Hepatitis B vaccine among healthcare workers: factors associated with the dimensions of the Health Belief Model.

OBJECTIVE: To investigate the association between the dimensions of the Health Belief Model (HBM) and complete vaccination for hepatitis B among healthcare workers (HCW). METHODS: Cross-sectional epidemiological study with HCW in Primary Health and Medium Complexity Care. Univariate and bivariate analyses were performed to test the association between the outcome variable (complete vaccination for hepatitis B based on self-report) and the variables of the HBM dimensions. Prevalence ratio (PR) and its respective 95% confidence intervals (95%CI) were calculated. RESULTS: 453 HCW participated. The prevalence of complete vaccination for hepatitis B was 56.9%. In the final analysis model, the following variables were associated with complete vaccination for hepatitis B: chances of having hepatitis B (PR=1.73) - related to the susceptibility dimension; disease severity (PR=0.74) - related to severity; reduced risk of absenteeism (PR=1.29) - related to benefits; not spending time to get vaccinated (PR=1.41) and not worrying about Events Supposedly Attributable to Vaccination or Immunization (PR=1.43) - related to barriers. CONCLUSIONS: The completeness of the hepatitis B vaccination schedule, reported by the investigated HCW, reveals the prevalence is below the target established by the Ministry of Health, which follows the national scenario of low coverage presented for other age groups. Understanding the risk perception and severity of hepatitis B can contribute to increasing the prevalence of vaccination for this infection.

Unpaid domestic work: persistence of gender-based labor division and mental disorders.

OBJECTIVE: Evaluating characteristics of unpaid domestic work and its association with mental disorders, exploring gender differences. METHODS: We analyzed cross-sectional data from the second wave of an urban population cohort (n = 2,841) aged 15 and older from a medium-sized city in Bahia (BA). The representative population sample was randomly selected in subsequent multiple steps. We interviewed the survey participants at their homes. This study analyzed sociodemographic, occupational, unpaid domestic work and mental illness data, stratified by sex (gender). We investigated the association between the work-family-personal time conflict, the effort-reward imbalance in domestic and family work and the occurrence of common mental disorders, such as generalized anxiety disorder and depression. We estimated prevalence, prevalence ratios and their respective 95% confidence intervals. RESULTS: Among the participants, the unpaid domestic activities were performed by 71.3% of men and 95.2% of women, who were responsible for the investigated activities, except for minor repairs. The percentages of paid work were higher among men (68.1% versus 47.2% among women). The distribution of stressors and conflict experiences showed an inverse situation between genders: men depicted the highest high percentage of low work-family-personal time conflict (39.0%), while among women, the highest percentage was of high conflict (40.0%); 45.8% of the men reported low effort-reward imbalance in domestic and family work, while only 28.8% of women reported low imbalance. The investigated mental disorders were more prevalent among women, who showed a significant association between work-family-personal time conflict and common mental disorders, as well as depression; among men, conflict was positively associated with common mental disorders. The effort-reward imbalance, in turn, was strongly related to CMD (Common Mental Disorders), generalized anxiety disorder and depression among women. Amid men, this discrepancy was only associated to depression. CONCLUSIONS: Domestic work persists as a mostly feminine assigned activity. The stressful situations of unpaid domestic work and the work-family-personal time conflict were more strongly associated with adverse effects on the female mental health.

Measurement of depression in the Brazilian population: validation of the Patient Health Questionnaire (PHQ-8).

We aimed to evaluate the psychometric properties of the Brazilian version of the Patient Health Questionnaire (PHQ-8). A study with a sample of 4,170 individuals (≥ 15 years old) from the urban area. Conglomerate sampling was adopted in two stages (census sectors and streets), with weighting of estimates by sample weights. A structured questionnaire with sociodemographic data, the PHQ - the modules for depression, generalized anxiety disorder and panic disorder - and the Self-Reporting Questionnaire (SRQ-20) were used. In the evaluation of the PHQ-8, we verified the construct validity by analyzing the dimensional structure, convergent validity and internal consistency. We found a linear disorder without losses to maintain the four response categories. The factor analysis found unidimensionality of the depression construct, with strong factor loads, low residual variances, low residual correlation between items, good fit of the model, internal consistency and satisfactory convergent factorial validity (high loads and correlations with other tests/scales of similar constructs). The PHQ-8 has a one-dimensional structure with evidence of good validity and reliability, being suitable for use in the Brazilian population.

[Influenza vaccine hesitancy among health workers, Bahia State, Brazil]. / Hesitação vacinal para influenza entre trabalhadores(as) da saúde, Bahia, Brasil.

The World Health Organization acknowledges vaccine hesitancy as one of the ten most serious global health threats. The study investigated the association between confidence, convenience, and complacency and influenza vaccine hesitancy among male and female health workers. The study included 453 workers in primary and medium-complexity health services in a medium-sized city in the state of Bahia, Brazil. Vaccine-hesitant individuals were defined as those who had not received an influenza vaccine in 2019. Structural equation models were used to assess interrelations between target predictive variables and vaccine hesitancy. One-fourth of the workers (25.4%) hesitated to be vaccinated for influenza. Lower confidence (standardized coefficient - SC = 0.261; p = 0.044) and higher complacency (SC = 0.256; p < 0.001) were significantly associated with vaccine hesitancy. Convenience was not associated with vaccine hesitancy. Workers not involved in patient care, workers in medium-complexity services, and male workers reported less receptiveness from the health professional administering the vaccines. Fear of needles was associated with both lower confidence and greater vaccine hesitancy. History of vaccine reactions was not associated directly with vaccine hesitancy, but it was associated with greater complacency, that is, less perception of risk from vaccine-preventable diseases. Since annual influenza vaccination is recommended, influenza vaccine hesitancy can increase the burden of this disease in the population. The data back the hypothesis that factors related to confidence and complacency produce harms in this vaccine´s acceptance and should be considered in the development of strategies and actions for greater adherence to vaccination.

