Treatment of Gestational Diabetes Mellitus Diagnosed Early in Pregnancy.

BACKGROUND: Whether treatment of gestational diabetes before 20 weeks' gestation improves maternal and infant health is unclear. METHODS: We randomly assigned, in a 1:1 ratio, women between 4 weeks' and 19 weeks 6 days' gestation who had a risk factor for hyperglycemia and a diagnosis of gestational diabetes (World Health Organization 2013 criteria) to receive immediate treatment for gestational diabetes or deferred or no treatment, depending on the results of a repeat oral glucose-tolerance test [OGTT] at 24 to 28 weeks' gestation (control). The trial included three primary outcomes: a composite of adverse neonatal outcomes (birth at <37 weeks' gestation, birth trauma, birth weight of ≥4500 g, respiratory distress, phototherapy, stillbirth or neonatal death, or shoulder dystocia), pregnancy-related hypertension (preeclampsia, eclampsia, or gestational hypertension), and neonatal lean body mass. RESULTS: A total of 802 women underwent randomization; 406 were assigned to the immediate-treatment group and 396 to the control group; follow-up data were available for 793 women (98.9%). An initial OGTT was performed at a mean (±SD) gestation of 15.6±2.5 weeks. An adverse neonatal outcome event occurred in 94 of 378 women (24.9%) in the immediate-treatment group and in 113 of 370 women (30.5%) in the control group (adjusted risk difference, -5.6 percentage points; 95% confidence interval [CI], -10.1 to -1.2). Pregnancy-related hypertension occurred in 40 of 378 women (10.6%) in the immediate-treatment group and in 37 of 372 women (9.9%) in the control group (adjusted risk difference, 0.7 percentage points; 95% CI, -1.6 to 2.9). The mean neonatal lean body mass was 2.86 kg in the immediate-treatment group and 2.91 kg in the control group (adjusted mean difference, -0.04 kg; 95% CI, -0.09 to 0.02). No between-group differences were observed with respect to serious adverse events associated with screening and treatment. CONCLUSIONS: Immediate treatment of gestational diabetes before 20 weeks' gestation led to a modestly lower incidence of a composite of adverse neonatal outcomes than no immediate treatment; no material differences were observed for pregnancy-related hypertension or neonatal lean body mass. (Funded by the National Health and Medical Research Council and others; TOBOGM Australian New Zealand Clinical Trials Registry number, ACTRN12616000924459.).

Call to action for a life course approach.

Gestational diabetes remains the most common medical disorder in pregnancy, with short-term and long-term consequences for mothers and offspring. New insights into pathophysiology and management suggest that the current gestational diabetes treatment approach should expand from a focus on late gestational diabetes to a personalised, integrated life course approach from preconception to postpartum and beyond. Early pregnancy lifestyle intervention could prevent late gestational diabetes. Early gestational diabetes diagnosis and treatment has been shown to be beneficial, especially when identified before 14 weeks of gestation. Early gestational diabetes screening now requires strategies for integration into routine antenatal care, alongside efforts to reduce variation in gestational diabetes care, across settings that differ between, and within, countries. Following gestational diabetes, an oral glucose tolerance test should be performed 6-12 weeks postpartum to assess the glycaemic state. Subsequent regular screening for both dysglycaemia and cardiometabolic disease is recommended, which can be incorporated alongside other family health activities. Diabetes prevention programmes for women with previous gestational diabetes might be enhanced using shared decision making and precision medicine. At all stages in this life course approach, across both high-resource and low-resource settings, a more systematic process for identifying and overcoming barriers to preventative care and treatment is needed to reduce the current global burden of gestational diabetes.

Pathophysiology from preconception, during pregnancy, and beyond.

Gestational diabetes is the most common medical complication in pregnancy. Historically, gestational diabetes was considered a pregnancy complication involving treatment of rising glycaemia late in the second trimester. However, recent evidence challenges this view. Pre-pregnancy and pregnancy-specific factors influence gestational glycaemia, with open questions regarding roles of non-glycaemic factors in the aetiology and consequences of gestational diabetes. Varying patterns of insulin secretion and resistance in early and late pregnancy underlie a heterogeneity of gestational diabetes in the timing and pathophysiological subtypes with clinical implications: early gestational diabetes and insulin resistant gestational diabetes subtypes are associated with a higher risk of pregnancy complications. Metabolic perturbations of early gestational diabetes can affect early placental development, affecting maternal metabolism and fetal development. Fetal hyperinsulinaemia can affect the development of multiple fetal tissues, with short-term and long-term consequences. Pregnancy complications are prevented by managing glycaemia in early and late pregnancy in some, but not all women with gestational diabetes. A better understanding of the pathophysiology and heterogeneity of gestational diabetes will help to develop novel management approaches with focus on improved prevention of maternal and offspring short-term and long-term complications, from pre-conception, throughout pregnancy, and beyond.

