volume ratio (TPBV/TBV) was calculated as 4.64 ± 1.06 and 5.18 ± 0.73 fold in the allogeneic and autologous groups respectively. The mean of harvested CD34 cells in allogeneic and autologous groups was 5.28 ± 3.47 × 106 and 3.57 ± 2.9 × 106 cells/kg respectively. Likewise, in the allogeneic group, the mean of the harvested CD3 cell count was 339 ± 141 × 106/kg. Also, the median day of white blood cell (WBC) engraftment was 14 and 13 for allogeneic and autologous groups respectively. Furthermore, the median day of platelet engraftment was 19.5 for both allogeneic and autologous groups. Among the recipients of the allogeneic group, acute graft versus host disease (aGVHD) was detected in 56% (N = 14) of patients and this was also correct for chronic GVHD. Taken together, it was shown, despite the probable complications of peripheral blood stem cell apheresis in donors weighing less than 20 kg; that it is possible to perform this procedure without any complication during the leukapheresis.

Effectiveness of adjuvant chemotherapy in patients with Stage II colorectal cancer: A multicenter retrospective study.

BACKGROUND: Adjuvant chemotherapy (ACT) for patients with Stage II colorectal cancer (CRC) is an area of controversy in oncology. International guidelines recommend the use of ACT in patients with specific high-risk features. This study aimed to investigate the effectiveness of ACT in improving survival in patients with and without high-risk features. MATERIALS AND METHODS: A total of 225 patients with Stage II CRC who underwent primary tumor resection were included in this study. Patients with one or more high-risk features including T4 tumor, poor differentiation, lymphovascular invasion, perineural invasion, bowel obstruction, local perforation, positive resection margins, or suboptimal lymph node sampling (fewer than 12 nodes) were classified as high risk. The survival analysis was performed between patients who only received curative surgery and those received single-agent (5-fluorouracil [5-FU] and leucovorin [LV] or capecitabine) or multiagent ACT (oxaliplatin and 5-FU + LV or oxaliplatin and capecitabine). RESULTS: The 5-year overall survival (OS) rate was 88.4%, and the 5-year disease-free survival (DFS) rate was 80.4%. The 5-year OS and DFS rates improved insignificantly with ACT (89.8% vs. 81.2%, P = 0.59 and 81.3% vs. 74.6%, P = 0.41, respectively); however, multiagent ACT results to inferior 5-year OS and DFS compared to single-agent ACT (82.1 vs. 92.8%, P = 0.14 and 70.1% vs. 86%, P = 0.07, respectively). ACT was associated with insignificant improved OS and DFS in both high-risk and low-risk groups, but high-risk patients who received multiagent ACT had a significant inferior OS and DFS in comparison with those received single-agent ACT. T4 tumor and obstruction were independent poor prognostic factors affecting OS and DFS. CONCLUSION: In our population, the improvement of OS and DFS with ACT was not statistically significant in high-risk and low-risk patients with Stage II CRC.

Redistribution of cell cycle by arsenic trioxide is associated with demethylation and expression changes of cell cycle related genes in acute promyelocytic leukemia cell line (NB4).

PML-RARα perturbs the normal epigenetic setting, which is essential to oncogenic transformation in acute promyelocytic leukemia (APL). Transcription induction and recruitment of DNA methyltransferases (DNMTs) by PML-RARα and subsequent hypermethylation are components of this perturbation. Arsenic trioxide (ATO), an important drug in APL therapy, concurrent with degradation of PML-RARα induces cell cycle change and apoptosis. How ATO causes cell cycle alteration has remained largely unexplained. Here, we investigated DNA methylation patterns of cell cycle regulatory genes promoters, the effects of ATO on the methylated genes and cell cycle distribution in an APL cell line, NB4. Analysis of promoter methylation status of 22 cell cycle related genes in NB4 revealed that CCND1, CCNE1, CCNF, CDKN1A, GADD45α, and RBL1 genes were methylated 60.7, 84.6, 58.6, 8.7, 33.4, and 73.7%, respectively, that after treatment with 2 µM ATO for 48 h, turn into 0.6, 13.8, 0.1, 6.6, 10.7, and 54.5% methylated. ATO significantly reduced the expression of DNMT1, 3A, and 3B. ATO induced the expression of CCND1, CCNE1, and GADD45α genes, suppressed the expression of CCNF and CDKN1A genes, which were consistent with decreased number of cells in G1 and S phases and increased number of cells in G2/M phase. In conclusion, demethylation and alteration in the expression level of the cell cycle related genes may be possible mechanisms in ATO-induced cell cycle arrest in APL cells. It may suggest that ATO by demethylation of CCND1 and CCNE1 and their transcriptional activation accelerates G1 and S transition into the G2/M cell cycle arrest.

