EXTREME MACULAR SCHISIS-SIMULATING RETINAL DETACHMENT IN EYES WITH PATHOLOGIC MYOPIA.

PURPOSE: To determine the clinical and imaging characteristics, natural course, and surgical outcomes of pathologic myopic eyes with an extreme macular schisis simulating a retinal detachment (EMSSRD). METHODS: The data of 617 highly myopic eyes with myopic traction maculopathy were studied. The diagnosis of EMSSRD in the optical coherence tomography images was made based on a high elevation of the retina (>500 µ m), less obvious columnar structures, and the presence of thin remnants of outer retinal tissues above the retinal pigment epithelium. RESULTS: Among 617 eyes, 25 eyes had an EMSSRD. All of the eyes with an EMSSRD had macular atrophy caused by myopic macular neovascularization. In the five eyes they had progressed to MHRD, the retinal detachment started away from the macular atrophy. Among the 10 eyes which required surgery, there was no significant difference in the presurgical and postsurgical best-corrected visual acuity between the eyes operated because of a worsening of the EMSSRD and the eyes operated because of a progression to MHRD. CONCLUSION: In severely myopic eyes with macular neovascularization-related macular atrophy, a novel condition termed EMSSRD can be present. The optical coherence tomography images resemble those of a MHRD except the presence of thin remnants of the retina remaining on the retinal pigment epithelium.

B7-H1 maintains the polyclonal T cell response by protecting dendritic cells from cytotoxic T lymphocyte destruction.

Induced B7-H1 expression in the tumor microenvironment initiates adaptive resistance, which impairs immune functions and leads to tumor escape from immune destruction. Antibody blockade of the B7-H1/PD-1 interaction overcomes adaptive resistance, leading to regression of advanced human cancers and survival benefits in a significant fraction of patients. In addition to cancer cells, B7-H1 is expressed on dendritic cells (DCs), but its role in DC functions is less understood. DCs can present multiple antigens (Ags) to stimulate dominant or subdominant T cell responses. Here, we show that immunization with multiple tumor Ag-loaded DCs, in the absence of B7-H1, vastly enhances cytotoxic T lymphocyte (CTL) responses to dominant Ag. In sharp contrast, CTL responses to subdominant Ag were paradoxically suppressed, facilitating outgrowth of tumor variants carrying only subdominant Ag. Suppressed CTL responses to subdominant Ag are largely due to the loss of B7-H1-mediated protection of DCs from the lysis of CTL against dominant Ag. Therefore, B7-H1 expression on DCs may help maintain the diversity of CTL responses to multiple tumor Ags. Interestingly, a split immunization approach, which presents dominant and subdominant Ags with different DCs, promoted CTL responses to all Ags and prevented tumor escape in murine tumor models. These findings have implications for the design of future combination cancer immunotherapies.

Metabolome analysis for pancreatic cancer risk in nested case-control study: Japan Public Health Center-based prospective Study.

Discovery of a high-risk group for pancreatic cancer is important for prevention of pancreatic cancer. The present study was conducted as a nested case-control study including 170 pancreatic cancer cases and 340 matched controls of our population-based cohort study involving 30 239 subjects who answered a baseline questionnaire and supplied blood samples. Twelve targeted metabolites were quantitatively analyzed by gas chromatography/tandem mass spectrometry. Odds ratios (OR) and their corresponding 95% confidence intervals (CI) were calculated using conditional logistic regression models. Statistically significant P-value was defined as P < .05. Increasing 1,5-anhydro-d-glucitol (1,5-AG) levels were associated with a decreasing trend in pancreatic cancer risk (OR of quartile 4 [Q4], 0.50; 95% CI, 0.27-0.93; P = .02). Increasing methionine levels were also associated with an increasing trend of pancreatic cancer risk (OR of Q4, 1.79; 95% CI, 0.94-3.40: P = .03). Additional adjustment for potential confounders attenuated the observed associations of 1,5-AG and methionine (P for trend = .06 and .07, respectively). Comparing subjects diagnosed in the first 0-6 years, higher levels of 1,5-AG, asparagine, tyrosine and uric acid showed a decreasing trend for pancreatic cancer risk (P for trend = .04, .04, .04 and .02, respectively), even after adjustment for potential confounders. We found that the 12 target metabolites were not associated with pancreatic cancer risk. However, metabolic changes in the subjects diagnosed in the first 0-6 years showed a similar tendency to our previous reports. These results might suggest that these metabolites are useful for early detection but not for prediction of pancreatic cancer.