A Organização Mundial da Saúde reconhece a hesitação vacinal como uma das dez maiores ameaças à saúde pública no mundo. Este estudo investigou a associação entre confiança, conveniência e complacência e a hesitação vacinal para influenza entre trabalhadores(as) do setor saúde. Foram incluídos 453 trabalhadores(as) de serviços de atenção primária e média complexidade de uma cidade de médio porte do estado brasileiro da Bahia. Foram considerados hesitantes em vacinar aqueles que não receberam vacina para influenza em 2019. Modelos de equações estruturais foram utilizados para avaliar interrelações entre variáveis preditoras de interesse e hesitação vacinal. Um quarto dos(as) trabalhadores(as) (25,4%) hesitaram em se vacinar para influenza. Menor confiança (coeficiente padronizado - CP = 0,261; p = 0,044) e maior complacência (CP = 0,256; p < 0,001) associaram-se significativamente à hesitação vacinal. A conveniência não esteve associada à hesitação vacinal. Trabalhadores(as) não assistenciais, da média complexidade e do sexo masculino referiram menor acolhimento pelo profissional que administrava as vacinas. O medo de agulhas associou-se à menor confiança e à hesitação vacinal. História de reação vacinal não esteve associada diretamente com hesitação vacinal, mas associou-se à maior complacência, isto é, menor percepção do risco de doenças imunopreveníveis. Por ser uma vacina recomendada anualmente, a hesitação vacinal para influenza pode contribuir para aumentar a carga da doença na população. Os dados sustentam a hipótese de que fatores relacionados à confiança e complacência produzem prejuízos na aceitação desta vacina, devendo ser considerados no desenvolvimento de estratégias e ações para maior adesão à vacinação.

La Organización Mundial de la Salud reconoce la vacilación en la vacunación como una de las diez mayores amenazas para la salud pública en el mundo. Este estudio investigó la asociación entre confianza, conveniencia y complacencia, así como la indecisión para vacunarse contra la gripe entre trabajadores/as del sector salud. Se incluyeron a 453 trabajadores/as de servicios de atención primaria y media complejidad de una ciudad de tamaño medio en Bahía, Brasil. Se consideraron vacilantes para vacunarse a aquellos que no recibieron una vacuna contra la gripe en 2019. Se utilizaron los modelos de ecuaciones estructurales para evaluar interrelaciones entre variables predictoras de interés y vacilación en vacunarse. Un cuarto de los/as trabajadores/as (25,4%) dudaron en si vacunarse contra la gripe. Menor confianza (coeficiente estandarizado - CE = 0,261; p = 0,044) y mayor complacencia (CE = 0,256; p < 0,001) se asociaron significativamente a la vacilación en la vacunación. La conveniencia no estuvo asociada a la vacilación en la vacunación. Los trabajadores/as no asistenciales, de media complejidad y de sexo masculino informaron de una menor acogida por parte del profesional que administraba las vacunas. El miedo a las agujas se asoció a una menor confianza y a la vacilación en la vacunación. Un historial de reacción a la vacunación no estuvo asociado directamente con la vacilación en la vacunación, pero se asoció a una mayor complacencia, esto es, menor percepción del riesgo de enfermedades inmunoprevenibles. Al tratarse de una vacuna recomendada anualmente, la vacilación en la vacunación para la gripe puede contribuir a aumentar la carga de enfermedad en la población. Los datos sostienen la hipótesis de que factores relacionados con la confianza y la complacencia producen prejuicios en la aceptación de esta vacuna, debiendo ser considerados en el desarrollo de estrategias y acciones para una mayor adhesión a la vacunación.

Factors Associated with Emotion Regulation in Men with Internet Access Living in Brazil during the COVID-19 Pandemic.

Objective: to evaluate the factors associated with emotion regulation in men with internet access living in Brazil during the COVID-19 pandemic. Method: an epidemiological survey, conducted with 1015 men. An electronic form was applied containing sociodemographic and occupational characteristics, support and coping strategies, as well as emotional and behavioral aspects. Emotion regulation was assessed using the Emotion Regulation Questionnaire. Results: The prevalence values observed were 44.6% for Low Cognitive Reappraisal and of 47.1% for High Emotional Suppression. The following factors were identified as associated: (a) with Low Cognitive Reappraisal: being aged 30 years old or more, practicing physical activity, worrying about social distancing and having positive emotions and feelings; and (b) with High Emotional Suppression: being heterosexual, non-white race/skin color, having security support or public administration, not sanitizing food, worrying about lack of physical activity and not having negative emotions. Conclusion: the adoption of emotion regulation strategies was associated with individual, contextual and emotional/behavioral characteristics. Masculinity ideals seem to exert an influence on these relationships.

Occupational stressors and work accidents among health workers.

OBJECTIVE: To test the association between occupational stressors and work accidents due to exposure to biological material (ATbio) in health workers, considering the isolated and combined analysis of the dimensions of two models, the demand-control model (DCM) and the effort-reward imbalance model (ERI). METHODS: Cross-sectional study in a representative sample of workers with higher, technical and secondary education, including health agents from primary and medium-complexity care units in five cities in Bahia. Random sampling was selected, stratified by geographic area, level of service complexity and occupation. The outcome variable was ATbio; The main exposure was occupational stressors, assessed by the DCM and ERI. Incidences and relative risks were estimated as a function of the acute, short-term nature of the outcome of interest. Associations between ATbio and isolated and combined DCM and ERI dimensions were tested. RESULTS: A total of 3,084 workers participated in the study. The global incidence of ATbio was 3.4% and was associated with high psychological demand, high effort and high commitment to work, adjusted for sex, age, education and work shift. High-strain work and a situation of imbalance between efforts and rewards were associated with ATbio. With the combination of the models, an increase in the measure of association with the outcome was observed. Significant associations of greater magnitude were observed in the complete combined models. ATbio's risk was 5.23 times higher among those exposed in both complete models compared to the absence of exposure in both models. CONCLUSIONS: Occupational stressors were associated with ATbio. Advantages in using the combined models were observed. The approach of different psychosocial dimensions has expanded the ability to identify exposed groups, offering a solid basis for interventions for ATbio's prevention in health.