Liver fibrosis alleviation after co-transplantation of hematopoietic stem cells with mesenchymal stem cells in patients with thalassemia major.

The aims of this study are to determine the replacement rate of damaged hepatocytes by donor-derived cells in sex-mismatched recipient patients with thalassemia major and to determine whether co-transplantation of mesenchymal stem cells and hematopoietic stem cells (HSCs) can alleviate liver fibrosis. Ten sex-mismatched donor-recipient pairs who received co-transplantation of HSCs with mesenchymal stem cells were included in our study. Liver biopsy was performed before transplantation. Two other liver biopsies were performed between 2 and 5 years after transplantation. The specimens were studied for the presence of donor-derived epithelial cells or hepatocytes using fluorescence in situ hybridization by X- and Y-centromeric probes and immunohistochemical staining for pancytokeratin, CD45, and a hepatocyte-specific antigen. All sex-mismatched tissue samples demonstrated donor-derived hepatocyte independent of donor gender. XY-positive epithelial cells or hepatocytes accounted for 11 to 25% of the cells in histologic sections of female recipients in the first follow-up. It rose to 47-95% in the second follow-up. Although not statistically significant, four out of ten patients showed signs of improvement in liver fibrosis. Our results showed that co-transplantation of HSC with mesenchymal stem cells increases the rate of replacement of recipient hepatocytes by donor-derived cells and may improve liver fibrosis.

Minimal residual disease (MRD) detection using rearrangement of immunoglobulin/T cell receptor genes in adult patients with acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL).

MRD detection with allele-specific oligonucleotide-quantitative polymerase chain reaction (ASO-qPCR) and using clone-specific immunoglobulin/T cell receptor rearrangements is considered as a powerful prognostic factor in acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL). In the present study, we evaluated an ASO-qPCR assay for MRD quantification in peripheral blood (PB) samples of adult patients with ALL. DNA was isolated from PB samples of patients with newly diagnosed ALL. They were first investigated by multiplex-PCR assay to identify V/J usage. An ASO-qPCR technique was then applied for 2.5-year monthly MRD quantification for detection of patient-specific Ig/TCR receptor rearrangements as a molecular target. From 98 patients who were diagnosed as ALL, 72 (73.5%) were enrolled in the present study for MRD detection. MRD was successfully quantified in patients with 1-month interval time. MRD level at the end of induction therapy up to day 88 was the only significant prognostic factor. Regarding MRD level, patients were categorized into two groups of low and high-risk. 2.5-year OS in all three time points (days 28, 58 and 88) were significantly lower in high-risk group (P < 0.008). The results of the 2.5-year MRD detection indicate that MRD level at the end of induction up to about 6 months after the first diagnosis was associated with clinical outcome. This study may highlight the usefulness of PB and the definitions of cut-off level for early prediction of relapse and for stratifying ALL patients. Short-interval time points and frequent PB sampling to monitor MRD level is suggested for early clinical relapse prediction and clinical management of the disease.

Inhibition of bromodomain and extraterminal domain reduces growth and invasive characteristics of chemoresistant ovarian carcinoma cells.

Epithelial ovarian cancer (EOC) is the most lethal gynecological malignancy worldwide. Development of chemoresistance and peritoneal dissemination are the major reasons for low survival rate in the patients. The bromodomain and extraterminal domain (BET) proteins are known as epigenetic 'readers,' and their inhibitors are novel epigenetic strategies for cancer treatment. Accumulating body of evidence indicates that epigenetic modifications have critical roles in development of EOC, and overexpression of the BET family is a key step in the induction of important oncogenes. Here, we examined the mechanistic activity of I-BET151, a pan-inhibitor of the BET family, in therapy-resistant EOC cells. Our findings showed that I-BET151 diminished cell growth, clonogenic potential, and induced apoptosis. I-BET151 inhibited cell proliferation through down-modulation of FOXM1 and its targets aurora kinase B and cyclin B1. I-BET151 attenuated migration and invasion of the EOC cells by down-regulation of epithelial-mesenchymal transition markers fibronectin, ZEB2, and N-cadherin. I-BET151 synergistically enhanced cisplatin chemosensitivity by down-regulation of survivin and Bcl-2. Our data provide insights into the mechanistic activity of I-BET151 and suggest that BET inhibition has potential as a therapeutic strategy in therapy-resistant EOC. Further in vivo investigations on the therapeutic potential of I-BET151 in EOC are warranted.

