Antioxidant, AChE inhibitory, and anticancer effects of Verbascum thapsus extract.

Verbascum thapsus (VT) is a medicinal plant that is used in folk medicine to treat a variety of ailments. For this study, the biological functions of VT methanol extract were determined in vitro. The plant's methanol extract was created through the maceration process. The phytochemical composition of plant extracts was investigated using liquid chromatography-electrospray ionization tandem mass spectrometry (LC-ESI-MS/MS). The antioxidant capacity of the extract was determined using the DPPH (2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazil) and ABTS (2,2-azinobis (3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulfonic acid) tests and its cytotoxicity was assessed using the MTT ((3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide, a tetrazole)) assay on the Caco-2 (human colorectal adenocarcinoma cells), LNCaP (Lymph Node Carcinoma of the Prostate), and HEK293 cell lines (Human embryonic kidney 293 cells) used to model colon, prostate, and non-cancerous cells. VT extract showed low DPPH and ABTS radical scavenging activities compared to standard antioxidants at 30 mg/ml concentration. In addition, it was determined that VT extract inhibited acetylcholinesterase enzyme.

Green Synthesis of Silver Nanoparticles Derived from Papaver rhoeas L. Leaf Extract: Cytotoxic and Antimicrobial Properties.

In the last few decades, the search for metal nanoparticles as an alternative to cancer treatments and antibiotics has increased. In this article, the spectroscopic (ultraviolet-visible (UV-vis), electron-dispersing X-ray (EDX), and Fourier transform infrared (FT-IR)), microscopic (field emission scanning electron microscope (FE-SEM), transmission electron microscope (TEM), and atomic force microscope (AFM)), structural (X-ray diffractometer (XRD) and zetasizer), and analytic (thermogravimetric/differential thermal analyzer (TGA-DTA)) characterization of the silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) produced from Papaver rhoeas (PR) L. leaf extract are presented. PR-AgNPs are generally spherical and have a maximum surface plasmon resonance of 464.03 nm. The dimensions of the manufactured nanomaterial are in the range of 1.47-7.31 nm. PR-AgNPs have high thermal stability and a zeta potential of -36.1 mV. The minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) values (mg L-1) of PR-AgNPs on Staphylococcus aureus, Escherichia coli, Bacillus subtilis, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, and Candida albicans are 1.50, 0.75, 3.00, 6.00, and 0.37, respectively. In the study, the cytotoxic and proliferative effects of PR-AgNPs using the MTT (3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-diphenyltetrazolium bromide) method on various cancer cell lines (CACO-2 (human colon adenocarcinoma cell), MCF-7 (human breast cancer cell), T98-G (glioblastoma multiforme cell), and healthy HUVEC (human umbilical vein endothelial cell)) cell lines are presented. After 24 and 48 h of the application, the half-maximum inhibitory concentration (IC50) values (µg mL-1) of PR-AgNPs on HUVEC, CACO-2, MCF-7, and T98-G lines are 2.365 and 2.380; 2.526 and 2.521; 3.274 and 3.318; 3.472 and 3.526, respectively. Comprehensive in vivo research of PR-AgNPs is proposed to reveal their potential for usage in sectors such as nanomedicine and nanochemistry.

The Investigation of the Chemical Composition and Applicability of Gold Nanoparticles Synthesized with Amygdalus communis (Almond) Leaf Aqueous Extract as Antimicrobial and Anticancer Agents.

The current work's main objective was to determine the chemical composition of Amygdalus communis (AC) leaf extract and examine the antibacterial and cytotoxic properties of biosynthesized gold nanoparticles (AuNPs). The chemical composition of AC leaf extract was determined using LC-ESI/MS/MS to detect compounds that may be responsible for the reducing, stabilizing, and capping steps in the synthesis of nanoparticles and their biological activities. The AC-AuNPs were spherical, with a particle size lower than 100 nm and a face-centered cubic structure. The EDX spectrum confirmed the formation of AuNPs and a negative zeta potential value (-27.7 mV) suggested their physicochemical stability. The in vitro cytotoxic efficacy of the AC-AuNPs against colorectal adenocarcinoma (Caco-2), glioma (U118), and ovarian (Skov-3) cancer cell lines and human dermal fibroblasts (HDFs) was evaluated by MTT assay. CaCo-2 cell proliferation was effectively inhibited by the AC-AuNPs at concentrations between 25 and 100 g mL-1. The AC-AuNPs exerted preeminent antimicrobial activity against Bacillus subtilis with an MIC of 0.02 µg/mL, whilst good activity was shown against Staphylococcus aureus bacteria and Candida albicans yeast with an MIC of 0.12 µg/mL. Ultimately, the results support the high antibacterial and anticancer potential of biosynthesized AuNPs from AC leaf extract.