Epidemiology and management of gestational diabetes.

Gestational diabetes is defined as hyperglycaemia first detected during pregnancy at glucose concentrations that are less than those of overt diabetes. Around 14% of pregnancies globally are affected by gestational diabetes; its prevalence varies with differences in risk factors and approaches to screening and diagnosis; and it is increasing in parallel with obesity and type 2 diabetes. Gestational diabetes direct costs are US$1·6 billion in the USA alone, largely due to complications including hypertensive disorders, preterm delivery, and neonatal metabolic and respiratory consequences. Between 30% and 70% of gestational diabetes is diagnosed in early pregnancy (ie, early gestational diabetes defined by hyperglycaemia before 20 weeks of gestation). Early gestational diabetes is associated with worse pregnancy outcomes compared with women diagnosed with late gestational diabetes (hyperglycaemia from 24 weeks to 28 weeks of gestation). Randomised controlled trials show benefits of treating gestational diabetes from 24 weeks to 28 weeks of gestation. The WHO 2013 recommendations for diagnosing gestational diabetes (one-step 75 gm 2-h oral glucose tolerance test at 24-28 weeks of gestation) are largely based on the Hyperglycemia and Adverse Pregnancy Outcomes Study, which confirmed the linear association between pregnancy complications and late-pregnancy maternal glycaemia: a phenomenon that has now also been shown in early pregnancy. Recently, the Treatment of Booking Gestational Diabetes Mellitus (TOBOGM) trial showed benefit in diagnosis and treatment of early gestational diabetes for women with risk factors. Given the diabesity epidemic, evidence for gestational diabetes heterogeneity by timing and subtype, and advances in technology, a life course precision medicine approach is urgently needed, using evidence-based prevention, diagnostic, and treatment strategies.

Severity of Airflow Obstruction Based on FEV1/FVC vs FEV1% of Predicted in the General US Population.

RATIONALE: According to GOLD, the ratio of FEV1/FVC is used to confirm airflow obstruction in COPD diagnosis, whereas FEV1% of predicted (FEV1%pred) is used for severity grading. STaging of Airflow obstruction by the FEV1/FVC Ratio (STAR) and its prediction of adverse outcomes has not been evaluated in general populations. OBJECTIVE: To compare the STAR (FEV1/FVC) versus GOLD (FEV1%pred) classification for the severity of airflow limitation in terms of exertional breathlessness and mortality in the general US population. METHODS: Severity stages according to STAR and GOLD were applied to the multi-ethnic National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES) 2007-2012 survey including ages 18-80 years, using post-bronchodilatory FEV1/FVC<0.70 to define airflow obstruction in both staging systems. Prevalence of severity stages STAR 1-4 and GOLD 1-4 was calculated and associations with breathlessness and mortality were analyzed by multinomial logistic regression and Cox regression, respectively. RESULTS: STAR versus GOLD severity staging of airflow obstruction showed similar associations with breathlessness and all-cause mortality, regardless of ethnicity/race. In those with airflow obstruction, the correlation between the two classification systems was 0.461 (p<0.001). STAR reclassified 59% of GOLD stage 2 as having mild airflow obstruction (STAR 1). STAR 1 was more clearly differentiated from the non-obstructive compared to GOLD stage 1 in terms of both breathlessness and mortality. CONCLUSIONS: FEV1/FVC and FEV1%pred as measures of severity of airflow limitation show similar prediction of breathlessness and mortality in the adult US population across ethnicity groups. However, stage 1 differed more clearly from non-obstructive based on FEV1/FVC than FEV1%pred. This article is open access and distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/).

Is asthma in children still increasing? 20-year prevalence trends in northern Sweden.