Pancreatic inflammation and atrophy are not associated with pancreatic cancer concomitant with intraductal papillary mucinous neoplasm.

BACKGROUND: Inflammation-induced carcinogenesis in pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC) has been reported; however, its involvement in PDAC with intraductal papillary mucinous neoplasm (IPMN) remains unclear. We herein investigated the relationship between pancreatic atrophy and inflammation and the incidence of PDAC concomitant with IPMN. METHODS: This study included 178 consecutive patients who underwent surgical resection for PDAC with IPMN (N = 21) and IPMN (N = 157) between April 2001 and October 2016. A multivariable logistic regression analysis was conducted to assess the relationship between pancreatic inflammation and atrophy and the incidence of PDAC concomitant with IPMN, with adjustments for clinical characteristics and imaging features. Pathological pancreatic inflammation and atrophy were evaluated in resected specimens. RESULTS: High degrees of pancreatic inflammation and atrophy were not associated with the incidence of PDAC with IPMN (multivariable odds ratio [OR] = 0.5, 95% confidence interval [CI] = 0.07 to 3.33, P = .52, adjusted by clinical characteristics, OR = 0.9, 95% CI = 0.10 to 5.86, P = .91, adjusted by imaging studies; OR = 0.2, 95% CI = 0.009 to 1.31, P = .10, adjusted by clinical characteristics, OR = 0.2, 95% CI = 0.01 to 1.43, P = .12, adjusted by imaging studies, respectively). CONCLUSIONS: Pancreatic inflammation and atrophy were not associated with pancreatic cancer concomitant with IPMN.

Multifocal cysts and incidence of pancreatic cancer concomitant with intraductal papillary mucinous neoplasm.

OBJECTIVES: The present study was conducted in order to elucidate the relationship between the number of cyst-existing regions and incidence of pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC) concomitant with intraductal papillary mucinous neoplasm (IPMN), which currently remains unclear. METHODS: Subjects comprised 141 patients undergoing resection for IPMN (Non-invasive IPMN (IPMN with low-to high-grade dysplasia): N = 94, invasive IPMN: N = 31, and PDAC concomitant with IPMN: N = 16) between November 2000 and February 2017. A logistic regression analysis was performed to assess the relationship between the number of cyst-existing regions (one region/two or more regions) and incidence of PDAC concomitant with IPMN, adjusted by clinical characteristics. Cyst-existing regions were defined by the number of anatomical parts of the pancreas: the head/body/tail of the pancreas. RESULTS: Multiple cyst-existing regions (two or more regions) correlated with the incidence of PDAC concomitant with IPMN (PDAC concomitant with IPMN in one region vs. two or more regions: 3/66 vs. 13/75, multivariable odds ratio [OR] = 4.11, 95% confidence interval [CI] = 1.22 to 18.8, P = 0.02). In contrast, multiple cyst-existing regions did not correlate with the incidence of IPMN (invasive IPMN in one region vs. two or more regions: 13/66 vs. 18/75, OR = 1.19, 95% CI = 0.52 to 2.76, P = 0.67). CONCLUSIONS: Multifocal cysts correlated with the incidence of PDAC concomitant with IPMN, and may be a high-risk factor for PDAC concomitant with IPMN.

Clinical outcomes of endoscopic submucosal dissection for superficial esophageal neoplasms extending to the cervical esophagus.

BACKGROUND: The feasibility and safety of endoscopic submucosal dissection (ESD) for superficial esophageal neoplasms extending to the cervical esophagus currently remain unknown because of the limited number of cases. We aimed to clarify the clinical outcomes of these cases. METHODS: This was a case series study conducted at a single institution that enrolled 26 consecutive patients with superficial esophageal neoplasms extending to the cervical esophagus who underwent ESD between July 2003 and December 2015. RESULTS: En bloc and complete resection rates were both 100 % and no major intraprocedural complications occurred. Thirteen patients were treated with prophylactic steroid therapy. The incidence of postoperative stricture in patients with a circumferential mucosal defect of more than three-quarters was 72.7 %. Four patients required entire circumferential resection, with perforation occurring after endoscopic balloon dilation (EBD) in two and EBD being required for more than 1 year in the other two. CONCLUSIONS: ESD including the cervical esophagus is technically feasible. Circumferential resection may cause refractory postoperative stricture or post-EBD perforation, so needs to be avoided where possible.