[Job dissatisfaction, psychosocial aspects, personal satisfaction, and mental health of male and female health workers]. / Insatisfação com o trabalho, aspectos psicossociais, satisfação pessoal e saúde mental de trabalhadores e trabalhadoras da saúde.

The objective was to evaluate the relationship between job dissatisfaction and the occurrence of common mental disorders (CMD), considering the psychosocial aspects of work and personal satisfaction. Cross-sectional study, with a sample of 3,084 health workers from five municipalities in Bahia. Structural equation modeling analysis, stratified by gender, was used. Dissatisfaction with work was the main exposure variable. The CMD, the outcome variable, was assessed by the Self-Reporting Questionnaire (SRQ-20). Personal satisfaction (SAP), assessed by World Health Organization Quality of Life (WHOQOL) questions, and stressful (AE) and protective (AP) psychosocial aspects, measured by the Job Content Questionnaire (JCQ) and the Effort-Reward Imbalance scale (ERI), were treated as latent variables. Dissatisfaction with work was associated with higher CMD prevalence, among men (0.160; CI95%: 0.024; 0.295) and women (0.198; CI95%: 0.135; 0.260). AEs were associated with greater dissatisfaction and higher CMD prevalence, while APs were associated with lower dissatisfaction and lower CMD prevalence, among men and women. Dissatisfaction with work mediated the effect of psychosocial aspects and personal satisfaction on the occurrence of CMD. The final model showed good adjustment. High job dissatisfaction, stressful psychosocial aspects, lack of protective aspects, and personal dissatisfaction were associated directly or indirectly with CMD. The results reinforce the need for actions to protect mental health at work by redesigning the harmful aspects identified and strengthening the aspects associated with the lower occurrence of CMD.

O objetivo foi avaliar a relação da insatisfação no trabalho e ocorrência de transtornos mentais comuns (TMC), considerando os aspectos psicossociais do trabalho e a satisfação pessoal (SAP). Estudo transversal, em amostra de 3.084 trabalhadores/as de saúde de cinco municípios baianos. Empregou-se análise de modelagem de equações estruturais, estratificada por gênero. A insatisfação com o trabalho foi a variável de exposição principal. Os TMC, variável desfecho, foram avaliados pelo Self-Reporting Questionaire (SRQ-20). Satisfação pessoal, avaliada por questões do World Health Organization Quality of Life (WHOQOL), e os aspectos psicossociais estressores (AE) e protetores (AP), mensurados pelo Job Content Questionnaire (JCQ) e pela escala Effort-Reward Imbalance (ERI), foram tratadas como variáveis latentes. A insatisfação com o trabalho associou-se positivamente aos TMC, entre homens (0,160; IC95%: 0,024; 0,295) e mulheres (0,198; IC95%: 0,135; 0,260). Os AE associaram-se positivamente à insatisfação com o trabalho e aos TMC, enquanto os AP associaram-se negativamente a esses dois eventos, entre homens e mulheres. A insatisfação com o trabalho mediou o efeito dos aspectos psicossociais e da SAP na ocorrência de TMC. O modelo final apresentou bom ajuste nos grupos analisados. Elevada insatisfação, presença de aspectos psicossociais estressores, carência de aspectos protetores e insatisfação pessoal associaram-se aos TMC direta ou indiretamente. Os resultados reforçam a necessidade de ações voltadas à proteção da saúde mental no trabalho em saúde com o redesenho dos aspectos nocivos identificados e fortalecimento dos aspectos associados à menor ocorrência de TMC.

El objetivo fue evaluar la relación de la insatisfacción en el trabajo y la ocurrencia de trastornos mentales comunes (TMC), considerando aspectos psicosociales del trabajo, así como la satisfacción personal. Se trata de un estudio transversal, en una muestra de 3084 trabajadores/as de salud de cinco municipios bahianos. Se utilizó un análisis de modelado de ecuaciones estructurales, estratificado por género. La insatisfacción con el trabajo fue la variable de exposición principal. Los TMC, variable de desenlace, se evaluaron mediante el Self-Reporting Questionaire (SRQ-20). Satisfacción personal (SAP), evaluada por cuestiones del World Health Organization Quality of Life (WHOQOL), y los aspectos psicosociales estresores (AE) y protectores (AP), medidos por el Job Content Questionnaire (JCQ) y por la escala Effort-Reward Imbalance (ERI), fueron tratadas como variables latentes. La insatisfacción con el trabajo se asoció positivamente a los TMC, entre hombres (0,160; IC95%: 0,024; 0,295) y mujeres (0,198; IC95%: 0,135; 0,260). Los AE se asociaron positivamente a la insatisfacción con el trabajo y a los TMC, mientras que los AP se asociaron negativamente a esos dos eventos, entre hombres y mujeres. La insatisfacción con el trabajo medió el efecto de los aspectos psicosociales y de la satisfacción personal en la ocurrencia de TMC. El modelo final presentó un buen ajuste en los grupos analizados. Elevada insatisfacción, presencia de aspectos psicosociales estresores, carencia de aspectos protectores e insatisfacción personal se asociaron a los TMC directa o indirectamente. Los resultados refuerzan la necesidad de acciones dirigidas a la protección de la salud mental en el trabajo en salud, con el rediseño de los aspectos nocivos identificados, así como el fortalecimiento de los aspectos asociados a una menor ocurrencia de TMC.

Factors associated with occupational stress among nursing professionals in health services of medium complexity.

