Constraints on Dark Matter Properties from Observations of Milky Way Satellite Galaxies.

We perform a comprehensive study of Milky Way (MW) satellite galaxies to constrain the fundamental properties of dark matter (DM). This analysis fully incorporates inhomogeneities in the spatial distribution and detectability of MW satellites and marginalizes over uncertainties in the mapping between galaxies and DM halos, the properties of the MW system, and the disruption of subhalos by the MW disk. Our results are consistent with the cold, collisionless DM paradigm and yield the strongest cosmological constraints to date on particle models of warm, interacting, and fuzzy dark matter. At 95% confidence, we report limits on (i) the mass of thermal relic warm DM, m_{WDM}>6.5 keV (free-streaming length, λ_{fs}≲10h^{-1} kpc), (ii) the velocity-independent DM-proton scattering cross section, σ_{0}<8.8×10^{-29} cm^{2} for a 100 MeV DM particle mass [DM-proton coupling, c_{p}≲(0.3 GeV)^{-2}], and (iii) the mass of fuzzy DM, m_{ϕ}>2.9×10^{-21} eV (de Broglie wavelength, λ_{dB}≲0.5 kpc). These constraints are complementary to other observational and laboratory constraints on DM properties.

Detection of Cross-Correlation between Gravitational Lensing and γ Rays.

In recent years, many γ-ray sources have been identified, yet the unresolved component hosts valuable information on the faintest emission. In order to extract it, a cross-correlation with gravitational tracers of matter in the Universe has been shown to be a promising tool. We report here the first identification of a cross-correlation signal between γ rays and the distribution of mass in the Universe probed by weak gravitational lensing. We use data from the Dark Energy Survey Y1 weak lensing data and the Fermi Large Area Telescope 9-yr γ-ray data, obtaining a signal-to-noise ratio of 5.3. The signal is mostly localized at small angular scales and high γ-ray energies, with a hint of correlation at extended separation. Blazar emission is likely the origin of the small-scale effect. We investigate implications of the large-scale component in terms of astrophysical sources and particle dark matter emission.

Cosmological Constraints from Multiple Probes in the Dark Energy Survey.

The combination of multiple observational probes has long been advocated as a powerful technique to constrain cosmological parameters, in particular dark energy. The Dark Energy Survey has measured 207 spectroscopically confirmed type Ia supernova light curves, the baryon acoustic oscillation feature, weak gravitational lensing, and galaxy clustering. Here we present combined results from these probes, deriving constraints on the equation of state, w, of dark energy and its energy density in the Universe. Independently of other experiments, such as those that measure the cosmic microwave background, the probes from this single photometric survey rule out a Universe with no dark energy, finding w=-0.80_{-0.11}^{+0.09}. The geometry is shown to be consistent with a spatially flat Universe, and we obtain a constraint on the baryon density of Ω_{b}=0.069_{-0.012}^{+0.009} that is independent of early Universe measurements. These results demonstrate the potential power of large multiprobe photometric surveys and pave the way for order of magnitude advances in our constraints on properties of dark energy and cosmology over the next decade.

Wide-Field Lensing Mass Maps from Dark Energy Survey Science Verification Data.

We present a mass map reconstructed from weak gravitational lensing shear measurements over 139 deg2 from the Dark Energy Survey science verification data. The mass map probes both luminous and dark matter, thus providing a tool for studying cosmology. We find good agreement between the mass map and the distribution of massive galaxy clusters identified using a red-sequence cluster finder. Potential candidates for superclusters and voids are identified using these maps. We measure the cross-correlation between the mass map and a magnitude-limited foreground galaxy sample and find a detection at the 6.8σ level with 20 arc min smoothing. These measurements are consistent with simulated galaxy catalogs based on N-body simulations from a cold dark matter model with a cosmological constant. This suggests low systematics uncertainties in the map. We summarize our key findings in this Letter; the detailed methodology and tests for systematics are presented in a companion paper.