A novel ability of endocytoscopy to diagnose histological grade of differentiation in T1 colorectal carcinomas.

BACKGROUND AND STUDY AIMS: Endocytoscopic images closely resemble histopathology. We assessed whether endocytoscopy could be used to determine T1 colorectal cancer histological grade. PATIENTS AND METHODS: Endocytoscopic images of 161 lesions were divided into three types: tubular gland lumens, unclear gland lumens, and fused gland formations on endocytoscopy (FGFE). We retrospectively compared endocytoscopic findings with histological grade in the resected specimen superficial layer, and examined the incidence of risk factors for lymph node metastasis. RESULTS: Of the 118 eligible lesions, the sensitivity, specificity, accuracy, negative predictive value, and positive likelihood ratio of tubular or unclear gland lumens to identify well-differentiated adenocarcinomas were 91.0 %, 93.1 %, 91.5 %, 77.1 %, and 13.20, respectively. To identify moderately differentiated adenocarcinomas for FGFE, these values were 93.1 %, 91.0 %, 91.5 %, 97.6 %, and 10.36, respectively. In the 35 lesions with FGFE, the rates of massive invasion, lymphovascular infiltration, and tumor budding were 97.1 %, 60.0 %, and 37.1 %, respectively. CONCLUSIONS: Endocytoscopy could be used to diagnose T1 colorectal cancer histological grade, and FGFE was a marker for recommending surgery.

Proton Pump Inhibitors Increase the Susceptibility of Mice to Oral Infection with Enteropathogenic Bacteria.

BACKGROUND AND AIMS: Proton pump inhibitors (PPIs) are among the most frequently prescribed medications. Side effects including an increased risk of intestinal infections have been reported. It is assumed that PPIs can increase susceptibility to enteropathogens; however, the underlying mechanisms are unknown. Here in this study, we explored whether Lansoprazole (Laz), one of the PPIs, increases the susceptibility to enteropathogens, and further investigated the mechanism of it. METHODS: Mice were administered Laz intraperitoneally once daily and orally infected with Citrobacter rodentium (C. rodentium). The establishment of intestinal infection was assessed by histology and inflammatory cytokine expression levels measured by quantitative PCR. To test whether Laz changes the intestinal environment to influence the susceptibility, intestinal pH, microbiota, metabolites and immune cell distributions were evaluated via pH measurement, 16S rRNA gene sequencing, metabolome, and flow cytometry analyses after Laz administration. RESULTS: Colitis was induced with less C. rodentium in Laz-treated mice as compared with the controls. We found that increased numbers of C. rodentium could reach the cecum following Laz administration. Laz increased pH in the stomach but not in the intestines. It induced dysbiosis and changed the metabolite content of the small intestine. However, these changes did not lead to alterations of immune cell distribution. CONCLUSIONS: Laz raised susceptibility to C. rodentium as increased numbers of the pathogen reach the site of infection. Our results suggest that it was due to increased stomach pH which allowed more peroral enteropathogens to pass the stomach, but not because of changes of intestinal environment.

Clinical outcomes of deep invasive submucosal colorectal cancer after ESD.

BACKGROUND AND STUDY AIMS: Endoscopic submucosal dissection (ESD) is a reliable method that can replace surgery under certain conditions. However, limited information is available on the clinical course of T1b colorectal cancer (CRC) after ESD. The aim of the study was to clarify the feasibility of ESD for T1b CRC. PATIENTS AND METHODS: Three hundred and two patients with 312 T1 CRC were identified in this retrospective cohort study. All patients were treated with ESD, other endoscopic treatments, or surgery. In this study, we (I) investigated the en bloc resection rate of ESD and (II) compared the overall survival (OS) rate for patients who underwent ESD with additional surgery (Group A) and surgery without upfront endoscopic resection (Group B) for T1b CRC. RESULTS: No significant differences were observed in the en bloc resection rates between T1b and T1a CRC (100 vs. 98.7%), but the en bloc R0 resection rate was significantly lower in T1b CRC than in T1a CRC (64.7 vs. 97.4%). Regarding complications, perforations occurred in 2.9% of patients with T1b CRC, which was not significantly different from the rate of 5.3% in patients with T1a CRC. No significant differences were observed in the OS or recurrence-free survival (RFS) curves between Groups A and B (OS rates at 5 years: 92.3 vs. 88.9%, RFS rates at 5 years: 81.4 vs. 85.3%). Similarly, the 5-year disease-specific survival (DSS) rate of Group A was identical to that of Group B (both 100%). CONCLUSIONS: ESD for T1b CRC before surgery is a possible strategy because of the low rate of complications and favorable long-term outcomes.