How do anxiety affect CD34 and CD3 cells in allogeneic peripheral blood stem cell transplantation?

Allogeneic peripheral blood stem cells (PBHSCs) transplantation using apheresis is a curative method for malignant and non-malignant hematologic diseases. The aim of this study was to assess the possible effects of anxiety as well as other variables on PBHSCs apheresis success. In this cross-sectional study, different demographic and clinical data such as granulocyte-colony stimulating factor (G-CSF) dosage, CD 34+ cells count (before apheresis), CD 34+, CD3+ cells count in apheresis product and also complete blood count were assessed. Furthermore, for evaluation of anxiety level in donors, the Beck's anxiety inventory (BAI) was administered. In this study, 111 donors were randomly enrolled after meeting inclusion and exclusion criteria. Results of BAI showed the mean score of 22.85 ±â€¯15.43 (mild to moderate anxiety) for the participants. According to the bootstrapped quantile regression analysis, a statistically significant linear association was found between CD34+ cell count and BAI score (P-value < 0.001) after adjusting for confounding variables. Moreover, the BAI score had a statistically significant effect on CD3+ cells count (P-value = 0.021) after adjusting for confounding variables. Taken together, results showed that anxiety affects both CD34+ and CD3+ cells count. Thus, the authors suggest that anxiety levels would be evaluated as well as other variables in donors in order to run a proper intervention by professionals.

Photopheresis of a less than 10-kg child with acute graft versus host disease accompanied with hyperbilirubinemia: A case report.

Hematopoietic stem cell transplantation is a curative treatment for many hematologic malignancies with its most important side effect being graft-versus-host disease (GVHD). Herein, we present a 3.5 year-old male with weight of 9.8 kg with acute GVHD (grade IV gastrointestinal and cutaneous) who did not respond to the first line therapies (corticosteroids). Thus, the patient was a candidate for extracorporeal photochemotherapy (ECP). Due to the hyperbilirubinemia, two sessions of ECP every week as well as one session of plasmapheresis 24 h before each ECP session were performed (Spectra™Optia® apheresis system). The procedures were performed successfully without any side effects and the GVHD manifestations of skin and GI responded perfectly to the treatment after 12 and 14 sessions of ECP, respectively. According to the results, it seems that ECP could be successfully performed in even less than 10-kg patients.

The effects of lower CD34 yields after lowe dose G-CSF induction on long-term autologous stem cell transplantation outcome: A single center study.

Peripheral blood stem cell transplantation (PBSCT) is an effective treatment for hematological malignancies. Mobilization of peripheral blood stem cells performs in different ways among transplantation centers. Since the Effects of lower CD34+ cells dose after low dose G-CSF induction on autologous stem cell transplantation outcomes are not studied much, so this study was performed for this purpose. 735 autologous stem cell transplanted patients with diagnoses of multiple myeloma (n = 330), Hodgkin lymphoma (n = 200), non-Hodgkin lymphoma (n = 129), acute myeloid leukemia (n = 54) and solid tumors (n = 22) were retrospectively evaluated. G-CSF was administered at the dose of 5 µg/kg/day during mobilization and all patients except acute myeloid leukemia received 10 µg/kg/day on the last day. Peripheral blood stem cells were harvested in one session for all patients. The amount of injected CD34+ cells/kg for patients were divided and studied in four groups: <0.5 × 106 (n = 36), 0.5-1.0 × 106, (n = 132), 1.0-2.0 × 106 (n = 226) and >2.0 × 106 (n = 305). The median time of follow up was 26.9 months. The amount of CD34+ cells dose were a significant predictor of platelet engraftment, but overall survival, relapse-free survival and also relapse rate was not associated with cells yield. More platelet transfusion (P = 0.003) and antibiotics prescription (P = 0.001) in transplanted patients with lower CD34 cells dose should be balanced with risks of higher G-CSF doses administration and also its side effects. Our results declare that lower CD34 yields after lowe dose G-CSF induction are probably not a troublesome issue affecting transplantation outcomes.

