The effect of antioxidants in Ehrlich Ascites Cancer.

A fundamental goal in molecular oncology is to unravel the underlying mechanisms which cause the cell transformation. In line with this approach, genome-wide functional screening approaches have revealed exciting insights into heterogeneous nature of cancer. Rapidly expanding horizons of research have unraveled myriad of pathways which play instrumental role in carcinogenesis and metastasis. Oxidative stress has also been reported to be significantly involved in cancer onset and progression. In line with this approach, oxidative stress modulating chemicals have always been sharply divided into antioxidants and oxidative stress-inducing agents. Conceptual and experimental advancements have enabled us to critically analyze full potential of these two different groups of chemicals in cancer chemoprevention. Different antioxidants are currently being analyzed in different phases of clinical trials. Although it has been reported in the literature that antioxidant supplements reduce tumor cells in some tumors or cause volume reduction in solid tumor sizes, there is no definite consensus. Therefore, an antioxidant supplement guideline based on more detailed clinical research and as a result of these is needed to achieve the best care for cancer patients and to avoid risky treatments for cancer patients.

Regulation of signaling pathways by Ampelopsin (Dihydromyricetin) in different cancers: exploring the highways and byways less travelled.

Ampelopsin or Dihydromyricetin is gradually emerging as a high-quality natural product because of its ability to modulate wide-ranging signaling pathways. Ampelopsin (Dihydromyricetin) has been reported to effectively modulate growth factor receptor (VEGFR2 and PDGFRß) mediated signaling,  TRAIL/TRAIL-R pathway, JAK/STAT and mTOR-driven signaling in different cancers. Ampelopsin (Dihydromyricetin) has also been shown to exert inhibitory effects on the versatile regulators which trigger EMT (Epithelial-to-Mesenchymal Transition). Findings obtained from in-vitro studies are encouraging and there is a need to comprehensively analyze how Ampelopsin (Dihydromyricetin) inhibits tumor growth in different cancer models. Better knowledge of efficacy of Ampelopsin (Dihydromyricetin) in tumor bearing mice will be helpful in maximizing its translational potential.

Decreased frontal and orbital volumes and increased cerebellar volumes in patients with anosmia Of Unknown origin: A subtle connection?

PURPOSE: Neuroimaging studies have shown that anosmia is accompanied by a decreased olfactory bulb volume, yet little is known about alterations in cerebral and cerebellar lobule volumes. The purpose of this study was to investigate structural brain alterations in anosmic patients. METHODS: Sixteen anosmic patients (mean age 42.62 ± 16.57 years; 6 women and 10 men) and 16 healthy controls (mean age 43.37 ± 18.98 years; 9 women and 7 men) were included in this retrospective study. All subjects who underwent magnetic resonance imaging scans were analyzed using VolBrain and voxel-based morphometry after olfactory testing. RESULTS: Despite being statistically insignificant, analysis using VBM revealed greater gray matter (GM) and white matter in the anosmia group compared to the healthy subjects. However, decreased GM (p < 0.001) and increased cerebellar (p = 0.046) volumes were observed in the anosmic patients. CONCLUSIONS: The study revealed structural brain alterations in specific areas beyond the olfactory bulb. Our results indicate that the cerebellum may play an exceptional role in the olfactory process and that this will be worth evaluating with further dynamic neuroimaging studies.

3D modeling and comparative analysis of the double arcus aorta case.