Protein tyrosine phosphatase SAP-1 protects against colitis through regulation of CEACAM20 in the intestinal epithelium.

Intestinal epithelial cells contribute to regulation of intestinal immunity in mammals, but the detailed molecular mechanisms of such regulation have remained largely unknown. Stomach-cancer-associated protein tyrosine phosphatase 1 (SAP-1, also known as PTPRH) is a receptor-type protein tyrosine phosphatase that is localized specifically at microvilli of the brush border in gastrointestinal epithelial cells. Here we show that SAP-1 ablation in interleukin (IL)-10-deficient mice, a model of inflammatory bowel disease, resulted in a marked increase in the severity of colitis in association with up-regulation of mRNAs for various cytokines and chemokines in the colon. Tyrosine phosphorylation of carcinoembryonic antigen-related cell adhesion molecule (CEACAM) 20, an intestinal microvillus-specific transmembrane protein of the Ig superfamily, was greatly increased in the intestinal epithelium of the SAP-1-deficient animals, suggesting that this protein is a substrate for SAP-1. Tyrosine phosphorylation of CEACAM20 by the protein tyrosine kinase c-Src and the consequent association of CEACAM20 with spleen tyrosine kinase (Syk) promoted the production of IL-8 in cultured cells through the activation of nuclear factor-κB (NF-κB). In addition, SAP-1 and CEACAM20 were found to form a complex through interaction of their ectodomains. SAP-1 and CEACAM20 thus constitute a regulatory system through which the intestinal epithelium contributes to intestinal immunity.

Population Evolution of Helicobacter pylori through Diversification in DNA Methylation and Interstrain Sequence Homogenization.

Decoding of closely related genomes is now revealing the process of population evolution. In bacteria, population divergence appears associated with a unique set of sequence-specific epigenetic DNA methylation systems, often within restriction-modification (RM) systems. They might define a unique gene expression pattern and limit genetic flux between lineages in population divergence. We addressed the contribution of methylation systems to population diversification in panmictic bacterial species, Helicobacter pylori, which shows an interconnected population structure through frequent mutual recombination. We analyzed complete genome sequences of 28 strains collected in Fukui, Japan. Their nucleotide sequences are closely related although fine-scale analyses revealed two subgroups likely reflecting human subpopulations. Their sequences are tightly connected by homologous recombination. Our extensive analysis of RM systems revealed an extreme variability in DNA methyltransferases, especially in their target recognition domains. Their diversity was, however, not immediately related to the genome sequence diversity, except for very closely related strains. An interesting exception is a hybrid strain, which likely has conserved the methylation gene repertoire from one parent but diversified in sequence by massive acquisition of fragmentary DNA sequences from the other parent. Our results demonstrate how a bacterial population can be extremely divergent in epigenetics and yet homogenized in sequence.

Dichotomy in intrahepatic cholangiocarcinomas based on histologic similarities to hilar cholangiocarcinomas.

Intrahepatic cholangiocarcinomas were classified into two types based on their microscopic appearance. Tumors with histologic similarities to hilar cholangiocarcinomas (predominantly ductal adenocarcinomas with minor tubular components, if present, restricted to the invasive front) were defined as the perihilar type, whereas the others were classified as peripheral cholangiocarcinomas. Among the 47 cases examined in the present study, 26 (55%) were classified as the perihilar type, whereas 21 (45%) were the peripheral type. The perihilar type had higher pT stages and more frequently showed a periductal-infiltrating gross appearance and microscopic perineural infiltration than peripheral cholangiocarcinomas. The presence of low-grade biliary intraepithelial neoplasia in the adjacent bile ducts was only found in perihilar cholangiocarcinomas (6/21, 29%). The immunophenotype also differed between the two types with MUC5AC and MUC6 being more commonly expressed in the perihilar type. One-third of perihilar cholangiocarcinomas lacked the expression of SMAD4, suggesting SMAD4 mutations, whereas the loss of BAP1 expression and IDH1 mutations were almost restricted to the peripheral type (35 and 15%, respectively). Patients with perihilar cholangiocarcinoma had worse overall survival than those with peripheral cancer (P=0.027). A multivariate analysis identified the histologic classification as an independent prognostic factor (P=0.005, HR=3.638). Comparisons between intrahepatic and hilar cholangiocarcinomas also revealed that the molecular features and prognosis of perihilar cholangiocarcinomas were very similar to those of hilar cholangiocarcinomas. In conclusion, this histology-based classification scheme of intrahepatic cholangiocarcinomas will be useful and clinically relevant because it represents different underlying molecular features and has an independent prognostic value.