The impact of donor and recipient KIR genes and KIR ligands on the occurrence of acute graft-versus-host disease and graft survival after HLA-identical sibling hematopoietic stem cell transplantation

Background/aim: After allogeneic hematopoietic stem cell transplantation (allo-HSCT), donor natural killer (NK) cells trigger alloreactions against potential recipient cells by their killer immunoglobulin-like receptors (KIRs). This study investigated whether KIR/HLA genotypes and KIR haplotypes of donors and recipients exhibit a critical function in the prevalence of acute graft-versus-host disease (aGVHD) and persistence of the graft after HLA-identical sibling allo-HSCT for patients with hematological malignancies. Materials and methods: We studied KIR and HLA genotypes in 115 related donors and recipients (56 patients with AML and 59 patients with ALL) who had received allo-HSCT from HLA-matched sibling donors. We evaluated 17 KIR genes and some alleles, including their ligands, using the PCR-SSP assay. Results: KIR gene frequency results between donors and recipients showed that donors had more activating KIR than their recipients. Chi-square comparison of KIR genotype frequencies in donors versus recipients revealed a significant difference (P < 0.001). We found a survival association between the donor lacking and the recipient having group B KIR haplotypes, although this was not statistically significant. Conclusion: This study suggests that we could exploit NK cell alloreactivity as a part of the optimization of donor selection and potential immunotherapeutic regimens to help facilitate good engraftment and reduce the risk of aGVHD incidence after allo-HSCT.

Demethylation and alterations in the expression level of the cell cycle-related genes as possible mechanisms in arsenic trioxide-induced cell cycle arrest in human breast cancer cells.

Arsenic trioxide (As2O3) has been used clinically as an anti-tumor agent. Its mechanisms are mostly considered to be the induction of apoptosis and cell cycle arrest. However, the detailed molecular mechanisms of its anti-cancer action through cell cycle arrest are poorly known. Furthermore, As2O3 has been shown to be a potential DNA methylation inhibitor, inducing DNA hypomethylation. We hypothesize that As2O3 may affect the expression of cell cycle regulatory genes by interfering with DNA methylation patterns. To explore this, we examined promoter methylation status of 24 cell cycle genes in breast cancer cell lines and in a normal breast tissue sample by methylation-specific polymerase chain reaction and/or restriction enzyme-based methods. Gene expression level and cell cycle distribution were quantified by real-time polymerase chain reaction and flow cytometric analyses, respectively. Our methylation analysis indicates that only promoters of RBL1 (p107), RASSF1A, and cyclin D2 were aberrantly methylated in studied breast cancer cell lines. As2O3 induced CpG island demethylation in promoter regions of these genes and restores their expression correlated with DNA methyltransferase inhibition. As2O3 also induced alterations in messenger RNA expression of several cell cycle-related genes independent of demethylation. Flow cytometric analysis revealed that the cell cycle arrest induced by As2O3 varied depending on cell lines, MCF-7 at G1 phase and both MDA-MB-231 and MDA-MB-468 cells at G2/M phase. These changes at transcriptional level of the cell cycle genes by the molecular mechanisms dependent and independent of demethylation are likely to represent the mechanisms of cell cycle redistribution in breast cancer cells, in response to As2O3 treatment.

Comparison of 60 and 80 mg/m2 of daunorubicin in induction therapy of acute myeloid leukaemia.

For finding better method of acute myeloid leukaemia (AML) induction, we designed a prospective clinical trial to find a more effective regimen with least toxicity for induction therapy of AML. Hence, we examined different accepted doses of daunorubicin and their outcomes. Total of 114 patients were included in the study. Fifty-five patients received 60 mg/m2 of daunorubicin (arm 1) 1 h IV infusion for 3 days, and the remaining 59 received 80 mg/m2 (arm 2) 1 h IV infusion for 3 days. Continuous infusion of 100 mg/m2 /day of cytosine arabinozide IV for 24 h for 7 days was given in both groups. Complete remission rate was 77.78% in group 1 and 76.92% in group 2 (p = 0.92). One-year overall survival was 55.85% [standard error (SE) = 8.05%] in arm 1 and 57.94% (SE = 7.32%) in arm 2. Median follow-up time was 11.1 (SE = 1.43) and 10.28 (SE = 1.29) months, respectively. One-year disease-free survival was 64.41% (SE = 7.39%) in arm 1 and 54.86% (SE = 7.53%) in arm 2. Complete remission, overall survival and disease-free survival were statistically the same in both groups (p = 0.92, 0.697, 0.31). Toxicity and safety profile were similar in two groups but need to transfusion was higher in arm 2. Febrile neutropenia, days of antibiotics consumption and invasive fungal infection prevalence did not show any difference. Mean transfused packed cells and platelets rate were higher in the group that received higher dose of daunorubicin. Considering these results, we found that 60 mg/m2 of daunorubicin would be more rational and as effective with lower toxicity to 80 mg/m2 in induction therapy of AML patients at least as scheduled in our trial. Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.