We analyzed the double arch of a 51-year-old male patient who applied to the outpatient clinic with chest pain and shortness of breath and compared this rare case with the studies in the literature. Double aortic arch (DAA) is defined as a type of vascular ring malformation. The incidence of congenital heart diseases is less than 1%. DAA makes up 46-76% of all rings. We aimed to contribute to cardiac surgery by examining and modeling the diameters in the 2D and 3D images of the patient. For 3D modeling, an open-source software program ITK-SNAP 3.8 was used, which converts 2D images from MRI, CT, and ultrasound to 3D medical image volumes. CT images of the case taken from the SECTRA system of our hospital were uploaded to ITK-SNAP and segmentation was performed. With 3D modeling, a better understanding of the stenosis in the trachea and the double arch was achieved. The ascending aorta diameter was 30 mm. There were atherosclerotic changes in the aorta and its branches. The diameter of the right aortic arch was 22.2 mm, and the diameter of the left aortic arch was 14.5 mm. Trachea diameter was found to be 17 mm/13.2 mm. Esophageal diameter was 9.8 mm. The patient had no specific complaints and no medical or surgical treatment was recommended because his physical examination was normal. We think that a better understanding of such cases in 3D may contribute to cardiovascular surgery.

Investigation of the correlation between cardiac parameters and aortic diameter in patients with ascending aortic aneurysm.

BACKGROUND: Aortic aneurysms (AA) are enlargement of the aorta silently until diagnosing, not detectable on physical examination, and usually incidentally discovered during radiologic scanning for other reasons. It can get bigger sizes and can result in life-threatening outcomes if not detected early on. In this study, we aimed to determine the relationship between ascending aortic diameter and cardiac parameters that can be detected with tomography or/and echocardiography. Newly diagnosed (n: 85) ascending AA patients and healthy individuals (n: 86) who have not any thoracic pathology in computed tomography (CT) scans included to the study. Echocardiographically determined left atrial dimension (LAD), left ventricular end-diastolic diameter (LVDd), left ventricular end-systolic diameter (LVDs), left ventricular ejection fraction (LVEF) and the left ventricular posterior wall thickness (LVPWd) values of each patient were recorded. The thorax diameters, ascending aorta diameters and cardiac volume values recorded from CT scans. The obtained findings were statistically compared. RESULTS: Positive correlation was found between aortic diameter and aging (p: 0.000). Increased thorax diameter and cardiac volume values were detected in ascending AA cases (p < 0.05). It was found to be ascending aortic diameter was positively correlated with thorax diameter and cardiac volume (0.50 < r ≤ 0.70) values and higher aortic diameter, cardiac volume, thorax diameter values were detected in male individuals when compared with the female gender. There was no significant correlation between LVEF, LVDd, and LVDs values and aortic diameter. CONCLUSIONS: Cardiac volume and thorax diameter were found as strongly correlated with the diameter of the ascending aorta. The clarifying of these parameters with larger cohorts might be beneficial for the estimation of the progression of ascending AA.

Quantitative evaluation of brain volumes in drug-free major depressive disorder using MRI-Cloud method.

BACKGROUND: Quantitative analysis of the high-resolution T1-weighted images provides useful markers to measure anatomical changes during brain degeneration related to major depressive disorder (MDD). However, there are controversial findings regarding these volume alterations in MDD indicating even to increased volumes in some specific regions in MDD patients. METHODS: This study is a case-controlled study including 23 depression patients and 15 healthy subject person and 20-38 years of age, who have been treated at the Neurology and Psychiatry Department here. We compared specific anatomic regions between drug-free MDD patients and control group through MRI-Cloud, which is a novel brain imaging method that enables to analyze multiple brain regions simultaneously. RESULTS: We have found that frontal, temporal, and parietal hemispheric volumes and middle frontal gyrus, inferior frontal gyrus, superior parietal gyrus, cingulum-hippocampus, lateral fronto-orbital gyrus, superior temporal gyrus, superior temporal white matter, middle temporal gyrus subanatomic regions were significantly reduced bilaterally in MDD patients compared to the control group, while striatum, amygdala, putamen, and nucleus accumbens bilaterally increased in MDD group compared to the control group suggesting that besides the heterogeneity among studies, also comorbid factors such as anxiety and different personal traits could be responsible for these discrepant results. CONCLUSION: Our study gives a strong message that depression is associated with altered structural brain volumes, especially, in drug-free and first-episode MDD patients who present with similar duration and severity of depression while the role of demographic and comorbid risk factors should not be neglected.

