Healthy lifestyle and cognitive aging: What is the gap behind prescribing healthier lifestyle?

Although there is a clear link between lifestyle and cognitive health, the dissonance between observational and intervention studies results reveals gaps in the knowledge of how to translate healthy lifestyles into better cognitive health for the population. This letter discusses gaps in interpreting observational studies linking healthy lifestyles and cognitive health in older adults. The main goal is to briefly highlight the necessity of understanding and incorporating intrinsic and extrinsic drivers of engagement in healthy lifestyles before prescribing and implementing individual and multicomponent programs.

Nonpharmacologic Interventions for Family Caregivers of People Living With Dementia in Latin-America: A Scoping Review.

OBJECTIVE: Dementia prevalence in Latin America (LATAM) is rapidly increasing, contributing to significant family burden. As families are responsible for care, supportive interventions are critical. To understand the state-of-the-science, a scoping review was conducted of non-pharmacologic interventions for caregivers of people living with dementia (PLWD) in LATAM. DESIGN: Eight databases were searched (PubMed, Embase, PsycINFO, Scopus, Scielo, Lilacs, Redalyc, Google Scholar) for nonpharmacological intervention studies published up to July, 2021 in LATAM reporting at least 1 caregiver outcome. A qualitative synthesis examined study designs, participants, and outcomes characteristics. RESULTS: Forty-five studies were identified from 25.8% (n = 8/31) of LATAM countries (28 = Brazil, 4 = Chile, 4 = Cuba, 4 = México, 2 = Colombia, 1 = Perú, 1 = Ecuador, 1 = Argentina): 29% (n = 17) were randomized clinical trials (RCT), 7% (n = 3) nonrandomized comparison trials, 42% (n = 19) pre-post trials, 9% (n = 4) postintervention analyses, and 4% (n = 2) single case studies, comprising a total of 1,171 caregivers and 817 PLWD. For 20 RCT and nonrandomized comparison trials, 31 interventions were tested of which 48.4% (n = 15) targeted caregivers and 32.3% (n = 10) dyads. Most studies involved daughters with less than 12 years of education and tested multicomponent interventions involving disease education (90%), and cognitive behavioral coping (45%). Half of interventions (51.6%; n = 16/31) tested were adapted from other countries, and reported benefits for caregiver depression, quality of life, and burden. CONCLUSION: Studies were conducted in a limited number of LATAM countries and few were RCTs. Results of RCTs showed benefits for socially vulnerable caregivers on psychosocial outcomes. There is an urgent need to rigorously evaluate more country/culturally specific interventions addressing unmet familial needs beyond psychosocial support.

Factors related to depressive symptoms and self-reported diagnosis of depression in community-dwelling older Chileans: A national cross-sectional analysis.

AIM: The aims of this study were to describe the prevalence of screening-positive depression and to identify the frequency and factors related to self-reported depression diagnosis in people with screen-positive depression. METHODS: Using the Geriatric Depression Scale (GDS-15), 4065 older Chileans were screened for depression. Social and health variables were included. Self-reported depression diagnosis and antidepressant use were analyzed according to screen-positive depression (GDS-15 ≥ 5). Chi-square and logistic regression analyses were conducted to identify factors related to screen-positive depression, and self-reported diagnosis and current antidepressant use. RESULTS: Overall, mean age was 71.0 years, 60.9% women, and 71.4% had ≤8 years of education. 28.3% of the population screened positive for depression (mild: 21.7%; moderate-severe: 6.5%). Only 35.9% of screen-positive depression individuals self-reported a depression diagnosis (mild: 32.6%; moderate-severe: 47.0%), with significant differences between the sexes (women: 42.2%; men: 22.5%; P < .01). No education (OR = 2.00, 95% CI = 1.20-3.32), multimorbidity (OR = 1.88, 95% CI = 1.42-2.48), dependence (OR = 4.14, 95% CI = 3.11-5.51) and pain (OR = 2.49, 95% CI = 2.01-3.07) were related to screen-positive depression. In people screen-positive depression, men (OR = 0.48, 95% CI = 0.35-0.65) and 80 years or older were less likely to self-report depression diagnosis (OR = 0.35, 95% CI = 0.23-0.54), and current antidepressant use (OR = 0.31, 95% CI = 0.14-0.70). CONCLUSIONS: A high prevalence of depressive symptoms and low agreement with self-reported depression is observed. There is a need to increase the diagnosis of depression especially in men and people 80 years or older.