Allogeneic hematopoietic stem cell transplantation for paroxysmal nocturnal hemoglobinuria: a retrospective single-center study.

Paroxysmal nocturnal hemoglobinuria (PNH) is a rare clonal disease of hematopoietic stem cell characterized by complement mediated intravascular hemolysis. There are different treatment modalities available for PNH, such as supportive care, eculizumab, and hematopoietic stem cell transplantation (HSCT); only the last one has a potential curative role. This study reported the outcome of HSCT transplanted PNH patients. Thirteen PNH patients between 2002 and 2014 participated in this study. All had full-matched sibling donors, and the conditioning regimen was Bu/Cy (busulfan plus cyclophosphamide), and the source of stem cells was peripheral blood of the donors. Mean age at transplant was 27.46 years, and mean time to transplant was 41.30 months. Three were female and 10 were male. Three patients died at the end of follow-up time, and the cause of death was graft versus host disease (GVHD) for all 3 cases. Survival analysis showed a 5-year and a 13-year survival rate of 74.07% and a significant relationship between a positive history of thrombosis and a higher mortality rate. HSCT has curative role in management of PNH with an acceptable survival rate and therefore can be considered as an acceptable choice for selected cases.

Reactive oxygen species generation and increase in mitochondrial copy number: new insight into the potential mechanism of cytotoxicity induced by aurora kinase inhibitor, AZD1152-HQPA.

Aurora-B kinase overexpression plays important roles in the malignant progression of prostate cancer (PCa). AZD1152-HQPA, as an inhibitor of Aurora-B, has recently emerged as a promising agent for cancer treatment. In this study, we aimed to investigate the effects of AZD1152-HQPA on reactive oxygen species (ROS) generation and mitochondrial function in PCa. We used AZD1152-HQPA (Barasertib), a highly potent and selective inhibitor of Aurora-B kinase. The effects of AZD1152-HQPA on cell viability, DNA content, cell morphology, and ROS production were studied in the androgen-independent PC-3 PCa cell line. Moreover, the mitochondrial copy number and the expression of genes involved in cell survival and cancer stem cell maintenance were investigated. We found that AZD1152-HQPA treatment induced defective cell survival, polyploidy, micronuclei formation, cell enlargement, and cell death by significant overexpression of p73, p21 and downregulation of cell cycle-regulatory genes in a drug concentration-dependent manner. Moreover, AZD1152 treatment led to an excessive ROS generation and an increase in the mitochondrial copy number not only in PC-3 but also in several other malignant cells. AZD1152 treatment also led to downregulation of genes involved in the maintenance of cancer stem cells. Our results showed a functional relationship between the aurora kinase inhibition, an increase in mitochondrial copy number, and ROS generation in therapeutic modalities of cancer. This study suggests that the excessive ROS generation may be a novel mechanism of cytotoxicity induced by the aurora kinase inhibitor, AZD1152-HQPA.

Extra corporeal photochemotherapy in steroid refractory graft versus host disease: A review of guidelines and recommendations.

Regardless of remarkable progresses in prevention and treatment approaches, graft versus host disease (GVHD) remains a major impediment for successful allogeneic hematopoietic stem cells transplantation (HSCT) and leads to morbidity and mortality in transplanted patients. Corticosteroids are the standard therapy for GVHD; however, a great number of patients will not respond sufficiently and others will be significantly affected by adverse effects of steroids. Extracorporeal photochemotherapy (ECP), as one of the numerous second line therapies, through modulation of immune cells may improves GVHD affected organ function in steroid-refractory forms. Considering to widespread utilization of ECP as a therapeutic strategy, we performed review on current literature of ECP, regarding the treatment strategies, monitoring protocols and technical aspects in chronic and acute GVHD.

Evaluation of platelet-rich plasma gel potential in acceleration of wound healing duration in patients underwent pilonidal sinus surgery: A randomized controlled parallel clinical trial.