BACKGROUND: In the present study, we describe prevalence trends of asthma and investigate the association with asthma symptoms, use of asthma medication, and asthma severity among 8-year-old children in Norrbotten, Sweden in 1996, 2006, and 2017. METHODS: Within the Obstructive Lung Disease in Northern Sweden (OLIN) studies, three pediatric cohorts were recruited in 1996, 2006, and 2017 respectively. Identical methods were used; all children in first and second grade (median age 8 years) in three municipalities were invited to a parental questionnaire survey, completed by n = 3430 in 1996 (97% participation), n = 2585 in 2006 (96%), and n = 2785 in 2017 (91%). The questionnaire included questions about respiratory symptoms and diagnosis, treatment, and severity of asthma. RESULTS: The prevalence of wheezing was stable during the study, 10.1% in 1996; 10.8% in 2006; and 10.3% in 2017, p = .621, while physician-diagnosed asthma increased: 5.7%, 7.4%, and 12.2%, p < .001. The use of asthma medication in the last 12 months increased: 7.1%, 8.7%, and 11.5%, p < .001. Among children diagnosed with asthma, the prevalence of asthma symptoms, the impact on daily life, and severe asthma decreased, while the use of inhaled corticosteroids increased from 1996 until 2017. CONCLUSION: The prevalence of wheezing was stable among 8-year-old in this area from 1996 to 2017, while the prevalence of physician-diagnosed asthma doubled but without an increase in asthma morbidity. The increase of physician-diagnosed asthma without a coincident increase in asthma morbidity can partly be explained by more and earlier diagnosis among those with mild asthma.

Lung Function Trajectories and Associated Mortality among Adults with and without Airway Obstruction.

Rationale: Spirometry is essential for diagnosis and assessment of prognosis in patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD). Objectives: To identify FEV1 trajectories and their determinants on the basis of annual spirometry measurements among individuals with and without airway obstruction (AO) and to assess mortality in relation to trajectories. Methods: From 2002 through 2004, individuals with AO (FEV1/VC < 0.70, n = 993) and age- and sex-matched nonobstructive (NO) referents were recruited from population-based cohorts. Annual spirometry until 2014 was used in joint-survival latent-class mixed models to identify lung function trajectories. Mortality data were collected during 15 years of follow-up. Measurements and Main Results: Three trajectories were identified among the subjects with AO and two among the NO referents. Trajectory membership was driven by baseline FEV1% predicted (FEV1%pred) in both groups and also by pack-years in subjects with AO and current smoking in NO referents. Longitudinal FEV1%pred depended on baseline FEV1%pred, pack-years, and obesity. The trajectories were distributed as follows: among individuals with AO, 79.6% in AO trajectory 1 (FEV1 high with normal decline), 12.8% in AO trajectory 2 (FEV1 high with rapid decline), and 7.7% in AO trajectory 3 (FEV1 low with normal decline) (mean, 27, 72, and 26 ml/yr, respectively) and, among NO referents, 96.7% in NO trajectory 1 (FEV1 high with normal decline) and 3.3% in NO trajectory 2 (FEV1 high with rapid decline) (mean, 34 and 173 ml/yr, respectively). Hazard for death was increased for AO trajectories 2 (hazard ratio [HR], 1.56) and 3 (HR, 3.45) versus AO trajectory 1 and for NO trajectory 2 (HR, 2.99) versus NO trajectory 1. Conclusions: Three different FEV1 trajectories were identified among subjects with AO and two among NO referents, with different outcomes in terms of FEV1 decline and mortality. The FEV1 trajectories among subjects with AO and the relationship between low FVC and trajectory outcome are of particular clinical interest.

Consequences of Using Post- or Prebronchodilator Reference Values in Interpreting Spirometry.

Rationale: Postbronchodilator spirometry is used for the diagnosis of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. However, prebronchodilator reference values are used for spirometry interpretation. Objectives: To compare the resulting prevalence rates of abnormal spirometry and study the consequences of using pre- or postbronchodilator reference values generated within SCAPIS (Swedish CArdioPulmonary bioImage Study) when interpreting postbronchodilator spirometry in a general population. Methods: SCAPIS reference values for postbronchodilator and prebronchodilator spirometry were based on 10,156 and 1,498 never-smoking, healthy participants, respectively. We studied the associations of abnormal spirometry, defined by using pre- or postbronchodilator reference values, with respiratory burden in the SCAPIS general population (28,851 individuals). Measurements and Main Results: Bronchodilation resulted in higher predicted medians and lower limits of normal (LLNs) for FEV1/FVC ratios. The prevalence of postbronchodilator FEV1/FVC ratio lower than the prebronchodilator LLN was 4.8%, and that of postbronchodilator FEV1/FVC lower than the postbronchodilator LLN was 9.9%, for the general population. An additional 5.1% were identified as having an abnormal postbronchodilator FEV1/FVC ratio, and this group had more respiratory symptoms, emphysema (13.5% vs. 4.1%; P < 0.001), and self-reported physician-diagnosed chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (2.8% vs. 0.5%, P < 0.001) than subjects with a postbronchodilator FEV1/FVC ratio greater than the LLN for both pre- and postbronchodilation. Conclusions: Pre- and postbronchodilator spirometry reference values differ with regard to FEV1/FVC ratio. Use of postbronchodilator reference values doubled the population prevalence of airflow obstruction; this was related to a higher respiratory burden. Using postbronchodilator reference values when interpreting postbronchodilator spirometry might enable the identification of individuals with mild disease and be clinically relevant.