Green Synthesis of Silver Nanoparticles from Allium cepa L. Peel Extract, Their Antioxidant, Antipathogenic, and Anticholinesterase Activity.

The present work deals with the green synthesis and characterization of silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) using Allium cepa (yellowish peel) and the evaluation of its antimicrobial, antioxidant, and anticholinesterase activities. For the synthesis of AgNPs, peel aqueous extract (200 mL) was treated with a 40 mM AgNO3 solution (200 mL) at room temperature, and a color change was observed. In UV-Visible spectroscopy, an absorption peak formation at ~439 nm was the sign that AgNPs were present in the reaction solution. UV-vis, FE-SEM, TEM, EDX, AFM, XRD, TG/DT analyses, and Zetasizer techniques were used to characterize the biosynthesized nanoparticles. The crystal average size and zeta potential of AC-AgNPs with predominantly spherical shapes were measured as 19.47 ± 1.12 nm and -13.1 mV, respectively. Pathogenic microorganisms Bacillus subtilis, Staphylococcus aureus, Escherichia coli, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, and Candida albicans were used for the Minimum Inhibition Concentration (MIC) test. When compared to tested standard antibiotics, AC-AgNPs demonstrated good growth inhibitory activities on P. aeuruginosa, B. subtilis, and S. aureus strains. In vitro, the antioxidant properties of AC-AgNPs were measured using different spectrophotometric techniques. In the ß-Carotene linoleic acid lipid peroxidation assay, AC-AgNPs showed the strongest antioxidant activity with an IC50 value of 116.9 µg/mL, followed by metal-chelating capacity and ABTS cation radical scavenging activity with IC50 values of 120.4 µg/mL and 128.5 µg/mL, respectively. The inhibitory effects of produced AgNPs on the acetylcholinesterase (AChE) and butyrylcholinesterase (BChE) enzymes were determined using spectrophotometric techniques. This study provides an eco-friendly, inexpensive, and easy method for the synthesis of AgNPs that can be used for biomedical activities and also has other possible industrial applications.

Evaluation and characterization of Pleurotus eryngii extract-loaded chitosan nanoparticles as antimicrobial agents against some human pathogens.

With the increase of antibiotic resistance, which is present at a worrying rate, research on the use of newly developed nanoparticles as an antimicrobial agent with green biotechnology has intensified. The study aimed to investigate the antimicrobial effects of chitosan nanoparticles (CSNP) synthesized using Pleurotus eryngii extract (PE). Characterization of P. eryngii-loaded chitosan nanoparticles (PE-CSNPs) was performed with Fourier transform infrared spectrophotometer, X-ray diffraction, Field-emission scanning electron microscopy, Brunauer-Emmett-Teller, Differential scanning calorimetry, and zeta potential techniques. The FE-SEM images showed that the surface morphology of nanoparticles is similar to CS, but has more porosity network and smaller dimensions structure. The average particle size of spherical PE-CSNPs was obtained as 330.1 nm. The specific surface area and average pore diameter of the synthesized nanoparticles were found as 3.99 m2g-1 and 2.25 nm, respectively. X-ray diffraction determines the presence of an amorphous peak at 2θ = 21.2° results from CS and PE. PE-CSNPs synthesized using P. eryngii extract showed strong antimicrobial activity against Escherichia coli, Staphylococcus aureus, Bacillus subtilis, and Candida albicans as 0.0156, 0.0625, 0.0625 and 0.0312 mg ml-1, respectively. Thus, it was determined that chitosan nanoparticles formed by the green synthesis of P. eryngii extract showed strong anti-microbial properties.

Green-Synthesized Characterization, Antioxidant and Antibacterial Applications of CtAC/MNPs-Ag Nanocomposites.