OBJECTIVE: To analyze the factors associated with occupational stress among nursing workers in health services of medium complexity. METHODS: Epidemiological, cross-sectional, exploratory study. A randomly selected sample of 126 nursing professionals from medium complexity services in three cities in the state of Bahia (Santo Antônio de Jesus, Feira de Santana and Itabuna) was investigated. Data were collected in 2011 and 2012. The demand-control model proposed by Karasek was used to assess occupational stress. Simultaneous analysis of occupational stressors was performed using Poisson regression with robust variance. RESULTS: The prevalence of occupational stress among nursing professionals was 77%. Occupational stress was associated with the professional category of nursing technician (p=0.01). CONCLUSION: The data indicates a concerning situation of exposure to occupational stressors, which requires coping strategies in order to protect the health of the worker.

Psychosocial Aspects at work and the Quality of Sleep of Professors in Higher Education.

The present study aims to investigate the association between psychosocial aspects at work and the quality of sleep of professors in a public university in Feira de Santana, Bahia, Brazil. A cross-sectional study was conducted, with descriptive, bivariate and multivariate analysis, including a random sample of 423 professors. The psychosocial aspects work aspects were associated to a perception of poor sleep quality. In analysis of effect modifiers, the variable "practice of physical activity" modified the main association under test. Among professors that did not practice physical activity, the following variables kept statistically associated to the perception of poor sleep quality: having children (PR = 1.33, CI 95% 1.02-1.74), poor self-rated health (PR = 1.49; CI 95% 1.24-1.79) and quality of life self-evaluation (PR = 1.60, CI 95% 1.45-2.00), insufficient time for regular leisure activities (PR = 1.52, CI 95% 1.23-1.86) and high psychological demand (PR = 1.40, CI 95% 1.14-1.72). In final analysis, high strain and passive work were experiences associated to the perception of a poor sleep quality among professors that did not practice physical activity. The results confirmed that the adverse psychosocial aspects at work are associated to negative impacts on the professor's quality of sleep.

Efeitos combinados de gênero, raça e estressores ocupacionais na saúde mental / Combined effects of gender, race, and occupational stressors on mental health

Resumo Objetivo: analisar os efeitos isolados e combinados do gênero, da raça e dos estressores ocupacionais sobre a saúde mental de trabalhadores e trabalhadoras da saúde. Métodos: estudo transversal com amostra aleatória de trabalhadores(as) da saúde da Bahia, Brasil. As variáveis de exposição principais foram: gênero, raça e estressores ocupacionais, avaliados por meio da escala de Desequilíbrio Esforço-Recompensa (DER). O Self-Reporting Questionnaire (SRQ-20) mensurou os transtornos mentais comuns (TMC), variável desfecho. As medidas de interação foram verificadas com base no critério da aditividade, pelo cálculo do excesso de prevalência, excesso de razão de prevalência e diferença relativa. Resultados: participaram 3.343 trabalhadores, 77,9% do sexo feminino. A prevalência de TMC foi 21,7% maior entre mulheres, negros e pessoas em situações de exposição aos estressores laborais. Entre as mulheres negras em situação de DER, a prevalência de TMC foi três vezes maior em relação aos homens brancos em situação de equilíbrio (grupo de referência). Discussão: trabalhadoras negras acumulam desvantagens sociais e estão mais suscetíveis a ocupações de maior esforço e menor recompensa. A prevalência de TMC foi superior na intersecção das exposições. O efeito combinado dos fatores excedeu a soma dos efeitos isolados, demonstrando interação entre gênero, raça e estressores ocupacionais.

Abstract Objective: analyze the isolated and combined effects of gender, race, and occupational stressors on the mental health of healthcare workers. Methods: cross-sectional study with a random sample of health workers in Bahia, Brazil. The primary exposure variables were gender, race, and occupational stressors, assessed using the Effort-Reward Imbalance (ERI) scale. The Self-Reporting Questionnaire (SRQ-20) measured common mental disorders (CMD), the outcome variable. The interaction measures were verified based on the additivity criterion by calculating the excess prevalence, excess prevalence ratio, and relative difference. Results: 3,343 workers participated, 77.9% were female. CMD prevalence was 21.7% higher among women, Black people, and those exposed to work stressors. Among Black women in a situation of ERI, the prevalence of CMD was three times higher compared with white men in a situation of balance (reference group). Discussion: black women workers accumulate social disadvantages and are more susceptible to occupations that require more significant effort and less reward. CMD prevalence was higher at the intersection of exposures. Combined effect of the factors exceeded the sum of the isolated effects, demonstrating an interaction between gender, race, and occupational stressors.

[Vaccination and associated factors among health workers]. / Vacinação e fatores associados entre trabalhadores da saúde.

This study aimed to analyze factors associated with vaccination of municipal health workers in Bahia State, Brazil. This was a cross-sectional study from 2010 and 2012 with 3,084 workers in primary and medium-complexity care. The following indicators were described: prevalence of vaccination in the adult calendar according to the Brazilian National Immunization Program (PNI) and the completeness of vaccination regimens according to sociodemographic, economic, work, domestic overload, psychosocial, satisfaction and social support at work, occupational, life habits, health status, and self-rated health variables. Multivariate analysis was performed to assess the joint effect of the study variables. Only 38.5% of the workers reported complete vaccinal status for all the vaccines in the adult calendar. Completeness of the vaccination card showed a positive association with: female gender (95%CI: 1.42-2.10), working directly in patient care (95%CI: 1.26-1.71), having technical resources for the development of the professional activities (95%CI: 1.02-1.34), social support at work (95%CI: 1.02-1.26), contact with biological material (95%CI: 1.39-1.75), preparation of medications (95%CI: 1.10-1.44), and positive self-rated health (95%CI: 1.03-1.41). Factors such as sociodemographic conditions and occupational exposure have an influence on vaccination. Given the resurgence of immune-preventable diseases, it is necessary to monitor health workers' vaccinal status. The phenomenon should be analyzed according to its complexity, focusing on aspects related to resistance that extrapolate the issues usually measured and allow the investigation of beliefs attributed to vaccines.