Occupational exposure to vapors, gasses, dusts, and fumes in relation to causes of death during 24 years in Helsinki, Finland.

PURPOSE: Environmental particulate matter (PM) exposure has been shown to cause excess all-cause and disease-specific mortality. Our aim was to compare disease-specific mortality by estimated occupational exposure to vapors, gasses, dusts, and fumes (VGDF). METHODS: The data source is the Helsinki part of the population-based FinEsS study on chronic obstructive pulmonary diseases including information on age, education level, main occupation, sex, and tobacco smoking combined with death registry information. We compared estimated VGDF exposure to mortality using adjusted competing-risks regression for disease-specific survival analysis for a 24-year follow-up. RESULTS: Compared to the no-exposure group, the high occupational VGDF exposure group had sub-hazard ratios (sHR) of 1.7 (95% CI 1.3-2.2) for all cardiovascular-related and sHR 2.1 (1.5-3.9) for just coronary artery-related mortality. It also had sHR 1.7 (1.0-2.8) for Alzheimer's or vascular dementia-related mortality and sHR 1.7(1.2-2.4) for all respiratory disease-related mortality. CONCLUSION: Long-term occupational exposure to VGDF increased the hazard of mortality- to cardiovascular-, respiratory-, and dementia-related causes. This emphasizes the need for minimizing occupational long-term respiratory exposure to dust, gasses, and fumes.

Agreement between self-reported and registered age at asthma diagnosis in Finland.

INTRODUCTION: In epidemiological studies, the age at asthma onset is often defined by patients' self-reported age at diagnosis. The reliability of this report might be questioned. Our objective was to evaluate the agreement between self-reported and registered age at asthma diagnosis and assess features contributing to the agreement. METHODS: As part of the FinEsS respiratory survey in 2016, randomly selected population samples of 13,435 from Helsinki and 8000 from Western Finland were studied. Self-reported age at asthma diagnosis was compared to age at asthma diagnosis registered in the Finnish register on special reimbursement for asthma medication. The reimbursement right is based on lung function criteria according to GINA and Finnish guidelines. If the difference was less than 5 years, self-reported diagnosis was considered reliable. Features associated with the difference between self-reported and registered age at asthma diagnosis were evaluated. RESULTS: Altogether 197 subjects from Helsinki and 144 from Western Finland were included. Of these, 61.9% and 77.8%, respectively, reported age at diagnosis reliably. Median difference between self-reported and registered age at diagnoses was - 2.0 years (IQR - 9.0 to 0) in Helsinki and - 1.0 (IQR - 4.3 to 0) in Western Finland indicating earlier self-reported age at diagnosis. More reliable self-report was associated with non-allergic subjects and subjects who reported having asthma diagnosis more recently. CONCLUSIONS: Agreement between self-reported and registered age at asthma diagnosis was good especially with adult-onset asthma patients. Poor agreement in early-onset asthma could be related to delay in registration due to reimbursement criteria.

Severe asthma trajectories in adults: findings from the NORDSTAR cohort.