The emergence of antibiotic resistance, caused by the improper use of antibiotics, is a significant challenge in combating infectious diseases, leading to millions of annual fatalities. The occurrence of antimicrobial side effects catalyzes the investigation of novel antimicrobial compounds and sources of drugs. Consequently, the research on biological activity that is conducted on plants, plant extracts, and compounds that are produced from plant components is of utmost significance. In this study, CtAC/MNPs were obtained by the reaction of activated carbon (AC) obtained from the fruits of the Celtis tournefortii (Ct) plant and magnetic nanoparticles (MNPs), and a CtAC/MNPs-Ag nanocomposite was synthesized by the reduction in silver ions added to the reaction. The synthesized CtAC/MNPs and CtAC/MNPs-Ag nanocomposites were analyzed spectroscopically (FTIR, XRD), microscopically (SEM, EDX), optically (DLS), electrochemically (zeta potential) and magnetically (VSM). The antibacterial activities of CtAC/MNPs and CtAC/MNPs-Ag nanocomposites against S. aureus and E. coli were investigated by microdilution method using minimal inhibitory concentration (MIC) and disk diffusion methods. Antioxidant activity study, including total phenolic content and DPPH and cuprac assays, revealed the remarkable effect of the CtAC/MNPs-Ag nanocomposite. This study has the advantages of obtaining CtAC/MNPs and CtAC/MNPs-Ag nanocomposites in a short time without requiring energy, and most importantly, the reaction takes place without using any toxic substances. In addition, according to the data obtained in the study, the CtAC/MNPs-Ag nanocomposite is thought to shed light on biomedical research.

Determination of chemical components of the endemic species Allium turcicum L. plant extract by LC-MS/MS and evaluation of medicinal potentials.

The Allium turcicum L. (Zuzubak) plant as a cultivated vegetable have various health benefits and consumed as a food. Due to the shortcoming evidence in literature and the importance of this plant in folk medicine, in the present study, for the first time, we evaluated the bioactive profile of components (using LC-MS/MS), cytotoxicity, anticancer, antioxidant, and antibacterial prospectives of Zuzubak methanol extract. Reported results show that the extract is rich in bioactive compounds and has anticancer activity with breast cancer cells (MCF-7), human prostate cancer cells (DU-145), and Human osteosarcoma cancer Cell lines of (IC50) in dose dependent manner in the concentration range of 31.25 µg/mL and 2000 µg/mL for 24 and 48 h. Western blotting results determined that the extract significantly suppressed the growth of U2OS, MCF-7, and DU-145 cancer cells by down expression of Ang-1 (angiogenic protein) and Beclin-1 (autophagy protein) and overexpression of Bax (a proapoptotic protein). The oxidative stress indices showed a reduction in RPE-1 and MCF-7 cells and an upsurge in U2OS and DU-145 cells. Additionally, the antimicrobial assay showed suppression of the growth of various pathogenic microorganisms in 4.00-8.00 µg/concentrations of Zuzubak extract using the microdilution method. The phytochemicals identified showed promising anticancer, antioxidant effects, and antimicrobial properties, representing a valuable herbal source for drug development studies.

Analysis of bioactive compounds using LC-ESI-MS/MS, cytotoxic, antimicrobial effects, and enzyme activities from Cyclotrichium origanifolium.

Cyclotrichium origanifolium is a medicinal plant belonging to the Lamiaceae family. In this study, phenolic content analysis, antimicrobial effects, and cytotoxic effects of extracts of C. origanifolium were investigated. In the extracts, phenolic compound analysis by the liquid chromatography-electrospray ionization-tandem mass spectrometry method, antimicrobial effect by the minimum inhibition concentration method, and cytotoxic effect on human dermal fibroblasts (HDF), glioblastoma cell (U87), ovarian adenocarcinoma cell (Skov-3), and human colorectal adenocarcinoma cell (CaCo-2) cancer cell lines were investigated. Cytotoxicity analyses were performed by the MTT method. In addition, the GST and AChE enzyme activities of the extracts were also measured. Around 18 compounds were detected in both the methanol and ethanol extract. It was found that the best antimicrobial effect on Gram-negative Pseudomonas aeruginosa was on methanol extract, while the ethanol extract was on Candida albicans fungus (respectively, 2.50 mg/ml, 5.0 µg/ml). A 500 µg/ml of methanol extract has been shown to have cytotoxic activity high effect on HDF cells. GST and AChE activity were found to decrease in a concentration-dependent manner.