Energy balance in man measured by direct and indirect calorimetry.

In six 24-hr measurements of energy balance, direct and indirect calorimetry agreed within +/-3%, which is probably the range of experimental error. But in seven other 24-hr periods there was disagreement in the range of 8 to 23%, and these were usually days when the subjects ate much less than they spent metabolically. Our direct calorimeter is an insulated, water cooled suit. Continous measurements of O2 consumption and CO2 production provided data on metabolic expenditure (M) by indirect calorimetry. The 24-hr values for M matched the energy losses within +/-60 kcal (+/-3% of M) in four men who rested all day and lay down to sleep at night. Similar agreement was seen in one of the four who worked on a treadmill for 4 hr and stayed busy all day. but in another energy losses were 342 kcal greater than M (10% of M). When the experiments gave values for M minus the losses greater than +/-60 kcal, this is called "unmeasured energy". In further experiments, two subjects stayed awake for 24 hr, and their unmeasured energies were 279 and 393 kcal. The same two men, eating sparingly, also worked for 24 hr so as to double their resting metabolic expenditures; the unmeasured energies were even larger, 380 and 958 kcal. When they repeated the 24 hr of mild work, but ate nearly as much as they spent metabolically, one man was near energy balance, while the other showed an unmeasured energy of -363 kcal. Little heat storage was evident in these experiments; therefore, heat balance was present and energy balance should have been present. In the group of 13 experiments, it appeared that the greater the food deficit, the larger was the unmeasured energy (excess of metabolic expenditure over loss of energy).

Double contrast preparations: an in vitro study of some antifoaming agents.

An apparatus is described for the study of foam formation in double contrast preparations in vitro. Antifoaming agents are shown to be of considerable benefit to the double contrast technique, silicone and silicone-free antifoamers being equally effective. Silicone antifoamers are preferred because of their wide clinical acceptability. Antifoamer formulation and concentration are found to be critical factors in determining efficacy of foam suppression, and may lead to erroneous results in the clinic.

Imaging for cochlear implants.

Insertion of a sound amplification device into the round window niche (extracochlear implant) or into the coils of the cochlea (intracochlear implant) can give significant benefits to some carefully selected, severely deaf patients. Imaging has an essential role in selective and pre-operative assessment. Severe otosclerosis and post-meningitic labyrinthitis ossificans are common causes of deafness in these patients and can be demonstrated by computed tomography (CT). The most suitable side for operation can be assessed. We describe our experiences with 165 patients, 69 of whom were found suitable for implants. Thin (1 mm) section CT in axial and coronal planes is the best imaging investigation of the petrous temporal bones but the place of magnetic resonance scanning to confirm that the inner ear is fluid-filled and polytomography to show a multichannel implant in the cochlea is discussed. No implants were used for congenital deformities, but some observations are made of this type of structural deformity of the inner ear.

A review of cervical-spine radiographs in casualty patients.

This study reviews the radiographs and clinical case notes of 897 patients who attended the Accident and Emergency (A & E) Department of Leicester Royal Infirmary, over an 8-month period, for whom radiographs of the cervical spine were requested. The radiological interpretations by the casualty officers and junior radiologists in training were compared with those by a consultant radiologist and large discrepancies were observed. There was a predominance of fractures and subluxations at the levels of C1 and C2, and at C7 and T1. A study of the adequacy of the radiographs has shown that 90% of the lateral radiographs included C7 but only 57% included T1. Through-the-mouth views were adequate for interpretation in 67% of cases. The practice of the A & E and radiology departments at the Leicester Royal Infirmary is briefly described. The poor performance of the casualty officers and junior radiologists is discussed and suggestions made which might improve the accuracy of the radiological diagnosis of cervical-spine injuries in the A & E department.

Osteoma of the internal auditory canal presenting with sudden unilateral hearing loss.

A case of an unilateral sensorineural hearing loss of sudden onset, due to an osteoma in the internal auditory canal is presented. As far as the authors are aware an osteoma at this site associated with a hearing loss occurring within a few hours has not previously been reported.