Measuring change in perceived well-being of family caregivers: validation of the Spanish version of the Perceived Change Index (PCI-S) in Chilean dementia caregivers.

OBJECTIVE: Few instruments evaluate family caregiver perceptions of challenges caring for persons with dementia and improvement or worsening in these areas. To address this measurement gap, we examine psychometric properties of a Spanish version of the 13-item Perceived Change Index (PCI-S), originally validated with English-speaking caregivers. METHODS: Cross-sectional study with 94 caregivers of persons with mild to moderate dementia in Chile. Interviews included caregiver demographics, burden, health perception, distress with behaviours, dementia severity, behavioural symptoms and functionality. RESULTS: Caregiver mean age was 55.9 (SD ± 14.14) years and mean years caregiving was 3 (SD ± 2.60). The scale had strong internal consistency (Cronbach α = 0.94), and inter-observer consistency (CCI = 0.99; 95% CI = 0.95-0.99). Two factors were identified: Management skills (α = 0.89), and somatic well-being and affects (α = 0.92), explaining 63% of scale variance. Significant associations supporting convergent validity were observed for PCI-S and subscales with caregiver burden (p < 0.01), health perceptions (p < 0.01), depressive symptoms (p < 0.01) and distress with behaviours (p < 0.01); and in persons with dementia, functionality (p < 0.05), dementia severity (p < 0.05) and behavioural symptoms (p < 0.01) in expected directions. In logistic regression models, perceived worsening (PCI-S and subscale scores) was associated with more behavioural symptoms (OR = 1.07; 95% CI = 1.03-1.15) and caregiver burden (OR = 1.48; 95% CI = 1.18-1.86); whereas perceived improvement was associated with higher physical functioning (OR = 0.95; 95% CI = 0.91-0.99) in persons with dementia. PCI-S scores were not associated with socio-demographic characteristics reflecting divergent validity. CONCLUSIONS: Spanish version of the 13-item Perceived Change Index and its two-factor solution is a valid and reliable measure with clinical utility to detect improvement or worsening in caregivers concerning daily care challenges. Copyright © 2017 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.

[Mental health in older men in Chile: a reality to be prioritizedSaúde mental de homens idosos no Chile: uma realidade a ser priorizada]. / Salud mental de hombres mayores en Chile: una realidad por priorizar.

Mental health problems are a set of high-impact conditions. People aged 60 years and over are particularly vulnerable to factors that increase their risk of experiencing mental health problems and fatal outcomes, such as suicide. Within this age group, men as a subgroup are seldom the targets of relevant public health measures. This article aims to characterize the mental health status of men aged 60 years and over in Chile by using data from population-based surveys carried out in the country: the 2003 and 2009 National Health Surveys (NHS), the 2009 National Study of Dependency in Older Persons (ENADEAM), and the 2015 National Socioeconomic Characterization Survey (CASEN). The article looks at indicators for depression and depressive symptoms, suicide, and suicidal ideation, as well as mental health visits. According to reported figures from these surveys, older men in Chile constitute the population subgroup with the highest suicide rate, the lowest reported rates of suicidal ideation and suicide attempts, and the lowest reported frequency of mental health visits. Furthermore, men report depression less often than women. These figures provide an approximate picture of the mental health profile of older men in Chile and give rise to questions regarding the relevance of current epidemiological models for the identification of mental health risk profiles in this group. They also point to the urgent need to design health programs that integrate gender considerations in order to ensure proper screening and the acceptability of potential interventions for promoting mental health and reducing risk factors among older men.