Green synthesis of silver nanoparticles mediated Diospyros kaki L. (Persimmon): determination of chemical composition and evaluation of their antimicrobials and anticancer activities.

The eco-friendly synthesis of metallic nanoparticles (MNPs) using biological materials is an encouraging and innovativeness approach to nanotechnology. Among other synthesizing methods, biological methods are chosen because of their high efficiency and purity in many aspects. In this work, using the aqueous extract obtained from the green leaves of the D. kaki L. (DK); silver nanoparticles were synthesized in a short time and simply with an eco-friendly approach. The properties of the synthesized silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) were characterized using various techniques and measurements. In the characterization data of AgNPs, Maximum absorbance at 453.34 nm wavelengths, the average size distribution of 27.12 nm, the surface charge of -22.4 mV, and spherical appearance were observed. LC-ESI-MS/MS analysis was used to assess the compound composition of D. kaki leaf extract. The chemical profiling of the crude extract of D. kaki leaves revealed the presence of a variety of phytochemicals, predominantly phenolics, resulting in the identification of five major high-feature compounds: two major phenolic acids (Chlorogenic acid and Cynarin), and tree flavonol glucosides (hyperoside, quercetin-3-glucoside, and quercetin-3- D-xyloside). The components with the highest concentrations were cynarin, chlorogenic acid, quercetin-3- D-xyloside, hyperoside, and quercetin-3-glucoside, respectively. Antimicrobial results were determined by a MIC assay. The biosynthesized AgNPs exhibited strong antibacterial activity against the human and food pathogen Gram (+ and -) bacteria and good antifungal activity against pathogenic yeast. It was determined that 0.03-0.050 µg/mL concentrations ranges of DK-AgNPs were growth suppressive concentrations on all pathogen microorganisms. The MTT technique was used to study the cytotoxic effects of produced AgNPs on cancer cell lines (Glioblastoma (U118), Human Colorectal Adenocarcinoma (Caco-2), Human Ovarian Sarcoma (Skov-3) cancer cell lines, and Human Dermal Fibroblast (HDF) healthy cell line). It has been observed that they have a suppressive effect on the proliferation of cancerous cell lines. After 48 h of treatment with Ag-NPs, the DK-AgNPs were found to be extremely cytotoxic to the CaCo-2 cell line, inhibiting cell viability by up to 59.49% at a concentration of 50 g mL-1. It was found that the viability was inversely related to the DK-AgNP concentration. The biosynthesized AgNPs had dose-dependent anticancer efficacy. Because of the high concentration of bioactive chemicals in Diospyros kaki, it may be employed as a biological resource in medicinal applications. DK-AgNPs were shown to be an effective antibacterial agent as well as a prospective anticancer agent. The results provide a potential approach for the biogenic production of DK-AgNPs utilizing D. kaki aqueous leaf extract.

Green synthesis of silver nanoparticles based on the Raphanus sativus leaf aqueous extract and their toxicological/microbiological activities.

Silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) have several uses. Many scientists are working on producing AgNPs from plant extracts for use as biomedicines against drug-resistant bacteria and malignant cell lines. In the current study, plant-based AgNPs were synthesized using Raphanus sativus L. (RS) leaf aqua extract. Different concentrations of AgNO3 were used to optimize the synthesis process of RS-AgNPs from the aqueous leaf extract. Energy-dispersive X-ray analysis (EDX), transmission electron microscopy (TEM), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), atomic force microscope (AFM), and UV-vis spectroscopy were used to analyze the generated materials. Furthermore, to evaluate the biological properties of the obtained materials, Bacillus subtilis (B. subtilis), Pseudomonas aeruginosa (P. aeruginosa), Staphylococcus aureus (S. aureus), Escherichia coli (E. coli), and Candida albicans (C. albicans) pathogen strains were used for the minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) assays. Subsequently, healthy cell lines (human dermal fibroblast (HDF)) and cancerous cell lines (glioma/U118, Ovarian/Skov-3, and colorectal adenocarcinoma/CaCo-2) were engaged to determine the cytotoxic effects of the synthesized NPs. The cytotoxic and anti-pathogenic potential of AgNPs synthesized by the proposed green approach was investigated. The results were encouraging compared to the standards and other controls. Plant-based AgNPs were found to be potential therapeutic agents against the human colon cancer cell (CaCo-2) and showed strong inhibitory activity on Candida albicans and Staphylococcus aureus growth. The RS-AgNPs generated have highly effective antimicrobial properties against pathogenic bacteria. Our findings also show that green RS-AgNPs are more cytotoxic against cancerous cell lines than normal cell lines. Synthesized nanoparticles with desirable morphology and ease of preparation are thought to be promising materials for antimicrobial, cytotoxic, and catalytic applications.