BACKGROUND: There is limited evidence on the pathways leading to severe asthma and we are presently unable to effectively predict the progression of the disease. We aimed to describe the longitudinal trajectories leading to severe asthma and to describe clinical events preceding disease progression in a nationwide population of patients with severe asthma. METHODS: We conducted an observational study based on Swedish data from the NORdic Dataset for aSThmA Research (NORDSTAR) research collaboration platform. We identified adult patients with severe asthma in 2018 according to the European Respiratory Society/American Thoracic Society definition and used latent class analysis to identify trajectories of asthma severity over a 10-year retrospective period from 2018. RESULTS: Among 169 128 asthma patients, we identified 4543 severe asthma patients. We identified four trajectories of severe asthma that were labelled as: trajectory 1 "consistently severe asthma" (n=389 (8.6%)), trajectory 2 "gradual onset severe asthma" (n=942 (20.7%)), trajectory 3 "intermittent severe asthma" (n=1685 (37.1%)) and trajectory 4 "sudden onset severe asthma" (n=1527 (33.6%)). "Consistently severe asthma" had a higher daily inhaled corticosteroid dose and more prevalent osteoporosis compared with the other trajectories. Patients with "gradual onset severe asthma" and "sudden onset severe asthma" developed type 2-related comorbidities concomitantly with development of severe asthma. In the latter group, this primarily occurred within 1-3 years preceding onset of severe asthma. CONCLUSIONS: Four distinct trajectories of severe asthma were identified illustrating different patterns of progression of asthma severity. This may eventually enable the development of better preventive management strategies in severe asthma.

Previous pre-eclampsia, gestational diabetes mellitus and the risk of cardiovascular disease: A nested case-control study in Sweden.

OBJECTIVE: Pre-eclampsia and gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM) are two common pregnancy complications that affect birth outcomes and are associated with a long-term risk of cardiovascular disease (CVD). The aims of this study were to investigate if the pre-eclampsia association with CVD is independent of GDM and modified by body mass index (BMI) or GDM. DESIGN: Case-control study. SETTING: Sweden. POPULATION: Cases were women with a first CVD event between 1991 and 2008 and a previous pregnancy who were matched with controls without CVD (1:5) by year of birth, age and region of birth. METHODS: Conditional logistic regression was used to evaluate the associations of GDM, pre-eclampsia and maternal BMI with CVD adjusted for potential confounders and effect modifications with interaction tests. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: CVD. RESULTS: There were 2639 cases and 13 310 controls with complete data. Pre-eclampsia and GDM were independent risk factors for CVD (adjusted odds ratio [aOR] 2.59, 95% CI 2.12-3.17 and aOR 1.47, 95% CI 1.04-2.09, respectively). After stratifying by maternal BMI, the adjusted association of pre-eclampsia with CVD did not differ notably between BMI groups: normal weight (aOR 2.65, 95% CI 1.90-3.69), overweight (aOR 2.67, 95% CI 1.52-4.68) and obesity (aOR 3.03, 95% CI 0.74-12.4). Similar findings were seen when stratifying on GDM/non-GDM. CONCLUSIONS: Pre-eclampsia and GDM are independent risk factors for later CVD and having both during pregnancy is a major risk factor for later CVD. The association between pre-eclampsia and CVD is not modified by BMI. Effective CVD preventive programs for high-risk women are urgently needed in order to improve women's long-term health.

Age-related differences in associations between uncontrolled asthma, comorbidities and biomarkers in adult-onset asthma.

OBJECTIVE: Adult-onset asthma is a recognized but heterogeneous phenotype and has been described to associate with poor asthma control. Knowledge about associations between clinical characteristics including comorbidities and control of adult-onset asthma is limited, especially in older populations. We aimed to study how clinical biomarkers and comorbidities are associated with uncontrolled asthma among middle-aged and older individuals with adult-onset asthma. METHODS: Clinical examinations including structured interview, asthma control test (ACT), spirometry, skin prick test (SPT), blood sampling, and measurement of exhaled fractional nitric oxide (FeNO) was performed in a population-based adult-onset asthma cohort in 2019-2020 (n = 227, 66.5% female). Analyses were performed among all included, and separately in middle-aged (37-64 years, n = 120) and older (≥65 years, n = 107) participants. RESULTS: In bivariate analysis, uncontrolled asthma (ACT ≤ 19) was significantly associated with a blood neutrophil count ≥5/µl, BMI ≥30, and several comorbidities. In multivariable regression analysis, uncontrolled asthma was associated with neutrophils ≥5/µl (OR 2.35; 95% CI 1.11-4.99). In age-stratified analysis, BMI ≥30 (OR 3.04; 1.24-7.50), eosinophils ≥0.3/µl (OR 3.17; 1.20-8.37), neutrophils ≥5/µl (OR 4.39; 1.53-12.62) and allergic rhinitis (OR 5.10; 1.59-16.30) were associated with uncontrolled asthma among the middle-aged. Among the older adults, uncontrolled asthma was only associated with comorbidities: chronic rhinitis (OR 4.08; 1.62-10.31), ischemic heart disease (OR 3.59; 1.17-10.98), malignancy (OR 3.10; 1.10-8.73), and depression/anxiety (OR 16.31; 1.82-146.05). CONCLUSIONS: In adult-onset asthma, comorbidities were strongly associated with uncontrolled asthma among older adults, while clinical biomarkers including eosinophils and neutrophils in blood were associated with uncontrolled asthma among middle-aged.