Os problemas de saúde mental constituem um conjunto de enfermidades com grande repercussão. Os indivíduos de 60 anos ou acima têm vulnerabilidades específicas que aumentam o risco de apresentar problemas de saúde mental com consequências fatais, como o suicídio. O sexo masculino é um subgrupo desta faixa etária pouco considerado como alvo em particular de ações em saúde. Este artigo enfoca o caso do Chile e busca caracterizar a realidade da saúde mental dos homens idosos a partir de dados obtidos em pesquisas de base populacional realizadas no país: Enquete Nacional de Saúde (ENS) 2003­2009, Estudo Nacional de Dependência nos Idosos (ENADEAM) 2009 e Pesquisa de Caracterização Socioeconômica Nacional (CAS) 2015. São apresentados os indicadores relativos a depressão e sintomas depressivos, suicídio e ideação suicida e consultas de saúde mental. Os dados informados nas pesquisas selecionadas revelam que, no país, os homens idosos apresentam a taxa de suicídio mais alta, o menor número de casos de ideação suicida e tentativa de suicídio e a menor frequência referida de consultas de saúde mental. Igualmente, eles referem menos depressão que as mulheres. Estes dados permitem traçar um perfil da saúde mental em homens idosos no Chile e questionar a adequação dos modelos epidemiológicos atuais para identificar os perfis de risco de saúde mental neste grupo. Existe também uma necessidade premente de estabelecer programas de saúde que incorporem o fator gênero para que se possa realizar uma pesquisa adequada com aceitabilidade das possíveis intervenções para promover a saúde mental e reduzir os riscos em homens idosos.

Association between experiencing low healthcare quality and developing dementia.

BACKGROUND: Low healthcare quality has been found to predict the development of a number of illnesses in older adults. However, it has not been investigated as a determinant of dementia. Thus, the goal of this study was to assess whether experiencing low healthcare quality is associated with developing dementia in people aged 60 and older. METHODS: Participants in the Health and Retirement Study, without dementia and aged 60 and older at baseline, were followed from 2006 to 2019. Experiencing low healthcare quality was assessed at baseline through questions about healthcare discrimination and dissatisfaction with healthcare services. The outcome, development of new cases of dementia, was determined through physician diagnosis or a cognition score compatible with dementia (assessed by the Telephone Interview for Cognitive Status). Cox regression was used to estimate the hazard ratio (HR) of dementia, adjusting for participants' demographic, health, and socioeconomic factors. RESULTS: Among the 3795 participants included in the cohort, 700 developed dementia. Experiencing low healthcare quality was associated with increased dementia risk over 12 years (unadjusted HR: 1.68, 95% CI: 1.27-2.21, p-value <0.001; fully adjusted HR: 1.50, 95% CI: 1.12-2.01, p-value: 0.006). Healthcare discrimination and dissatisfaction with the healthcare quality received were independently associated with increased dementia risk. CONCLUSIONS: As predicted, experiencing low healthcare quality was associated with greater dementia risk. To date, most measures to reduce dementia have focused on individual-level behaviors. Our findings suggest that implementing structural changes to improve healthcare quality delivery for older persons could reduce dementia prevalence.

Beneficial Effect of Societal Factors on APOE-ε2 and ε4 Carriers' Brain Health: A Systematic Review.

BACKGROUND: Apolipoprotein-E (APOE) ε4 and ε2 are the most prevalent risk-increasing and risk-reducing genetic predictors of Alzheimer's disease, respectively. However, the extent to which societal factors can reduce the harmful impact of APOE-ε4 and enhance the beneficial impact of APOE-ε2 on brain health has not yet been examined systematically. METHODS: To fill this gap, we conducted a systematic review searching for studies in MEDLINE, Embase, PsycINFO, and Scopus until June 2023, that included: (a) 1 of 5 social determinants of health (SDH) identified by Healthy People 2030, (b) APOE-ε2 or APOE-ε4 allele carriers, (c) cognitive or brain-biomarker outcomes, and (d) studies with an analysis of how APOE-ε2 and/ or APOE-ε4 carriers differ on outcomes when exposed to SDH. RESULTS: From 14 076 articles retrieved, 124 met the inclusion criteria. In most of the studies, exposure to favorable SDH reduced APOE-ε4's detrimental effect and enhanced APOE-ε2's beneficial effect on cognitive and brain-biomarker outcomes (cognition: 70.5%, n: 74/105; brain-biomarkers: 71.4%, n: 20/28). A similar pattern of results emerged in each of the 5 Healthy People 2030 SDH categories, where finishing high school, having resources to satisfy basic needs, less air pollution, less negative external stimuli that can generate stress (eg, negative age stereotypes), and exposure to multiple favorable SDH were associated with better cognitive and brain health among APOE-ε4 and APOE-ε2 carriers. CONCLUSIONS: Societal factors can reduce the harmful impact of APOE-ε4 and enhance the beneficial impact of APOE-ε2 on cognitive outcomes. This suggests that plans to reduce dementia should include community-level policies promoting favorable SDH.