O objetivo deste trabalho foi analisar os fatores associados à vacinação entre profissionais de redes municipais de saúde na Bahia, Brasil. Estudo transversal, conduzido entre 2010 e 2012 com 3.084 trabalhadores da atenção primária e média complexidade. Foram descritas: prevalência de vacinação para calendário do adulto de acordo com o Programa Nacional de Imunização (PNI) e a completude de esquemas vacinais segundo variáveis sociodemográficas, econômicas, do trabalho, sobrecarga doméstica, psicossociais, satisfação e apoio social no trabalho, exposição ocupacional, hábitos de vida, situação de saúde e autopercepção da saúde. Análise multivariada foi realizada para avaliar o efeito conjunto das variáveis estudadas. Apenas 38,5% dos trabalhadores relataram situação vacinal completa para todas as vacinas do calendário do adulto. Mostraram-se positivamente associados à completude do cartão vacinal: sexo feminino (IC95%: 1,42-2,10), ser profissional de saúde de cuidado direto ao paciente (IC95%: 1,26-1,71), ter recursos técnicos para o desenvolvimento das atividades profissionais (IC95%: 1,02-1,34), apoio social no trabalho (IC95%: 1,02-1,26), contato com material biológico (IC95%: 1,39-1,75), preparo de medicação (IC95%: 1,10-1,44) e autopercepção positiva da saúde (IC95%: 1,03-1,41). Fatores como condições sociodemográficas e de exposição ocupacional exerceram influência sobre a vacinação. Diante do recrudescimento de doenças imunopreveníveis, é necessário que se acompanhe a situação vacinal dos trabalhadores da saúde. Deve-se considerar o fenômeno em sua complexidade para compreender aspectos relacionados à resistência que ultrapassam as questões usualmente mensuradas e possibilitem a investigação de crenças atribuídas às vacinas.

El objetivo de este estudio fue analizar los factores asociados a la vacunación entre trabajadores de redes municipales de salud en el Estado de Bahía, Brasil. Se trata de un estudio transversal, llevado a cabo entre 2010 y 2012, con 3.084 trabajadores de atención primaria y centros salud de complejidad media. En el trabajo se describió la prevalencia de vacunación en el calendario para adultos, según el Programa Nacional de Inmunización (PNI), y la totalidad de esquemas de vacunación en función de las variables sociodemográficas, económicas, laborales, sobrecarga doméstica, psicosociales, satisfacción y apoyo social en el trabajo, exposición ocupacional, hábitos de vida, situación de salud y autopercepción de la salud. El análisis multivariado se realizó para evaluar el efecto conjunto de las variables estudiadas. Solamente un 38,5% de los trabajadores informaron de una situación de vacunación completa en relación con todas las vacunas del calendario del adulto. Se mostraron positivamente asociados a haber completado totalmente la cartilla de vacunación los siguientes factores: sexo femenino (IC95%: 1,42-2,10), ser profesional de salud en el cuidado directo al paciente (IC95%: 1,26-1,71), contar con recursos técnicos para el desarrollo de actividades profesionales (IC95%: 1,02-1,34), apoyo social en el trabajo (IC95%: 1,02-1,26), contacto con material biológico (IC95%: 1,39-1,75), preparación de la medicación (IC95%: 1,10-1,44) y autopercepción positiva de la salud (IC95%: 1,03-1,41). Factores como las condiciones sociodemográficas y de exposición ocupacional ejercieron influencia sobre la vacunación. Ante el recrudecimiento de las enfermedades inmunoprevenibles, es necesario que se realice un seguimiento de la situación de vacunación de los trabajadores de salud. Se debe considerar el fenómeno en toda su complejidad, para comprender aspectos relacionados con la resistencia a la vacunación que sobrepasan cuestiones medidas habitualmente, y posibilitar la investigación sobre creencias acerca de las vacunas.

Teachers' work and health in Brazil: thoughts on the history of research, strides, and challenges. / Trabalho e saúde de professoras e professores no Brasil: reflexões sobre trajetórias das investigações, avanços e desafios.

This Essay discusses the theme of teachers' work and health in Brazil. The objectives are to describe the initial history of research on teachers' health, discuss elements leading to a consensus on the characterization of the group's work and principal health problems, and systematize the main strides and challenges. The Essay draws on more than two decades of research and practice in this field. Based on this experience, the authors identify the movements, the accumulated evidence, and prospects for future development. The elements brought to the discussion point to substantial growth in the field: the number of studies, the diversity and scope of topics, the groups of men and women teachers studied, and the experiences with application of the knowledge (programs and interventions). Despite these strides, the studies and practices still emphasize the individual and the disease, with little or no attention to work factors (work process and management) in the health/disease process. Issues pertaining to gender differences (in work and in health status) also remain invisible. There is little linkage between researchers and teachers' movements (a relevant characteristic of the first initiatives in the field). There are no public policies to regulate the workplace and work management. The contributions to the discussion provide insight for thought to assist the identification of critical nodes and analytical scenarios with the potential for progress in this field of research and intervention.

Este Ensaio discute a temática de trabalho e saúde docente no Brasil. Tem como objetivos: descrever trajetórias iniciais das investigações de saúde do/a professor/a no contexto brasileiro; discutir elementos que consolidaram consenso com relação à caracterização do trabalho e os principais problemas de saúde neste grupo; e sistematizar seus principais avanços e desafios. O Ensaio é organizado com base na experiência de mais de duas décadas em investigações e práticas nessa temática. Valendo-se dessa experiência identificam-se seus movimentos, as evidências acumuladas e perspectivas potenciais de desenvolvimento futuro. Com base nos elementos trazidos à discussão observa-se o crescimento substantivo do campo: do número de investigações, da diversidade e abrangência dos temas abordados, dos grupos de professores/as estudados/as e das experiências de aplicação do conhecimento (programas e intervenções). Apesar desses avanços, as investigações e práticas ainda mantêm a ênfase no indivíduo e na doença, com ausência ou abordagem limitada dos fatores do trabalho (processo e gestão do trabalho) no processo saúde/doença. Questões relativas aos diferenciais de gênero (no trabalho e na situação de saúde) também permanecem invisíveis. Observa-se pouca articulação de pesquisadores/as e movimentos docentes (uma característica relevante das primeiras iniciativas no campo). Registra-se ausência de políticas públicas de regulação dos ambientes e gestão do trabalho. Os aspectos trazidos à discussão fornecem uma base de reflexão, de modo a auxiliar na identificação de nós críticos e de cenários analíticos com potencial para avançar nesse campo de investigação e de intervenção.