Alterations in metabolic pathways in stomach of mice infected with Helicobacter pylori.

Numerous studies of Helicobacter pylori (H. pylori) have been performed, but few studies have evaluated the effects of H. pylori infections using metabolome analysis, which involves the comprehensive study of low molecular weight metabolites. In this study, the metabolites in the stomach tissue of mice that had been infected with H. pylori SS1 for 1, 3, or 6 months were analyzed, and then evaluations of various metabolic pathways were performed to gain novel understandings of H. pylori infections. As a result, it was found that the glycolytic pathway, the tricarboxylic acid cycle, and the choline pathway tended to be upregulated at 1 month after the H. pylori SS1 infection. The urea cycle tended to be downregulated at 6 months after the infection. High levels of some amino acids were observed in the stomach tissue of the H. pylori SS1-infected mice at 1 month after the infection, whereas low levels of many amino acids were detected at 3 and 6 months after the infection. These results suggest that H. pylori infection causes various metabolic alterations at lesional sites, and these alterations might be linked to the crosstalk between H. pylori and the host leading to transition of disease conditions.

Chronic Pancreatitis Finding by Endoscopic Ultrasonography in the Pancreatic Parenchyma of Intraductal Papillary Mucinous Neoplasms Is Associated with Invasive Intraductal Papillary Mucinous Carcinoma.

BACKGROUND/OBJECTIVES: The recent guideline for intraductal papillary mucinous neoplasms (IPMNs) focuses on morphological features of the lesion as signs of malignant transformation, but ignores the background pancreatic parenchyma, including features of chronic pancreatitis (CP), which is a risk factor for pancreatic malignancies. Endoscopic ultrasonography frequently reveals evidence of CP (EUS-CP findings) in the background pancreatic parenchyma of patients with IPMNs. Therefore, we investigated whether background EUS-CP findings were associated with malignant IPMN. METHODS: The clinical data of 69 consecutive patients with IPMNs who underwent preoperative EUS and surgical resection between April 2010 and October 2014 were collected prospectively. The association of EUS-CP findings (total number of EUS-CP findings; 0 vs. ≥1) with invasive IPMN was examined. The association of EUS-CP findings with pathological changes of the background pancreatic parenchyma (atrophy/inflammation/fibrosis) was also examined. RESULTS: Among patients with EUS-CP findings, invasive intraductal papillary mucinous carcinoma (IPMC) was significantly more frequent than among patients without EUS-CP findings (42.5% [17/40] vs. 3.4% [1/29], p = 0.0002). In addition, patients with EUS-CP findings had higher grades of pancreatic atrophy and inflammation than patients without EUS-CP findings (atrophy: 72.5% [29/40] vs. 34.5% [10/29], p = 0.003; inflammation: 45.0% [18/40] vs. 20.7% [6/29], p = 0.04). CONCLUSIONS: In IPMN patients, detection of EUS-CP findings in the background pancreatic parenchyma was associated with a higher prevalence of invasive IPMC. Accordingly, EUS examination should not only assess the morphological features of the lesion itself, but also EUS-CP findings in the background parenchyma.

Adrenic acid as an inflammation enhancer in non-alcoholic fatty liver disease.

