Generation of viable PDX1 gene-edited founder pigs as providers of nonmosaics.

Pancreatic duodenal homeobox 1 (PDX1) is a crucial gene for pancreas development during the fetal period. PDX1-modified pigs have the potential to be used as a model of diabetes mellitus. However, the severe health problems caused by the PDX1 mutation limit phenotypic studies of PDX1-modified pigs as diabetes models. In this study, we generated PDX1-modified pigs by the CRISPR/Cas9 system introduced into zygotes via electroporation and investigated the mosaicism, phenotypes, and inheritance of the resulting pigs. After the embryo transfer of PDX1-modified zygotes, nine mutant piglets were delivered. Two piglets were apancreatic biallelic mutants. For the other seven piglets, the ratio of mutant alleles to total alleles was 17.5-79.7%. Two mutant piglets with high mutation rates (67.7% and 79.7%) exhibited hypoplasia of the pancreas, whereas the other five piglets were healthy. One of the male mutant piglets was further analyzed. The ejaculated semen from the pig contained PDX1-mutant spermatozoa and the pig showed normal reproductive ability. In conclusion, the frequency of the PDX1 mutation is presumed to relate to pancreas formation, and PDX1 mutant founder pigs generated from zygotes introduced to the CRISPR/Cas9 system can serve as providers of nonmosaics to contribute to medical research on diabetes mellitus.

The possible zoonotic diseases transferring from pig to human in Vietnam.

Southeast Asia is considered one of worldwide hotspots consisting many distinct zoonotic infections. With optimal condition for the development of various pathogens, Vietnam is facing serious risks of zoonotic diseases. Besides, more than 50% Vietnamese people settle in rustic areas and earn their livings through small-scale animal breeding. It is possible that zoonotic diseases can be easily spread to the population by close contact with the infected animals, their infected residues, contaminated water, soil, or other possible means of transmission. In fact, zoonotic infections-transmissible infections between vertebrate animals and humans-cover a wide range of diseases with distinctive clinical and epidemiological highlights. With insufficient understanding and swift alteration in toxicity of the pathogens, these infections have gained more concerns due to sophisticated routes of transmission and harmful threats to humans. Recently emerging viral diseases exerted potential dangers to human beings, which required many countries to impose immediate actions to prevent any complications. Vietnam has recorded several cases of zoonotic diseases, especially pig-related illnesses; however, the studies on these diseases in this country remain limited. This work aims to highlight the zoonotic diseases transferring from pigs to humans and discuss risk factors of these diseases in Vietnam.

The higher prevalence of developmental defects of enamel in the dioxin-affected region than non-dioxin-affected region: result from a cross-sectional study in Vietnam.

Developmental defects of enamel (DDE) are induced and regulated by several factors including genetics and the environment. There is evidence showing that dioxin in polluted areas has a strong effect on the health and development of teeth. However, there has been no study on DDE in the dioxin-affected regions in Vietnam. To identify the effect of dioxin on the prevalence of DDE in studied areas in Vietnam, a cross-sectional study was conducted in 2200 adults in the A Luoi district in the Thua Thien Hue province (the dioxin-affected region) and in the Kim Bang district in the Ha Nam province (dioxin-unaffected region) in 2015. All subjects were interviewed using a structured questionnaire and their teeth were examined and scored for enamel defects based on the 1992 FDI criteria. The defected teeth were then photographed. Our results showed that the DDE rate in A Luoi was 20.5% when measured as mouth prevalence and 5.8% when measured as tooth prevalence, while the rates in Kim Bang were 10.4 and 2.32% for mouth and tooth prevalence, respectively. Demarcated opacities were predominated in both districts (45.5% in A Luoi and 52.2% in Kim Bang). The DDE rate of the anterior teeth group was higher than that of the posterior teeth group. Most lesions presented on the buccal surface of the tooth. Overall, the DDE prevalence in the dioxin-affected region was 2.2 times higher than that in non-dioxin-affected region in the studied regions in Vietnam.