Socioeconomic inequalities in asthma and respiratory symptoms in a high-income country: changes from 1996 to 2016.

Objective: Low socioeconomic status based both on educational level and income has been associated with asthma and respiratory symptoms, but changes over time in these associations have rarely been studied. The aim was to study the associations between educational or income inequality and asthma and respiratory symptoms among women and men over a 20-year period in northern Sweden. Methods: The study was performed within the Obstructive Lung disease in Northern Sweden (OLIN) research program. Mailed questionnaire surveys were administered to a random sample of adults (20-69 years of age) living in Sweden, in 1996, 2006 and 2016. Data on educational level and income were collected from the national integrated database for labor market research. Results: The educational inequality associated with asthma and asthmatic wheeze tended to decrease from 1996 to 2016, while it increased for productive cough, the latter among men not among women. The income inequality decreased for productive cough, especially for women, while no clear overall trends were found for asthmatic wheeze and asthma, apart from a decrease in income inequality regarding asthma among men. Conclusion: The patterns for socioeconomic inequality differed for asthma and wheeze compared to productive cough, and the results emphasize that education and income do not mirror the same aspects of socioeconomic inequality in a high-income country. Our findings are important for decision makers, not the least on a political level, as reduced inequality, e.g. through education, could lead to reduced morbidity.

The association of smoking, use of snuff, and preconception alcohol consumption with spontaneous abortion: A population-based cohort study.

INTRODUCTION: It is unclear whether tobacco in early pregnancy and alcohol use preceding pregnancy are associated with spontaneous abortion. The purpose was to investigate if use of tobacco and/or alcohol is associated with spontaneous abortion among women attending antenatal care, and if age and body mass index (BMI) attenuate the risk. MATERIAL AND METHODS: A population-based cohort study based on data from the Swedish Pregnancy Register. All pregnant women having had the first antenatal visit from January 2014 to July 2018 were included (n = 525 604). The register had information about smoking and use of snuff before and in early pregnancy, as well as data on alcohol habits before pregnancy, measured by the Alcohol Use Disorders Identification Test (AUDIT), a validated questionnaire. Logistic regression analysis was used to estimate the association between lifestyle factors and spontaneous abortion, and multiple imputation was used to impute missing data. RESULTS: In total, 34 867 (6.6%) pregnancies ended in a spontaneous abortion after the first visit to maternal health care. At the first maternal healthcare visit, daily smoking was reported by 24 214 (5.1%), and 6403 (1.2%) used snuff. For 19 837 (4.2%) women, a high alcohol score was reported for the year preceding pregnancy. After adjusting for potential confounders and multiple imputation, use of tobacco was associated with spontaneous abortion; smoking 1-9 cigarettes/day (adjusted odds ratio [aOR] 1.11, 95% confidence interval [CI] 1.04-1.18), smoking 10 or more cigarettes/day (aOR 1.12, 95% CI 1.-1.26), and use of snuff (aOR 1.20, 95% CI 1.06-1.37). Higher AUDIT scores were not significantly associated with spontaneous abortion (AUDIT 6-9: aOR 1.03, 95% CI 0.97-1.10 and AUDIT 10 or more: aOR 1.07, 95% CI 0.94-1.22). Increasing maternal age showed the highest risk of spontaneous abortion from the age of 35, and BMI of 30 kg/m2 or more increased the risk. There were interactions between different lifestyle factors associated with spontaneous abortion that could either increase or decrease the risk of spontaneous abortion. CONCLUSIONS: Smoking and use of snuff were associated with an increased risk of spontaneous abortion. The AUDIT scores preceding pregnancy were not associated with an increased risk of spontaneous abortion, which contradicts the results from previous studies.

Level of education and asthma control in adult-onset asthma.