BACKGROUND: This study was designed to identify novel links between lipid species and disease progression in non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD). METHODS: We analyzed lipid species in the liver and plasma of db/db mice fed a choline-deficient l-amino acid-defined, high-fat diet (CDAHFD) using liquid chromatography/mass spectrometry (LC/MS). An in vitro experiment was performed using HepG2 cells stimulated with recombinant human TNFα or IL1ß. The expression of steatosis-, inflammation-, and fibrosis-related genes were analyzed. Plasma samples from NAFLD patients were also analyzed by LC/MS. RESULTS: The CDAHFD-fed db/db mice with hepatic steatosis, inflammation, mild fibrosis, obesity, and hypercholesterolemia displayed significantly higher hepatic and plasma levels of free adrenic acid (p < 0.05). The accumulated adrenic acid in the CDAHFD-fed db/db mice was associated with increased expression of ELOVL2 and 5, and the suppression of the acyl-CoA oxidase 1 gene during peroxisomal ß-oxidation. The pretreatment of HepG2 cells with adrenic acid enhanced their cytokine-induced cytokines and chemokines mRNA expression. In NAFLD patients, the group with the highest ALT levels exhibited higher plasma adrenic acid concentrations than the other ALT groups (p-value for trend <0.001). CONCLUSION: Data obtained demonstrated that adrenic acid accumulation contributes to disease progression in NAFLD.

Differences in elongation of very long chain fatty acids and fatty acid metabolism between triple-negative and hormone receptor-positive breast cancer.

BACKGROUND: Triple-negative breast cancer (TN) is more aggressive than other subtypes of breast cancer and has a lower survival rate. Furthermore, detailed biological information about the disease is lacking. This study investigated characteristics of metabolic pathways in TN. METHODS: We performed the metabolome analysis of 74 breast cancer tissues and the corresponding normal breast tissues using LC/MS. Furthermore, we classified the breast cancer tissues into ER-positive, PgR-positive, HER2-negative breast cancer (EP+H-) and TN, and then the differences in their metabolic pathways were investigated. The RT-PCR and immunostaining were carried out to examine the expression of ELOVL1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, and 7. RESULTS: We identified 142 of hydrophilic metabolites and 278 of hydrophobic lipid metabolites in breast tissues. We found the differences between breast cancer and normal breast tissues in choline metabolism, glutamine metabolism, lipid metabolism, and so on. Most characteristic of comparison between EP+H- and TN were differences in fatty acid metabolism was which were related to the elongation of very long chain fatty acids were detected between TN and EP+H-. Real-time RT-PCR showed that the mRNA expression levels of ELOVL1, 5, and 6 were significantly upregulated by 8.5-, 4.6- and 7.0-fold, respectively, in the TN tumors compared with their levels in the corresponding normal breast tissue samples. Similarly, the mRNA expression levels of ELOVL1, 5, and 6 were also significantly higher in the EP+H- tissues than in the corresponding normal breast tissues (by 4.9-, 3.4-, and 2.1-fold, respectively). The mRNA expression level of ELOVL6 was 2.6-fold higher in the TN tumors than in the EP+H- tumors. During immunostaining, the TN and EP+H- tumors demonstrated stronger ELOVL1 and 6 staining than the corresponding normal breast tissues, but ELOVL5 was not stained strongly in the TN or EP+H- tumors. Furthermore, the TN tumors exhibited stronger ELOVL1 and 6 staining than the EP+H- tumors. CONCLUSIONS: Marked differences in fatty acid metabolism pathways, including those related to ELOVL1 and 6, were detected between TN and EP+H-, and it was suggested that ELOVL1 and 6-related fatty acid metabolism pathways may be targets for therapies against TN.

Indigo Naturalis Ameliorates Oxazolone-Induced Dermatitis but Aggravates Colitis by Changing the Composition of Gut Microflora.

BACKGROUND: Indigo naturalis (IND) is an herbal medicine that has been used as an anti-inflammatory agent to treat diseases including dermatitis and inflammatory bowel disease in China. However, the mechanism by which IND exerts its immunomodulatory effect is not well understood. METHODS: A murine model of dermatitis and inflammatory bowel disease, both induced by oxazolone (OXA), was treated with IND. The severity of dermatitis was evaluated based on ear thickness measurements and histological scoring. The severity of colitis was evaluated by measuring body weight, histological scoring, and endoscopic scoring. The expression of inflammatory cytokines in ear and colon tissue was evaluated using real-time PCR. 16S rRNA DNA sequencing of feces from OXA-induced colitis mice was performed before and after IND treatment. The effects of IND on OXA-induced colitis were also evaluated after depleting the gut flora with antibiotics to test whether alteration of the gut flora by IND influenced the course of intestinal inflammation in this model. RESULTS: IND treatment ameliorated OXA dermatitis with a reduction in IL-4 and eosinophil recruitment. However, OXA colitis was significantly aggravated in spite of a reduction in intestinal IL-13, a pivotal cytokine in the induction of the colitis. It was found that IND dramatically altered the gut flora and IND no longer exacerbated colitis when colitis was induced after gut flora depletion. CONCLUSIONS: Our data suggest that IND could modify the inflammatory immune response in multiple ways, either directly (i.e., modification of the allergic immune cell activity) or indirectly (i.e., alteration of commensal compositions).