Este Ensayo discute la temática de trabajo y salud docente en Brasil. Tiene como objetivos: describir trayectorias iniciales de investigaciones de salud del/a profesor/a en el contexto brasileño; discutir elementos que consolidaron el consenso referente a la caracterización del trabajo y los principales problemas de salud en este grupo; además de sistematizar sus principales avances y desafíos. El estudio está organizado en base a la experiencia de más de dos décadas en investigaciones y prácticas en esta temática. Valiéndose de esta experiencia se identifican sus movimientos, las evidencias acumuladas y perspectivas potenciales de su desarrollo futuro. En base a los elementos en liza se observa un crecimiento sustancial del área de estudio: número de investigaciones, diversidad y alcance de los temas abordados, grupos de profesores/as estudiados/as, así como de las experiencias de aplicación del conocimiento (programas e intervenciones). A pesar de esos avances, las investigaciones y prácticas todavía mantienen el énfasis en el individuo y en la enfermedad, con ausencia o un enfoque limitado sobre los factores del trabajo (proceso y gestión del trabajo) en el proceso salud/enfermedad. Las cuestiones relacionadas con los diferenciales de género (en el trabajo y situación de salud) también permanecen invisibles. Se observa poca coordinación de investigadores/as y movimientos docentes (una característica relevante de las primeras iniciativas en el área de estudio). Se constata la ausencia de políticas públicas de regulación en entornos y gestión laborales. Los aspectos planteados proporcionan una base de reflexión, con el fin de que ayuden en la identificación de problemas clave y escenarios analíticos con potencial para avanzar en este campo de investigación y de intervención.

Seeking the recognition of voice disorder as work-related disease: historical-political movement. / Em busca do reconhecimento do distúrbio de voz como doença relacionada ao trabalho: movimento histórico-político.

The high prevalence of voice disorders among professionals who use their voice as a working tool, signals the existence of a collective illness caused by voice wear through poor working conditions and lack of social protection. This article describes the construction of a political movement seeking recognition of voice disorder as a work-related disease in Brazil. This is a narrative review on the historical processes, including social subjects, production of knowledge and the proposals for a strategic agenda, in view of the urgency of including voice disorder in the Brazilian Ministry of Health's list of work-related diseases. The analysis comprises three strands: a) technical and scientific, on advances in characterization of voice disorder and establishment of its connection with work; b) juridical and institutional, on legal recognition of this linkage; c) political and professional, on mobilization of social actors to advocate recognition of work-related voice disorders (WRVDs). The key role of the Pontifical Catholic University of São Paulo in fomenting discussions about WRVDs over the course of this movement lasting nearly two decades is highlighted, along with the main difficulties in achieving formal recognition of WRVDs .

A elevada prevalência de alteração vocal no exercício do trabalho sinaliza um adoecimento coletivo, determinado pelo desgaste da voz sob precárias condições ocupacionais. Este artigo descreve a construção, no Brasil, do movimento histórico-político em busca do reconhecimento do distúrbio de voz como doença relacionada ao trabalho (DVRT). Trata-se de uma revisão narrativa, com relato dos processos históricos, incluindo os sujeitos sociais, a produção de conhecimento, os fatos que marcaram a trajetória do movimento e as proposições de uma agenda estratégica, tendo em vista a urgência da inclusão do DVRT na lista de doenças relacionadas ao trabalho do Ministério da Saúde. Foram adotados três eixos de análise: a) técnico-científico, sobre os avanços na caracterização do distúrbio de voz e do nexo com o trabalho; b) jurídico-institucional, relativo às formas institucionais de reconhecimento jurídico deste nexo; e c) político-profissional, no qual se discute a articulação dos atores sociais na defesa do reconhecimento do DVRT. Durante quase duas décadas destacam-se o importante papel da Pontifícia Universidade Católica de São Paulo no fomento às discussões e as principais dificuldades para o reconhecimento formal do DVRT.

Factors associated with the work capacity of motorcycle taxi drivers. / Fatores associados à capacidade para o trabalho de mototaxistas.

This study evaluated the work capacity of motorcycle taxi drivers and its association with sociodemographic and work and quality of life factors. This is a cross-sectional study realized with 392 motorcycle taxi drivers that used a form containing demographic and labor data, Work Capacity Index, the WHOQOL-bref. We employed a descriptive and inferential analysis. The moderate/good prevalence work capacity was 51%. Motorcycle taxi drivers aged 40 years and over recorded a 31% increase in low work capacity (PR: 1.31; 95% CI: 1.07; 1.61) compared to younger workers. Motorcycle taxi drivers aged 21-29 and 30-39 years evidenced a higher median for absenteeism (p = 0.023) and self-prognosis regarding future work capacity (p < 0.001). A greater proportion of diseases diagnosed among those with five or more years of service (p = 0.003) and of self-prognosis in those with five years or less of service (p < 0.001) was observed. Motorcycle taxi drivers with moderate/good capacity showed better perception of quality of life in the physical realm (p < 0.001). Work capacity of motorcycle taxi drivers was associated with higher exposure to noxious factors that affect their quality of life and work force. Priority public policies and educational actions are required to minimize this exposure.