Diagnostic Value of Fluorescence Methods, Visual Inspection and Photographic Visual Examination in Initial Caries Lesion: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis.

This systematic review and meta-analysis aimed to investigate the efficacy of fluorescence-based methods, visual inspections, and photographic visual examinations in initial caries detection. A literature search was undertaken in the PubMed and Cochrane databases. Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Review and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA) guidelines were followed, and eligible articles published from 1 January 2009 to 30 October 2019 were included if they met the following criteria: they (1) assessed the accuracy of methods of detecting initial tooth caries lesions on occlusal, proximal, or smooth surfaces in both primary and permanent teeth (in clinical); (2) used a reference standard; (3) reported data regarding the sample size, prevalence of initial tooth caries, and accuracy of the methods. Data collection and extraction, quality assessment, and data analysis were conducted according to Cochrane standards Quality Assessment of Diagnostic Accuracy Studies-2. Statistical analyses were performed using Review Manager 5.3 and STATA 14.0. A total of 12 eligible articles were included in the meta-analysis. The results showed that the sensitivity and specificity of fluorescence-based methods were 80% and 80%, respectively; visual inspection was measured at 80% and 75%, respectively; photographic visual examination was measured at 67% and 79%, respectively. We found that the visual method and the fluorescence method were reliable for laboratory use to detect early-stage caries with equivalent accuracy.

Lipofection-Mediated Introduction of CRISPR/Cas9 System into Porcine Oocytes and Embryos.

Liposome-mediated gene transfer has become an alternative method for establishing a gene targeting framework, and the production of mutant animals may be feasible even in laboratories without specialized equipment. However, how this system functions in mammalian oocytes and embryos remains unclear. The present study was conducted to clarify whether blastocyst genome editing can be performed by treatment with lipofection reagent, guide RNA, and Cas9 for 5 h without using electroporation or microinjection. A mosaic mutation was observed in blastocysts derived from zona pellucida (ZP)-free oocytes following lipofection treatment, regardless of the target genes. When lipofection treatment was performed after in vitro fertilization (IVF), no significant differences in the mutation rates or mutation efficiency were found between blastocysts derived from embryos treated at 24 and 29 h from the start of IVF. Only blastocysts from embryos exposed to lipofection treatment at 29 h after IVF contained biallelic mutant. Furthermore, there were no significant differences in the mutation rates or mutation efficiency between blastocysts derived from embryos at the 2- and 4-cell stages. This suggests that lipofection-mediated gene editing can be performed in ZP-free oocytes and ZP-free embryos; however, other factors affecting the system efficiency should be further investigated.

Bruxism, Related Factors and Oral Health-Related Quality of Life Among Vietnamese Medical Students.

Although bruxism is a common issue with a high prevalence, there has been a lack of epidemiological data about bruxism in Vietnam. This cross-sectional study aimed to determine the prevalence and associated factors of bruxism and its impact on oral health-related quality of life among Vietnamese medical students. Bruxism was assessed by the Bruxism Assessment Questionnaire. Temporomandibular disorders were clinically examined followed by the Diagnostic Criteria for Temporomandibular Disorders Axis I. Perceived stress, educational stress, and oral health-related quality of life were assessed using the Vietnamese version of Perceived Stress Scale 10, the Vietnamese version of the Educational Stress Scale for Adolescents, and the Vietnamese version of the 14-item Oral Health Impact Profile, respectively. The prevalence of bruxism, sleep bruxism, awake bruxism, and both conditions in Vietnamese medical students were 51.2%, 38.2%, 23.4%, and 10.4% respectively. Stress, temporomandibular joint pain, masticatory muscle pain, and tooth attrition were associated with the presence of bruxism. Vietnamese medical students were negatively affected by bruxism in terms of oral health-related quality of life.

Perceptions of Dentists and Non-Professionals on Some Dental Factors Affecting Smile Aesthetics: A Study from Vietnam.