Is there effect of intervertebral disc herniation on the lumbar spine in early period? A morphometric and stereological study / ¿Existe algún efecto de la hernia de disco intervertebral en la columna lumbar en el período temprano? Un estudio morfométrico y estereológico

The degeneration of the Lumbar Intervertebral Disc (LIVD) and the other elements of the spine are an inevitable result of aging. However, it is observed that the same degree of degenerative change does not occur in each individual. In the present study, the purpose was to compare the morphometric changes on the lumbar spine with or without intervertebral disc herniation in early period. Group 1 (the Patient Group) consisted of the patients who were diagnosed with lumbar intervertebral disc hernia and who were not operated at least one month clinical duration. Group 2 (the Control Group) consisted of individuals who were selected randomly, had only back pain, underwent magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), and were determined to have intact intervertebral disc. The sagittal and axial MRI sections of lumbar spine was used for measurements and statistical evaluation. There were no statistically significant differences between the intervertebral disc volumes, vertebral body volumes and intervertebral disc anterior and posterior heights of Group 1 and 2 (p>0.05). In terms of anterior-posterior length, the length of the L5 vertebral body was determined to be more in the Patient Group (p<0.05). A correlation was determined in terms of the increase in L2, L4 and L5 volumes with increasing age; however, there were no statistically significant correlations between age increase and a decrease in the intervertebral disc volumes. There were no correlations between the increase in age and the decrease in intervertebral disc heights (p>0.05). There were no apparent relations between the change on the lumbar vertebra corpus and intervertebral disc in early period. It was concluded that the intact intervertebral disc could protect the lower lumbar vertebra corpus from degenerative changes. Although the herniation of the intervertebral disc is newly formed, it is understood that the physiological process or morphometric changes started earlier.

La degeneración del disco intervertebral lumbar y de otros elementos de la columna vertebral son un resultado inevitable del envejecimiento. Sin embargo, no se observa el mismo grado de degeneración en cada individuo. En el presente estudio, el objetivo era comparar los cambios morfométricos en la columna lumbar con o sin hernia de disco intervertebral en el período temprano. El grupo 1 (grupo de pacientes) estaba formado por los pacientes diagnosticados con hernia de disco intervertebral lumbar y que no fueron operados durante al menos un mes. El Grupo 2 (Grupo de Control) consistió en sujetos que fueron seleccionados al azar, reportaban solamente dolor de espalda, fueron sometidos a una resonancia magnética (MRI) y se determinó un disco intervertebral intacto. Las secciones de resonancia magnética sagital y axial de la columna lumbar se utilizaron para las mediciones y la evaluación estadística. No hubo diferencias estadísticamente significativas entre los volúmenes del disco intervertebral, los volúmenes del cuerpo vertebral y las alturas anterior y posterior del disco intervertebral de los Grupos 1 y 2 (p> 0,05). En términos de longitud anterior-posterior, se determinó que la longitud del cuerpo vertebral L5 era mayor en el grupo de pacientes (p <0,05). Se determinó una correlación en términos del aumento en los volúmenes L2, L4 y L5 con el aumento de la edad; sin embargo, no hubo correlaciones estadísticamente significativas entre el aumento de la edad y una disminución en los volúmenes del disco intervertebral. No hubo correlaciones entre el aumento de la edad y la disminución de las alturas de los discos intervertebrales (p> 0,05). No hubo relaciones aparentes entre el cambio en el cuerpo de la vértebra lumbar y el disco intervertebral en el período temprano. Se concluyó que el disco intervertebral intacto podría proteger el cuerpo de la vértebra lumbar inferior de los cambios degenerativos. Aun cuando la formación de la hernia del disco fue reciente, se entiende que el proceso fisiológico o los cambios morfométricos habían comenzado antes.