Evaluation of a Reverse Gradient Garment for prevention of bed-rest deconditioning.

A Reverse Gradient Garment (RGG) was used to intermittently induce venous pooling in the extremities of a magnitude similar to that seen in going from a lying to standing position during the course of a 15-d period of horizontal bed rest. Venous pooling failed to improve bed-rest-induced losses in +2.5 Gz and +3.0 Gz centrifugation tolerance or to prevent increased heart-rate responses to lower-body negative pressure (LBNP). Four subjects served as controls, four were treated. Tests during the 7-d recovery period showed fluid/electrolyte and body composition values to have returned to pre-bed-rest levels with continued depression of acceleration tolerance times (56% decreased at +2.5 Gz and 74% decreased at +3.0 Gz compared to pre-bed-rest levels) and exaggerated blood insulin response on glucose tolerance testing (blood insulin for treated group increased 95% at 1 h before bed rest and 465% during recovery). This study demonstrates that the physiologic changes after bed rest persist for significant periods of time. Acceleration tolerance time proved to be a sensitive test for the deconditioning process.

Preoperative CT scanning for endoscopic sinus surgery: a rational approach.

Recent research on inflammatory sinus disease has implicated a central role for the ethmoid labyrinth, which may influence changes in the maxillary and frontal sinuses. CT can provide excellent definition of the paranasal sinuses and particularly the ethmoids, which is a prerequisite for endoscopic surgery. We describe a prospective series of 110 coronal CT scans performed on patients with a clinical diagnosis of sinusitis who had undergone diagnostic nasal endoscopies and medical treatment prior to surgery. 86% of the scans showed abnormal mucosal thickening. The ethmoids were affected in 73% and the maxillary sinus in 64%. Pneumatization of the middle turbinate was a common variant and when present was associated with anterior ethmoid disease in 60% of patients. Anterior ethmoid inflammatory changes were demonstrable in 95% of patients with maxillary sinus disease. Direct coronal CT can readily demonstrate disease in the infundibulum, frontal recess and posterior ethmoids in the same orientation confronting the endoscopist, and helps in the planning of ethmoidal surgery. Following surgery the sinuses can be directly inspected in outpatients which reduces the need for any further plain radiographs. It is important that the diagnosis of sinusitis is not based on CT findings alone as isolated areas of mucosal thickening are common in the normal population.

Adaptation to overeating in lean and overweight men and women.

In groups of four, men and women in their 40s and 50s, some of them lean and some overweight, overate for 30 d by 1000 kcal/d (4186 kJ/d) more than they needed to maintain weight. On an average dietary mixture for Americans they gained a mean of 2.68 kg, and on a diet high in carbohydrate (60 per cent of energy) they gained 2.73 kg. However, on a diet high in protein and fat (70 per cent of energy), they gained significantly less, 1.75 kg. On all three diets the subjects should have gained 5 kg, if adipose tissue has an energy density of 6 kcal/g, and had there been no adaptation. There was adaptation, as evidenced by an average 7 per cent increase in thermogenesis, which was measured by 24-h direct and indirect calorimetry. Energy balances were calculated from: bomb calorimeter values for food and body waste; change in fuel stores from body composition measured by densitometry; and daily expenditure estimated from the net food intake needed to maintain body weight during a 30-d control period. During overeating, energy intake matched energy losses (including fuel storage) for the average diet and the high-carbohydrate diet, but on the diet high in protein and fat energy intake exceeded losses by more than 500 kcal/d (2093 kJ/d). Thus smaller than expected weight gains from overeating (luxuskonsumption) were largely explained by increased thermogenesis, except when the diet was high in protein and fat. Lean and overweight subjects did not differ in weight gain, loss of energy in urine and faeces, or thermogenesis from overeating.

A novel technique for studying the adsorption of plasma proteins on hydrophobic surfaces.