Aim: It is important to meet the aesthetic expectation regarding the smile concept of both dentists and non-professionals after treatment is complete. Therefore, the study aims to evaluate the effects of altered displays in incisors, gingival margin, and other smile-related-factors on dentists' vs. non-professionals' aesthetics perceptions. Materials and method: We altered the features of 42 digital smile photographs to generate the changed displays in incisors, gingival margin, and other smile-related-factors. Then, these altered photographs were presented to 51 dentists and 51 non-professionals, and each picture was rated by each participant with a visual analog scale ranging from 0 (very ugly) to 100 (very beautiful). Results: We found that the alterations in incisors, gingival margin, and other factors affected studied groups' aesthetic perception of smile. The ugly smile threshold rated by both groups for crown length of maxillary central incisors was 2.0 mm. This threshold was 2.5mm for dentists, with moving the gingival margin of maxillary lateral incisors to the incisal ridge. The ugly thresholds for other smile-related-factors were different between studied groups; for example, the ugly thresholds for gingival exposure levels were 3 and 4mm for dentists and non-professionals, respectively. Thus, our data indicate that altered displays in incisors, gingival margin, and other smile-related-factors affected perceptions of both studied groups on smile aesthetics, but dentists tended to feel more refined than non-professionals. Dentists and non-professionals had significantly different aesthetic perceptions of the alteration of the gingival exposure level. Conclusion: Both dentists and non-professionals' perceptions should be fully considered during orthodontic and prosthodontic treatment to achieve optimum aesthetic results.

Cone Beam Computed Tomography Application in Finding Ectopic Tooth: A Systemic Analysis and a Case Report.

BACKGROUND: Nowadays, cone beam computed tomography (CBCT) are commonly used in dentistry with an advantage about significantly lower dose comparing with CT-Scanner. Utilizing CBCT images which are indicated in dentistry like orthodontics can help diagnose diseases beyond dentistry field. One rare phenomenon can be seen in maxillary sinus, which is often overlooked by dentists, is ectopic teeth. CASE REPORT: This article describes one orthodontic case found accidentally an ectopic tooth in maxillary sinus by inspecting CBCT images. CONCLUSION: Dentists and oral radiologists should carefully inspect non-dental structures, like maxillary sinus, even its distance from the dentoalveolar region, especially in asymptomatic patients.

An Unusual Tooth Shedding with Internal Resorption: A Case Report.

Humans have two sets of teeth, deciduous teeth and permanent teeth. When primary teeth fall out, permanent teeth erupt to maintain the chewing function and jaw development. Shedding occurs with increasing level of mobility in primary teeth as a result of root resorption. This report describes an uncommon clinical case that occurred in primary molars with internal resorption and pinkish discoloration. Pink tooth is worrisome for children and parents. Children should have their teeth examined on a regular basis to detect any problems in the process of tooth shedding and eruption.

Reduced Need of Infiltration Anesthesia Accompanied With Other Positive Outcomes in Diode Laser Application for Frenectomy in Children.

Introduction: The abnormal maxillary labial frenum is common in children during the primary or mixed dentition stage. A conventional surgery for this abnormality usually requires infiltration anesthesia which leads to fear in children and consequent noncooperation during the surgery. The aim of present study was to evaluate the reduction in the need of infiltration anesthesia, intraoperative bleeding control and postoperative pain and wound healing in children when using the diode laser for abnormal labial frenum in the maxilla. Methods: The present study was carried out among 30 children attending the Hanoi Medical University, Vietnam. A Diode Laser with 810 nm wavelength and power of 0.8 W was used for frenectomy. Results: The proportion of procedures without any need of infiltration anesthesia was 70%, while 93.34% of children demonstrated positive and very positive behavior. Proportion of indolence on the first day after surgery was 83.3%. While 83.3% of children did not take any analgesics, not a single child complained of any pain 3 days after surgery. Conclusion: Our results indicated that the use of diode laser showed several benefits in maxillary labial frenectomy in children. These included reducing the need of infiltration anesthesia, increasing the children's cooperation as well as decreasing the postoperative pain.

HMU Fluorinze Mouthwash Enhances Enamel Remineralization: An In Vitro Study.