Salud mental de hombres mayores en Chile: una realidad por priorizar

[RESUMEN]. Los problemas de salud mental constituyen un conjunto de condiciones de alto impacto. Las personas de 60 y más años presentan vulnerabilidades particulares que aumentan el riesgo de experimentar problemas de salud mental y consecuencias terminales como el suicidio. En este grupo etario, los hombres constituyen un subgrupo poco considerado como destinatarios particulares de acciones en salud. En el caso de Chile, este artículo busca caracterizar la realidad de la salud mental de los hombres adultos mayores mediante cifras provenientes de encuestas poblacionales realizadas en el país (Encuesta Nacional de Salud [ENS] 2003-2009, Estudio Nacional de Dependencia en las Personas Mayores [ENADEAM] 2009, Encuesta de Caracterización Socioeconómica Nacional [CASEN] 2015). El artículo aborda indicadores relativos a depresión y síntomas depresivos, suicidio e ideación suicida, y consultas de salud mental. Las cifras reportadas en las encuestas seleccionadas informan que, en Chile, los hombres adultos mayores son el grupo que presenta la mayor tasa de suicidio, el menor número de ideación e intento suicida, y la menor frecuencia reportada de consultas de salud mental. De igual modo, presentan menor reporte de depresión en comparación con mujeres. Estas cifras permiten aproximar a un perfil de salud mental en hombres mayores en Chile y cuestionar la pertinencia de los actuales modelos epidemiológicos para la identificación de perfiles de riesgo de salud mental en este grupo. Asimismo, emerge la urgente necesidad de diseñar programas de salud que incorporen dicha consideración de género, para lograr una adecuada pesquisa y aceptabilidad de las potenciales intervenciones dirigidas a promover la salud mental y reducir riesgos en hombres adultos mayores.

[ABSTRACT]. Mental health problems are a set of high-impact conditions. People aged 60 years and over are particularly vulnerable to factors that increase their risk of experiencing mental health problems and fatal outcomes, such as suicide. Within this age group, men as a subgroup are seldom the targets of relevant public health measures. This article aims to characterize the mental health status of men aged 60 years and over in Chile by using data from population-based surveys carried out in the country: the 2003 and 2009 National Health Surveys (NHS), the 2009 National Study of Dependency in Older Persons (ENADEAM), and the 2015 National Socioeconomic Characterization Survey (CASEN). The article looks at indicators for depression and depressive symptoms, suicide, and suicidal ideation, as well as mental health visits. According to reported figures from these surveys, older men in Chile constitute the population subgroup with the highest suicide rate, the lowest reported rates of suicidal ideation and suicide attempts, and the lowest reported frequency of mental health visits. Furthermore, men report depression less often than women. These figures provide an approximate picture of the mental health profile of older men in Chile and give rise to questions regarding the relevance of current epidemiological models for the identification of mental health risk profiles in this group. They also point to the urgent need to design health programs that integrate gender considerations in order to ensure proper screening and the acceptability of potential interventions for promoting mental health and reducing risk factors among older men.