OBJECTIVE: Education in itself and as a proxy for socioeconomic status, may influence asthma control, but remains poorly studied in adult-onset asthma. Our aim was to study the association between the level of education and asthma control in adult-onset asthma. METHODS: Subjects with current asthma with onset >15 years were examined within the Obstructive Lung Disease in Northern Sweden study (OLIN, n = 593), Seinäjoki Adult Asthma Study (SAAS, n = 200), and West Sweden Asthma Study (WSAS, n = 301) in 2009-2014 in a cross-sectional setting. Educational level was classified as primary, secondary and tertiary. Uncontrolled asthma was defined as Asthma Control Test (ACT) score ≤19. Altogether, 896 subjects with complete data on ACT and education were included (OLIN n = 511, SAAS n = 200 and WSAS n = 185). RESULTS: In each cohort and in pooled data of all cohorts, median ACT score was lower among those with primary education than in those with secondary and tertiary education. Uncontrolled asthma was most common among those with primary education, especially among daily ICS users (42.6% primary, 28.6% secondary and 24.2% tertiary; p = 0.001). In adjusted analysis, primary education was associated with uncontrolled asthma in daily ICS users (OR 1.92, 95% CI 1.15-3.20). When stratified by atopy, the association between primary education and uncontrolled asthma was seen in non-atopic (OR 3.42, 95% CI 1.30-8.96) but not in atopic subjects. CONCLUSIONS: In high-income Nordic countries, lower educational level was a risk factor for uncontrolled asthma in subjects with adult-onset asthma. Educational level should be considered in the management of adult-onset asthma.

Self-Reported Physician Diagnosed Asthma with COPD is Associated with Higher Mortality than Self-Reported Asthma or COPD Alone - A Prospective 24-Year Study in the Population of Helsinki, Finland.

Asthma and COPD are common chronic obstructive respiratory diseases. COPD is associated with increased mortality, but for asthma the results are varying. Their combination has been less investigated, and the results are contradictory. The aim of this prospective study was to observe the overall mortality in obstructive pulmonary diseases and how mortality was related to specific causes using postal questionnaire data. This study included data from 6,062 participants in the FinEsS Helsinki Study (1996) linked to mortality data during a 24-year follow-up. According to self-reported physician diagnosed asthma, COPD, or smoking status, the population was divided into five categories: combined asthma and COPD, COPD alone and asthma alone, ever-smokers without asthma or COPD and never-smokers without asthma or COPD (reference group). For the specific causes of death both the underlying and contributing causes of death were used. Participants with asthma and COPD had the highest hazard of mortality 2.4 (95% CI 1.7-3.5). Ever-smokers without asthma or COPD had a 9.5 (3.7-24.2) subhazard ratio (sHR) related to lower respiratory tract disease specific causes. For asthma, COPD and combined, the corresponding figures were 10.8 (3.4-34.1), 25.0 (8.1-77.4), and 56.1 (19.6-160), respectively. Ever-smokers without asthma or COPD sHR 1.7 (95% CI 1.3-2.5), and participants with combined asthma and COPD 3.5 (1.9-6.3) also featured mortality in association with coronary artery disease. Subjects with combined diseases had the highest hazard of overall mortality and combined diseases also showed the highest hazard of mortality associated with lower respiratory tract causes or coronary artery causes.Abbreviations: CigCigaretteCOPDChronic obstructive pulmonary diseaseCVDCardiovascular diseaseFEV1Forced Expiratory Volume in one secondFVCForced Vital CapacityFinEsSFinland, Estonia, and Sweden study on chronic obstructive pulmonary diseasesHRHazard RatiosHRSubhazard RatioICD-10International Statistical Classifications of Diseases and Related Health Problems (Version 10).

Uncontrolled asthma occurs in all GINA treatment steps and is associated with worse physical health - a report from the OLIN adult asthma cohort.