Objetivou-se avaliar a capacidade para o trabalho de mototaxistas e sua associação com fatores sociodemográficos, laborais e qualidade de vida. Estudo transversal, realizado com 392 mototaxistas, utilizando-se formulário com dados sociodemográficos, laborais, Índice de Capacidade de Trabalho e o WHOQOL-bref. Empregou-se análise descritiva e inferencial. A prevalência de capacidade para o trabalho moderada/boa foi de 51%. Mototaxistas com 40 ou mais anos tiveram aumento de 31% na capacidade baixa para o trabalho (RP: 1,31; IC 95%: 1,07; 1,61) comparados aos mais jovens. Mototaxistas de 21 a 29 e de 30 a 39 anos apresentaram maiores medianas para absenteísmo (p = 0,023) e prognóstico próprio sobre a capacidade de trabalho no futuro (p < 0,001). Houve maior proporção para doenças diagnosticadas entre aqueles com cinco anos ou mais na profissão (p = 0,003) e para prognóstico próprio naqueles com cinco anos ou menos (p < 0,001). Mototaxistas com capacidade moderada/boa apresentaram melhor percepção de qualidade de vida no domínio físico (p < 0,001). A capacidade baixa para o trabalho de mototaxistas foi associada à maior exposição aos fatores nocivos que afetam sua qualidade de vida e força de trabalho. É necessário priorizar políticas públicas e ações educativas para minimizar essa exposição.

[Factors associated with voice disorders among women teachers]. / Fatores associados a alterações vocais em professoras.

This study aimed to identify risk factors for voice disorders (hoarseness in the previous six months as an initial manifestation, and vocal cord nodules as a more severe manifestation of overt disease) among teachers. The cross-sectional study included 747 women teachers from elementary and middle schools in the public school system in Vitória da Conquista, Bahia State, Brazil. Data were collected using a self-applied, standardized questionnaire. Hoarseness in the previous six months was reported by 59.2% of teachers and vocal cord nodules by 12.9%. Logistic regression techniques showed that hoarseness was statistically associated with > 24 classroom hours per week, work in more than one school, and having to make an effort to speak. Vocal cord nodules were associated with working > 5 years as a teacher, work in more than one school, working at another job besides teaching, and having to make an effort to speak. In conclusion, voice disorders are frequent among schoolteachers and are associated with multiple occupational risk factors, besides purely biological ones.

[Work ability among primary health care nursing staff. Bahia, Brazil]. / Capacidade para o trabalho entre trabalhadores de enfermagem da atenção básica à saúde. Bahia, Brasil.

OBJECTIVE: To assess factors associated with work ability (WA) in primary health care nursing staff in the State of Bahia, Brazil. METHODS: Exploratory, cross-sectional study. The Work Ability Index was used to verify work ability, while the magnitude of the associations was estimated using logistic regressions. RESULTS: The prevalence of inadequate work ability was 17.9%, which was associated with effective working relationships, work done in one shift, having developed an occupational disease, being dissatisfied with the work ability and experiencing high demands at work. CONCLUSION: Inadequate work ability is a public health problem in the context of occupational health; thus, promotion and prevention measures should be adopted in working environments, in addition to implementing an occupational health programs. This study confirmed the multidimensional complexity of work ability and the technical and scientific relevance of future studies for the field of occupational health.

[Exploratory study of the validity and internal consistency of the Work Ability Index among health workers]. / Estudio exploratorio de validez y consistencia interna del índice de capacidad para el trabajo entre trabajadores de la salud.

The objective of this study was to evaluate the validity and internal consistency of the Work Ability Index (WAI) among health workers in Bahia, Brazil. An exploratory validity study was conducted based on a cross-sectional sample of 3,084 health workers. The principal component analysis extracted three factors of the instrument with a total accumulated variance of 53.9%. The WAI was able to identify groups of workers by age and show positive correlations with job control, social support and self-perceived health status as well as negative correlations with common mental disorders, psychological, physical and emotional demand and the effort-reward imbalance. The Cronbach's alpha underestimated the coefficients of each factor compared to McDonald's omega. The WAI showed satisfactory psychometric properties to measure physical and mental work ability in groups of workers according to age.

El objetivo de este estudio fue evaluar la validez y la consistencia interna del índice de capacidad para el trabajo (ICT) entre trabajadores de la salud en Bahía, Brasil. Se trata de un estudio exploratorio de validez con base en un corte transversal de una muestra de 3.084 trabajadores de la salud. El análisis de componentes principales extrajo tres factores del instrumento con varianza total acumulada del 53,9%. A través del ICT se identificaron grupos de trabajadores por edad y se correlacionaron de forma positiva con el control en el trabajo, el apoyo social y la autopercepción del estado de salud y, de forma negativa con los trastornos mentales comunes, la demanda psicológica, física y emocional y el desequilibrio esfuerzo-recompensa. El alfa de Cronbach subestimó los coeficientes de cada factor en comparación con el omega de McDonald. El ICT presentó propiedades psicométricas satisfactorias, tanto para medir la capacidad física y mental para el trabajo en grupos de trabajadores por edad y correlacionar a los aspectos relacionados con la salud.

Unpaid domestic work: persistence of gender-based labor division and mental disorders / Trabalho doméstico não remunerado: persistência da divisão sexual e transtornos mentais

ABSTRACT OBJECTIVE Evaluating characteristics of unpaid domestic work and its association with mental disorders, exploring gender differences. METHODS We analyzed cross-sectional data from the second wave of an urban population cohort (n = 2,841) aged 15 and older from a medium-sized city in Bahia (BA). The representative population sample was randomly selected in subsequent multiple steps. We interviewed the survey participants at their homes. This study analyzed sociodemographic, occupational, unpaid domestic work and mental illness data, stratified by sex (gender). We investigated the association between the work-family-personal time conflict, the effort-reward imbalance in domestic and family work and the occurrence of common mental disorders, such as generalized anxiety disorder and depression. We estimated prevalence, prevalence ratios and their respective 95% confidence intervals. RESULTS Among the participants, the unpaid domestic activities were performed by 71.3% of men and 95.2% of women, who were responsible for the investigated activities, except for minor repairs. The percentages of paid work were higher among men (68.1% versus 47.2% among women). The distribution of stressors and conflict experiences showed an inverse situation between genders: men depicted the highest high percentage of low work-family-personal time conflict (39.0%), while among women, the highest percentage was of high conflict (40.0%); 45.8% of the men reported low effort-reward imbalance in domestic and family work, while only 28.8% of women reported low imbalance. The investigated mental disorders were more prevalent among women, who showed a significant association between work-family-personal time conflict and common mental disorders, as well as depression; among men, conflict was positively associated with common mental disorders. The effort-reward imbalance, in turn, was strongly related to CMD (Common Mental Disorders), generalized anxiety disorder and depression among women. Amid men, this discrepancy was only associated to depression. CONCLUSIONS Domestic work persists as a mostly feminine assigned activity. The stressful situations of unpaid domestic work and the work-family-personal time conflict were more strongly associated with adverse effects on the female mental health.