A method is shown for deducing the surface area of a pendant drop from the same profile photograph as is normally used to determine interfacial tension. Manipulation of such drops by a micrometer syringe then enables the pendant drop to be used as a surface balance for studying adsorption from bulk solutions. Results are given for the compression of films from solutions of albumin, gamma-globulin, fibrinogen, albumin-gamma-globulin mixture and albumin-gamma-globulin-fibrinogen mixture, and from serum, plasma, and blood at the isooctane-buffer interface. It is suggested that gamma-globulin and fibrinogen films are unfolded at the interface but that albumin films are different in that they consist of an inner, unfolded layer and an outer, globular layer. A film from serum resembles that from gamma-globulin alone, and not that from albumin-gamma-globulin mixture, whereas a film from plasma resembles that of fibrinogen at low compression and that of albumin-gamma-globulin-fibrinogen mixture at high compression. A film from blood is shown to resemble that from plasma.

Adsorption of plasma proteins on hydrophobic surfaces. IV. Contact angle studies on implanted polymers.

Contact angle studies have been carried out on plasma protein layers adsorbed on selected polymer surfaces under buffered saline at 37 degrees, in an attempt to demonstrate directly a recent suggestion that the interfacial free energy between such protein layers and surrounding liquid phase should be zero at equilibrium. Although an initial contact angle of 180 degrees was always obtained, the angle decayed slowly to a stationary value which varied for any one drop on each polymer surface. The stationary values could be reasonably correlated with the reversible work of adhesion predicted for each polymer/protein combination, suggesting that protein desorption from the solid surface is a dominant event in the contact angle decay process. It is concluded that the data bear more relevance to the protein layer/polymer interface than to the protein layer/solution interface, and that the contact angle technique is not a suitable technique for studying the latter on biomaterials.

Induced venous pooling and cardiorespiratory responses to exercise after bed rest.

The purpose of this study was to deliberately induce venous pooling the lower extremities of bed-rested subjects to determine whether such distention may reverse the reduction in maximal O2 uptake that has regularly been observed. Bed-rest deconditioning was assessed in eight healthy male subjects by measuring submaximal and maximal O2 uptake (VO2 max), ventilation, and heart rate (HRmax) before and after 15 days of bed rest. During bed rest four subjects in the experimental group received daily treatments of venous pooling for 210 min/day with a reverse gradient garment (RGG), whereas the four subjects in the control group received no treatment. Compared with prebed-rest values, VO2max was reduced by 14.0 (P less than 0.05), HRmax was increased by 4.2 (P less than 0.05), and endurance time for the exercise test was decreased by 9.2% (P less than 0.05) in the control group. In the RGG group, VO2max, HRmax, and endurance time were essentially unchanged after bed rest. The plasma volume (PV) of the control group decreased by 16.7 (P less than 0.05) after bed rest compared with a 10.3% (not significant) reduction in the RGG group. The percent delta PV was related to the percent delta VO2 max (r = 0.75, P less than 0.05) and percent delta HR max (r = 0.65, P less than 0.05). The data support the hypothesis that the lack of venous pooling and associated fluid shifts contribute the decrement in VO2 max associated with bed-rest deconditioning.

Anthropometry of an aging work force.

Faced with an aging labor force, industrial planners are worried about the possible need to redesign jobs and workspaces in the future. One area of concern is the changes that occur in body size characteristics as people age. Although no true database for the anthropometry of the American worker exists, available surveys and studies that include older individuals (40 to 70 years), and errors associated with these studies, are discussed. Using sample mean values from selected cross-sectional and longitudinal studies, the changes in weight and selected body dimensions are traced from the third to the eighth decade of life. As a practical exercise, age-associated changes in a number of workspace dimensions are tested against recommended design values for seated work stations. While acknowledging the need for flexibility in future workplace designs the authors conclude that age-related changes in body size are insufficient in themselves to justify the resizing of existing ergonomically-designed workplaces.