Objective: To study asthma exacerbations, healthcare utilization and health status among subjects with asthma with different treatment regimens and levels of asthma control.Methods: In 2012-2014, n = 1425 adults from a population-based asthma cohort within the OLIN studies (Obstructive Lung disease in Northern Sweden) were invited to a follow-up including spirometry and a structured interview, n = 1006 participated. Asthma Control Test (ACT) was used to detect uncontrolled asthma, and physical and mental dimensions of health were measured with SF-8. Pharmacological treatment use was classified by Global Initiative for Asthma treatment steps. Out of n = 830 with current asthma, n = 714 answered ACT (57% women, 32-92 years) and were included in the study.Results: Uncontrolled asthma increased per treatment step (no treatment 9.9%, treatment step 1-3 24.1%, and treatment steps 4-5 39.9%, p < 0.001). A higher proportion of subjects with uncontrolled asthma reported exacerbations, healthcare utilization, and worse health status than those with controlled asthma. The proportion of subjects reporting exacerbations, healthcare visits, emergency room visits and regular follow-up visits increased per treatment step. Worse health was associated with uncontrolled asthma, but not with the level of treatment. A higher proportion of women than men reported exacerbations, any healthcare visits, and lower health. Regular follow-up visits to a physician were uncommon (women 21.2% vs. men 14.6%, p = 0.022).Conclusions: Uncontrolled asthma is common in all treatment steps, and is associated with worse health status. However, health status did not differ by treatment steps. Identifying subjects with uncontrolled asthma regardless of treatment regimens should be a priority, thus follow-up visits are important.

Differences in diagnostic patterns of obstructive airway disease between areas and sex in Sweden and Finland - the Nordic EpiLung study.

OBJECTIVE: To investigate the current prevalence of physician-diagnosed obstructive airway diseases by respiratory symptoms and by sex in Sweden and Finland. METHOD: In 2016, a postal questionnaire was answered by 34,072 randomly selected adults in four study areas: Västra Götaland and Norrbotten in Sweden, and Seinäjoki-Vaasa and Helsinki in Finland. RESULTS: The prevalence of asthma symptoms was higher in Norrbotten (13.2%), Seinäjoki-Vaasa (14.8%) and Helsinki (14.4%) than in Västra Götaland (10.7%), and physician-diagnosed asthma was highest in Norrbotten (13.0%) and least in Västra Götaland (10.1%). Chronic productive cough was most common in the Finnish areas (7.7-8.2% versus 6.3-6.7%) while the prevalence of physician-diagnosed chronic bronchitis (CB) or chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) varied between 1.7 and 2.7% in the four areas. Among individuals with respiratory symptoms, the prevalence of asthma was most common in Norrbotten, while a diagnosis of COPD or CB was most common in Västra Götaland and Seinäjoki-Vaasa. More women than men with respiratory symptoms reported a diagnosis of asthma in Sweden and Seinäjoki-Vaasa but there were no sex differences in Helsinki. In Sweden, more women than men with symptoms of cough or phlegm reported a diagnosis of CB or COPD, while in Finland the opposite was found. CONCLUSION: The prevalence of respiratory symptoms and corresponding diagnoses varied between and within the countries. The proportion reporting a diagnosis of obstructive airway disease among individuals with respiratory symptoms varied, indicating differences in diagnostic patterns both between areas and by sex.

Cardiac biomarkers of prognostic importance in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease.

BACKGROUND: Ischemic heart disease is common in COPD and associated with worse prognosis. This study aimed to investigate the presence and prognostic impact of biomarkers of myocardial injury and ischemia among individuals with COPD and normal lung function, respectively. METHODS: In 2002-04, all individuals with airway obstruction (FEV1/VC < 0.70, n = 993) were identified from population-based cohorts, together with age and sex-matched non-obstructive referents. At re-examination in 2005, spirometry, Minnesota-coded ECG and analyses of high-sensitivity cardiac troponin I (hs-cTnI) were performed in individuals with COPD (n = 601) and those with normal lung function (n = 755). Deaths were recorded until December 31st, 2010. RESULTS: Hs-cTnI concentrations were above the risk stratification threshold of ≥5 ng/L in 31.1 and 24.9% of those with COPD and normal lung function, respectively. Ischemic ECG abnormalities were present in 14.8 and 13.4%, while 7.7 and 6.6% had both elevated hs-cTnI concentrations and ischemic ECG abnormalities. The 5-year cumulative mortality was higher in those with COPD than those with normal lung function (13.6% vs. 7.7%, p < 0.001). Among individuals with COPD, elevated hs-cTnI both independently and in combination with ischemic ECG abnormalities were associated with an increased risk for death (adjusted hazard ratio [HR]; 95% confidence interval [CI] 2.72; 1.46-5.07 and 4.54; 2.25-9.13, respectively). Similar associations were observed also among individuals with COPD without reported ischemic heart disease. CONCLUSIONS: In this study, elevated hs-cTnI concentrations in combination with myocardial ischemia on the electrocardiogram were associated with a more than four-fold increased risk for death in a population-based COPD-cohort, independent of disease severity.