RESUMO OBJETIVO Avaliar características do trabalho doméstico não remunerado e sua associação com transtornos mentais, explorando diferenciais de gênero. MÉTODOS Neste estudo foram analisados dados transversais da segunda onda de uma coorte da população urbana (n = 2.841) com idade a partir dos 15 anos de uma cidade de médio porte da Bahia (BA). A amostra representativa da população foi aleatoriamente selecionada em etapas múltiplas subsequentes. As entrevistas foram realizadas nos domicílios dos participantes do levantamento. O estudo analisou dados sociodemográficos, ocupacionais, do trabalho doméstico não remunerado e adoecimento mental, estratificadas por sexo. Investigou-se associação entre o conflito trabalho-família-tempo para si, o desequilíbrio esforço-recompensa no trabalho doméstico e familiar e a ocorrência de transtornos mentais comuns, de transtorno de ansiedade generalizada e de depressão. Foram estimadas prevalências, razões de prevalência e respectivos intervalos de confiança de 95%. RESULTADOS Entre os participantes, verificou-se que as atividades domésticas não remuneradas eram realizadas por 71,3% dos homens e 95,2% das mulheres, que se mostraram as principais responsáveis pelas atividades de trabalho investigadas, exceto pequenos consertos. A inserção em trabalho remunerado foi maior entre os homens (68,1% contra 47,2% entre as mulheres). A distribuição dos estressores e experiência de conflitos evidenciou situação inversa entre homens e mulheres: o maior percentual entre os homens foi de baixo conflito trabalho-família-tempo para si (39,0%), já entre as mulheres, maior percentual foi de alto conflito (40,0%); entre os homens, 45,8% referiram baixo desequilíbrio esforço-recompensa no trabalho doméstico e familiar, enquanto apenas 28,8% das mulheres relataram baixo desequilíbrio. Os transtornos mentais investigados foram mais prevalentes entre as mulheres, que apresentaram significativa associação entre o conflito trabalho-família-tempo pessoal e os transtornos mentais comuns e a depressão; entre os homens o alto conflito foi associado aos transtornos mentais comuns. Já o desequilíbrio esforço-recompensa se mostrou fortemente relacionado aos TMC, ao transtorno de ansiedade generalizada e à depressão entre as mulheres. Entre os homens, esse desequilíbrio relacionou-se apenas à depressão. CONCLUSÕES O trabalho doméstico persiste como atribuição majoritariamente feminina. As situações estressoras do trabalho doméstico não remunerado e o conflito trabalho-família-tempo para si associaram-se mais fortemente aos efeitos adversos na saúde mental das mulheres.

Fatores associados a acidentes com exposição a material biológico de trabalhadores da saúde da atenção básica e da média complexidade em cinco municípios baianos / Factors associated with occupational accidents involving exposure to biological material in primary care and medium complexity among workers in five municipalities in Bahia, Brazil

Resumo Introdução no trabalho em saúde podem ocorrer os acidentes de trabalho com exposição a material biológico, potencial fonte de infecção para doenças graves. Objetivo estimar os fatores associados aos acidentes com exposição a material biológico entre trabalhadores da saúde da atenção básica e da média complexidade. Método estudo transversal, exploratório, realizado com trabalhadores da atenção básica e da média complexidade em cinco municípios baianos. O processamento dos dados incluiu análises descritivas, uni e multivariadas. Resultados a incidência dos acidentes de trabalho com exposição a material biológico foi de 3,4%, atingindo a faixa etária entre 19 a 33 anos (RR: 2,06; IC 95%: 1,2 - 3,4), revelando ausência de prática regular de atividade de lazer (RR: 1,8; IC 95%:1,1-2,8), atuação na média complexidade (RR: 1,8; IC 95%: 1,2-2,8), exposição a agentes biológicos (RR: 3,7; IC 95%: 2,4 - 5,9) e trabalho de alta exigência (RR: 1,9; IC 95%: 1,1 - 3,3). Conclusão verifica-se ser necessária a priorização dos trabalhadores da saúde em ações de vigilância em ambientes de trabalho e programas voltados à prevenção dos acidentes como compromisso da área de saúde do trabalhador no Sistema Único de Saúde.

Abstract Background: i n health work, work accidents may occur with exposure to biological material, a potential source of infection for serious diseases. Objective To estimate the factors associated with occupational accidents with exposure to biological material among health workers in primary care and medium complexity. Method A cross-sectional and exploratory study was carried out with primary care and medium complexity workers in five municipalities in Bahia, Brazil. Data processing included descriptive, univariate, and multivariate analyses. Results The incidence of occupational accidents with exposure to biological material was 3.4%. The associated factors were age group of 19 to33 years (RR: 2.06; 95% CI: 1.2 - 3.4), absence of regular leisure activity (RR: 1.8; 95% CI: 1.1- 2.8), acting in medium complexity (RR: 1.8; 95% CI: 1.2-2.8), exposure to biological agents (RR: 3.7; 95% CI: 2.4 - 5, 9), and high-strain jobs (RR: 1.9; 95% CI: 1.1 - 3.3). Conclusion It is necessary to prioritize workers' health in actions to monitor work environments and programs aimed at preventing accidents as a commitment in occupational health, in the Unified Health System (SUS).