[ABSTRACT]. Os problemas de saúde mental constituem um conjunto de enfermidades com grande repercussão. Os indivíduos de 60 anos ou acima têm vulnerabilidades específicas que aumentam o risco de apresentar problemas de saúde mental com consequências fatais, como o suicídio. O sexo masculino é um subgrupo desta faixa etária pouco considerado como alvo em particular de ações em saúde. Este artigo enfoca o caso do Chile e busca caracterizar a realidade da saúde mental dos homens idosos a partir de dados obtidos em pesquisas de base populacional realizadas no país: Enquete Nacional de Saúde (ENS) 2003–2009, Estudo Nacional de Dependência nos Idosos (ENADEAM) 2009 e Pesquisa de Caracterização Socioeconômica Nacional (CAS) 2015. São apresentados os indicadores relativos a depressão e sintomas depressivos, suicídio e ideação suicida e consultas de saúde mental. Os dados informados nas pesquisas selecionadas revelam que, no país, os homens idosos apresentam a taxa de suicídio mais alta, o menor número de casos de ideação suicida e tentativa de suicídio e a menor frequência referida de consultas de saúde mental. Igualmente, eles referem menos depressão que as mulheres. Estes dados permitem traçar um perfil da saúde mental em homens idosos no Chile e questionar a adequação dos modelos epidemiológicos atuais para identificar os perfis de risco de saúde mental neste grupo. Existe também uma necessidade premente de establecer programas de saúde que incorporem o fator gênero para que se possa realizar uma pesquisa adequada com aceitabilidade das possíveis intervenções para promover a saúde mental e reduzir os riscos em homens idosos.

Salud mental de hombres mayores en Chile: una realidad por priorizar / Mental health in older men in Chile: a reality to be prioritized / Saúde mental de homens idosos no Chile: uma realidade a ser priorizada

RESUMEN Los problemas de salud mental constituyen un conjunto de condiciones de alto impacto. Las personas de 60 y más años presentan vulnerabilidades particulares que aumentan el riesgo de experimentar problemas de salud mental y consecuencias terminales como el suicidio. En este grupo etario, los hombres constituyen un subgrupo poco considerado como destinatarios particulares de acciones en salud. En el caso de Chile, este artículo busca caracterizar la realidad de la salud mental de los hombres adultos mayores mediante cifras provenientes de encuestas poblacionales realizadas en el país (Encuesta Nacional de Salud [ENS] 2003-2009, Estudio Nacional de Dependencia en las Personas Mayores [ENADEAM] 2009, Encuesta de Caracterización Socioeconómica Nacional [CASEN] 2015). El artículo aborda indicadores relativos a depresión y síntomas depresivos, suicidio e ideación suicida, y consultas de salud mental. Las cifras reportadas en las encuestas seleccionadas informan que, en Chile, los hombres adultos mayores son el grupo que presenta la mayor tasa de suicidio, el menor número de ideación e intento suicida, y la menor frecuencia reportada de consultas de salud mental. De igual modo, presentan menor reporte de depresión en comparación con mujeres. Estas cifras permiten aproximar a un perfil de salud mental en hombres mayores en Chile y cuestionar la pertinencia de los actuales modelos epidemiológicos para la identificación de perfiles de riesgo de salud mental en este grupo. Asimismo, emerge la urgente necesidad de diseñar programas de salud que incorporen dicha consideración de género, para lograr una adecuada pesquisa y aceptabilidad de las potenciales intervenciones dirigidas a promover la salud mental y reducir riesgos en hombres adultos mayores.

ABSTRACT Mental health problems are a set of high-impact conditions. People aged 60 years and over are particularly vulnerable to factors that increase their risk of experiencing mental health problems and fatal outcomes, such as suicide. Within this age group, men as a subgroup are seldom the targets of relevant public health measures. This article aims to characterize the mental health status of men aged 60 years and over in Chile by using data from population-based surveys carried out in the country: the 2003 and 2009 National Health Surveys (NHS), the 2009 National Study of Dependency in Older Persons (ENADEAM), and the 2015 National Socioeconomic Characterization Survey (CASEN). The article looks at indicators for depression and depressive symptoms, suicide, and suicidal ideation, as well as mental health visits. According to reported figures from these surveys, older men in Chile constitute the population subgroup with the highest suicide rate, the lowest reported rates of suicidal ideation and suicide attempts, and the lowest reported frequency of mental health visits. Furthermore, men report depression less often than women. These figures provide an approximate picture of the mental health profile of older men in Chile and give rise to questions regarding the relevance of current epidemiological models for the identification of mental health risk profiles in this group. They also point to the urgent need to design health programs that integrate gender considerations in order to ensure proper screening and the acceptability of potential interventions for promoting mental health and reducing risk factors among older men.