BACKGROUND: Fluoride therapy has long been used extensively to prevent dental caries. Fluoride appears in a variety of dental care products such as mouth rinses, dentifrices, gels, etc. HMU Fluorinze is the first mouthwash containing fluoride in Vietnam. AIM: This research was conducted to evaluate the efficacy of HMU Fluorinze mouthwash on remineralizing enamel in laboratory conditions. METHODS: 20 third molar teeth were cleaned and covered with nail polish, except for a 3 x 3 mm square on their buccal surfaces. These teeth underwent two steps: demineralization using Coca-cola and remineralization for 20 daysusing standard calcifying solution (control group) and standard calcifying solution + HMU Fluorinze mouthwash 2 times/day (experimental group). The index measured of enamel structure after demineralization and remineralization was assessed by a DIAGNOdent pen 2190. RESULTS: The indices measured of the control group and experimental group at baseline were 3.65 ± 0.76 and 3.35 ± 0.64 respectively. After demineralization the control group measured 21.78 ± 4.48 and the experimental group, 20.25 ± 2.26. Following remineralization, the control group scores were 6.30 ± 1.03 and the experimental group, 3.90 ± 1.24, demonstrating statistical significance (p < 0.01) between the two groups. After 20 days, the results for the experimental group did not differ from the original results (p = 0.272), in contrast with the control group (p < 0.01). CONCLUSION: Results show that HMU Fluorinze mouthwash is better at remineralizing than standard calcifying solution.

The dental arch dimensions in Vietnamese children at 7 years of age, and their variation by gender and ethnicity.

PURPOSE: Dental arch dimensions are important not only in dentistry (e.g. orthodontists and prosthodontists, and forensic odontology), but also other medical fields, biology, biometrics, painting or sculpture. This study aimed to determine these dimensions in Vietnamese children and compare these measurements across four ethnic groups and genders. METHODS: A cross-sectional study was conducted on 3204 Vietnamese children at 7 years of age from four major ethnic groups in Vietnam (Kinh, Tay, Thai and Muong). RESULTS: The means variables in study subjects were 33.72 ±â€¯2.16 mm for upper inter-canine width (UCW); 52.74 ±â€¯2.55 mm for upper inter-molar width (UMW); 8.69 ±â€¯1.79 mm for upper anterior length (UAL); 29.59 ±â€¯1.97 mm for upper posterior length (UPL); 26.94 ±â€¯2.49 mm for lower inter-canine width (LCW); 45.89 ±â€¯2.59 mm for lower inter-molar width (LMW); 5.04 ±â€¯1.53 mm for lower anterior length (LAL); and 26.22 ±â€¯2.07 mm for lower posterior length (LPL). The UCM, UMW, and LMW of Muong were significantly wider in males, but narrower in females compared with other ethnic groups. The Kinh, Tay and Thai groups had no significant differences between genders in all dimensions, but these sizes were significantly larger in males than females of Muong group. CONCLUSIONS: This study presents the means of dental arch dimensions in 7 year-old Vietnamese children, and there is no statistical differences in these dimensions between genders of almost studied groups, except Muong group. Ethnic differences are observed only in UCW, UMW and LMW of Muong vs other groups. Furthermore, Vietnamese children have dental arch width similar to the African and Caucasian.

Pulpotomy management using laser diode in pediatric patient with severe hemophilia A under general anesthesia-A case report.

Hemophilia-a bleeding disorder due to the lack of clotting factors-is mostly induced by genetic factors. Its most common type is hemophilia A. Hemorrhage in hemophilia A may occur in several different sites of the body, including those inside the oral cavity, such as mucous membrane and gum. However, only a few studies and case reports on dental issues of hemophilia A patients have been conducted. In clinical dentistry, treatment procedures are invasive, possibly leading to more severe bleeding, especially in hemophilia A cases. This paper presents the case of a 4-year-old boy diagnosed with severe hemophilia A, who also had several dental problems that needed endodontic treatment. We used laser diode to manage pulpotomy under general anesthesia to treat his dental diseases. His treatment procedure was performed by a dental surgeon, a hematologist, and an anesthesiologist.