Association between serum SPan-1 and lymph node metastasis in invasive intraductal papillary mucinous neoplasm of the pancreas.

BACKGROUND AND AIM: Lymph node metastasis predicts poorer prognoses in patients with invasive intraductal papillary mucinous neoplasms of the pancreas (IPMNs). Factors associated with lymph node metastasis of invasive IPMN remain unclear. Therefore, this study aimed to define factors associated with lymph node metastasis of invasive IPMN. METHODS: Between June 2000 to August 2015, 156 consecutive patients with IPMN underwent surgical resection at Kobe University Hospital, and were enrolled in this study. The relationship between lymph node metastasis and clinical characteristics, including imaging studies and serum tumor markers, was evaluated. A multivariate logistic regression analysis was performed to assess the relationship between serum tumor markers and the presence of lymph node metastasis of IPMN, adjusted for clinical characteristics. RESULTS: Lymph node metastasis was observed in 7.7% (12/156) of IPMNs via a pathological examination. The multivariate logistic regression analysis revealed that serum SPan-1 was associated with the presence of lymph node metastasis of IPMN (odds ratio [OR] = 7.32; 95% confidence interval [CI] = 1.10 to 56.0; P = 0.04). In addition, survival was poorer among serum SPan-1-positive patients than SPan-1 negative patients (Log-rank test; P = 0.0002). Lymph node enlargement was detected preoperatively on computed tomography scans in only 16.7% (2/12) of cases that were positive for lymph node metastasis. CONCLUSIONS: Elevated serum SPan-1 was associated with lymph node metastasis in this cohort of patients who underwent resection for invasive IPMN.

A novel and effective delivery method for polyglycolic acid sheets to post-endoscopic submucosal dissection ulcers.

Background and aims Shielding methods for post-endoscopic submucosal dissection (ESD) ulcers have delivery-related problems. We developed an enveloped device for this purpose and evaluated its usefulness. Materials and methods Polyglycolic acid (PGA) sheets were delivered to six 3.0-cm ulcers in two resected porcine stomachs and six 5.0-cm ulcers in another three stomachs. In the regular method group, small PGA sheets were delivered via forceps. In the novel method group, a large PGA sheet was delivered via the new device. The methods were compared in terms of time, and macroscopic and histological findings of the ulcer floor. Results The median time required to cover a 3.0-cm ulcer was 0.39 min/cm2 in the novel method group and 1.03 min/cm2 in the regular method group (P = 0.03), and to cover a 5.0-cm ulcer was 0.38 min/cm2 and 0.85 min/cm2, respectively (P = 0.03). In the novel method group, the PGA sheets were in close contact, fully covering the ulcer floor. In the regular method group, the sheets were partly elevated from the ulcer floor. Conclusions This novel technique seems promising in this preliminary study.

Investigation of blood coagulation effect of nonthermal multigas plasma jet in vitro and in vivo.

BACKGROUND: Nonthermal atmospheric pressure plasma (NTAPP) has recently received attention as a novel tool in medicine. It is thought that plasma components yield plasma effects such as sterilization, blood coagulation, and wound healing. These effects are produced without thermal damage. We investigated the blood coagulation effect of NTAPP by using a multigas plasma jet. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Multigas plasma jets can generate NTAPP by several gas species. In this study, argon, oxygen, helium, nitrogen, mock air, and carbon dioxide were used to generate NTAPP, and blood coagulation times were compared with each plasma-treated sample. The NTAPP blood coagulation effects on whole blood with four different anticoagulants were investigated. In addition, in this study, the effects of plasma treatment on porcine tissues and organs were investigated as in vivo experiment. RESULTS: A tendency to coagulate later with argon gas plasma than others was shown. There were no significant differences between oxygen, helium, nitrogen, mock air, and carbon dioxide. Whole blood with each anticoagulant demonstrated fast coagulation by NTAPP treatment. Fast control of the bleeding lesions on porcine stomach and liver by plasma treatment was observed, and no tissue damage due to the plasma treatment was detected by optical microscope. CONCLUSIONS: These experiments suggest the potential of various gas NTAPPs as a novel medical device to control bleeding lesions.