RESUMO Os problemas de saúde mental constituem um conjunto de enfermidades com grande repercussão. Os indivíduos de 60 anos ou acima têm vulnerabilidades específicas que aumentam o risco de apresentar problemas de saúde mental com consequências fatais, como o suicídio. O sexo masculino é um subgrupo desta faixa etária pouco considerado como alvo em particular de ações em saúde. Este artigo enfoca o caso do Chile e busca caracterizar a realidade da saúde mental dos homens idosos a partir de dados obtidos em pesquisas de base populacional realizadas no país: Enquete Nacional de Saúde (ENS) 2003-2009, Estudo Nacional de Dependência nos Idosos (ENADEAM) 2009 e Pesquisa de Caracterização Socioeconômica Nacional (CAS) 2015. São apresentados os indicadores relativos a depressão e sintomas depressivos, suicídio e ideação suicida e consultas de saúde mental. Os dados informados nas pesquisas selecionadas revelam que, no país, os homens idosos apresentam a taxa de suicídio mais alta, o menor número de casos de ideação suicida e tentativa de suicídio e a menor frequência referida de consultas de saúde mental. Igualmente, eles referem menos depressão que as mulheres. Estes dados permitem traçar um perfil da saúde mental em homens idosos no Chile e questionar a adequação dos modelos epidemiológicos atuais para identificar os perfis de risco de saúde mental neste grupo. Existe também uma necessidade premente de estabelecer programas de saúde que incorporem o fator gênero para que se possa realizar uma pesquisa adequada com aceitabilidade das possíveis intervenções para promover a saúde mental e reduzir os riscos em homens idosos.

Comprendiendo el impacto de los síntomas depresivos en la funcionalidad de las personas mayores / Understanding the impact of depressive symptoms in older-adults functionality

Resumen Introducción: La depresión es la condición de salud que genera mayor carga de enfermedad, donde los adultos mayores manifiestan un gran impacto asociado a esta enfermedad. Este artículo busca describir el impacto que tienen los síntomas depresivos en la funcionalidad de la persona mayor y comprender la relación existente entre la pérdida funcional y la depresión. Metodología: Se realizó una revisión de la literatura de artículos publicados entre los años 1990 y 2016. Se realizó un análisis narrativo de la evidencia encontrada, incluyendo un total de 40 artículos. Resultados: Una de las repercusiones más importantes es la pérdida de la funcionalidad y reducción de la participación en actividades de la vida diaria, asociándose a una dependencia progresiva, mayor riesgo de caídas y temor a caerse, restricción y reducción en la participación en actividades de interés, y peores resultados en procesos de rehabilitación. De esto se desprende la necesidad de entender los síntomas depresivos en conjunto con las repercusiones funcionales en el adulto mayor, comprendiendo que existe una relación recíproca entre la capacidad que tiene la persona mayor para realizar sus actividades diarias y la presencia de síntomas depresivos. Conclusión: Considerar el impacto clínico y psicosocial que tienen la depresión en la funcionalidad de la persona mayor podría contribuir al entendimiento de los síntomas depresivos como un problema de impacto global que requiere de un abordaje integral.

Introduction: Depression is the health conditions that generate a higher disease burden, where the older adults show a great impact related to this disease. The article describes the impact of depressive symptoms in the functional performance of older adults and seeks to understand the existing relationship between functional impairment and depressive symptoms. Method: a literature review was conducted of articles published between years 1990 to 2016. A narrative analysis was conducted with the finding literature. 40 articles were included. Results: One of the main repercussions is the functional impairment and the reduction in the daily life activities participation, related to a progressive dependency, higher fall risk and fear to falls, restriction and reduction of participation in meaningful activities, and worst rehabilitation and health care outcomes. Considering these elements, it is necessary to understand depressive symptoms in older adults in conjunction with functional impairments, incorporating the reciprocal relationship between older adult's capability to perform daily life activities and depressive symptoms manifestation. Conclusion: to consider the clinical and psychosocial impact of depression on functional performance of older adults could be a contribution in the understanding of depressive symptoms as a global impact problem that requires a multidisciplinary approach.