OBJECTIVES: One of the most important surgical issues applied in the treatment of pilonidal sinus disease is wound healing. The aim of this study was to investigate the possible effect of platelet-rich plasma (PRP) gel on accelerating wound healing in these patients. METHODS: In this randomized, controlled, parallel group clinical trial, 110 patients were randomly allocated into two parallel groups with the same size (controls and treatment arm) after meeting inclusion and exclusion criteria. After the surgery, controls were treated by classic wound dressing while the case group was treated with PRP gel in a classic wound dressing platform. The patients were then evaluated for duration of antibiotics consumption, experienced pain and the time of returning to routine activities. Also, both groups were assessed for angiogenesis (by detecting CD34+ cells using immunohistochemical assay) and collagen sedimentation (masson's trichrome staining) using pre-complete healing wound biopsy. All the statistical analyses were performed using SPPS 20 and p-values of less than 0.05 considered statically significant. RESULTS: According to the results, patients treated with PRP gel went through a significantly faster healing process (8.69±1.18 in controls and 4.78±0.87 weeks in PRP gel treated ones with the P-value=0.03) and returned to their routine activities (3.3±0.64 for the treatment of arm and 6.5±1.03 weeks for controls with the P-value=0.00) while experiencing less pain (P-value=0.00) and shorter anti-biotic consumption duration (P-value=0.00). CONCLUSION: Considering the results, authors of this study suggest PRP gel treatment for post operation wound dressing of pilonidal sinus disease with healing by secondary intention.

Deregulation of miR-1, miR486, and let-7a in cytogenetically normal acute myeloid leukemia: association with NPM1 and FLT3 mutation and clinical characteristics.

Cytogenetically normal acute myeloid leukemia (CN-AML) constitutes the largest subgroup of AML patients that is associated with molecular alteration. MiRNAs have been shown to be aberrantly expressed in CN-AML. In addition, specific miRNA (miR) expression patterns were found to be associated with certain genetic alterations in these patients. This study investigated the expression level of miR-1, miR-486, and let-7a in 45 CN-AML patients well characterized for FLT3 and/or NPM1 mutations using real-time quantitative RT-PCR and evaluated the association between candidate miRs expression and clinical features. Our data revealed that miR-1 was significantly overexpressed in CN-AML patients, and increasing expression of miR-1 correlated with NPM1 mutation (P < 0.05) and lower hemoglobin level was also observed in patients with miR-1 overexpression (P < 0.05). The expression of miR-1 was much higher in AML-M2 compared with other subtypes. Further, we found significantly increasing miR-486 expression in 40 of 45 (89 %) CN-AML patients. There was no significant association of upregulation of miR-486 with clinical parameters. The expression level of miR-486 was increased in AML-M2 subtype. The levels of let-7a were significantly increased in CN-AML patients compared to the healthy control and significantly higher in the NPM1 ± CN-AML patients. There was no correlation detected between the level of let-7a and FLT3+. An increasing expression level of let-7a was demonstrated in M2 subtype. In addition, our data showed no significant association between increasing let-7a and clinical characteristic. Comparison of peripheral blood and bone marrow results in 30 CN-AML patients showed that there is a considerable concordance between PB and BM in the results of candidate miR levels (P < 0.001). In conclusion, further studies should also be performed to detect functional mechanism of these miRs.

Effects of silibinin on growth and invasive properties of human ovarian carcinoma cells through suppression of heregulin/HER3 pathway.

Epithelial ovarian cancer (EOC) is the most fatal gynecological malignancy due to its high proliferative and invasive capacities. A heregulin (HRG)/HER3 autocrine loop increases proliferative and metastatic properties of EOC cells, suggesting that modulators of this signaling pathway may prove effective to trammel growth and motility of these cells. This study aimed to evaluate the effects of multi-tyrosine kinase inhibitor silibinin on proliferative and invasive characteristics of EOC cell lines OVCAR8 and SKOV3 through suppression of the HRG/HER3 pathway. To achieve this, the effects of silibinin on proliferation, DNA synthesis, clonogenicity, cell cycle progression, cathepsin B enzymatic activity, and migration and invasion were explored in vitro. Silibinin suppressed proliferation, DNA synthesis, and clonogenic abilities of OVCAR8 and SKOV3 cells through inhibition of the autocrine HRG/HER3 circuit. Silibinin-mediated attenuation of the HER3 signaling disabled the HER3/AKT/survivin axis and thereby, induced G1/S cell cycle arrest. Furthermore, silibinin reduced invasive potentials of the EOC cells through quelling the HRG/HER3 pathway and suppression of cathepsin B activity. Altogether, these results suggest that silibinin is a potential anti-cancer drug to inhibit proliferative and invasive characteristics of the EOC cells that exhibit an autocrine HRG/HER3 pathway.