Biosynthesis, characterization, and investigation of antimicrobial and cytotoxic activities of silver nanoparticles using Solanum tuberosum peel aqueous extract.

Metallic nanoparticle biosynthesis is thought to offer opportunities for a wide range of biological uses. The green process of turning biological waste into utilizable products gaining attention due to its economical and eco-friendly approach in recent years. This study reported the ability of Solanum tuberosum (ST) peel extract to the green synthesis of non-toxic, stable, small-sized silver nanoparticles without any toxic reducing agent utilizing the phytochemical components present in its structure. UV-visible spectroscopy, X-ray diffraction analysis, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, flourier scanning electron microscopy, atomic force microscopy, transmission electron microscopy, and energy dispersive analysis X-ray confirmed the biosynthesis and characterization of silver nanoparticles. Also, dynamic light scattering and thermogravimetric analyses showed stable synthesized nanoparticles. The antibacterial activity of the biosynthesized silver nanoparticles was evaluated against four different bacterial strains, Escherichia coli (E. coli), Pseudomonas aeruginosa (P. aeruginosa), Staphylococcus aureus (S. aureus) Bacillus subtilis (B. subtilis), and a yeast, Candida albicans (C. albicans) using the minimum inhibitory concentration technique. The cytotoxic activities were determined against Human dermal fibroblast (HDF), glioblastoma (U118), colorectal adenocarcinoma (CaCo-2), and human ovarian (Skov-3) cell lines cancer cells using MTT test. The nanoparticle capping agents that could be involved in the reduction of silver ions to Ag NPs and their stabilization was identified using FTIR. Nanoparticles were spherical in shape and had a size ranging from 3.91 to 27.07 nm, showed crystalline nature, good stability (-31.3 mV), and the presence of capping agents. ST-Ag NPs significantly decreased the growth of bacterial strains after treatment. The in vitro analysis showed that the ST-Ag NPs demonstrated dose-dependent cytotoxicity against cell lines. Based on the data, it is feasible to infer that biogenic Ag NPs were capped with functional groups and demonstrated considerable potential as antibacterial and anticancer agents for biomedical and industrial applications.

Ecofriendly Synthesis of Silver Nanoparticles Using Ananas comosus Fruit Peels: Anticancer and Antimicrobial Activities.

Metallic nanoparticles are valuable materials and have a range of uses. Nanoparticles synthesized from plant wastes by environment-friendly methods have attracted the attention of researchers in recent years. Also, the advantages of biological resources and synthesis methods are attracting attention. In this study, silver nanoparticles were synthesized from Ananas comosus fruit peels using ecofriendly method steps. The characterization of the particles obtained was determined by using a UV-visible spectrophotometer (UV-Vis.), Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), X-ray diffraction diffractometer (XRD), Fourier scanning electron microscope (FESEM), and transmission electron microscopy (TEM). The nanoparticles showed maximum absorbance at 463 nm, measuring 11.61 in crystal nanosize, and presented spherical in appearance. An antimicrobial activity test was determined with the minimum inhibition concentration (MIC) method. The nanoparticles showed promising inhibitory activity on the Gram-positive and Gram-negative pathogen microorganisms (Escherichia coli ATCC25922, Staphylococcus aureus ATCC29213, Bacillus subtilis ATCC11774, Pseudomonas aeruginosa ATCC27833 bacteria, and Candida albicans yeast) at low concentrations. The cytotoxic and growth inhibitory effects of silver nanoparticles on different cancer cell lines were examined via the MTT assay.

Determination of Antimicrobial and Toxic Metal Removal Activities of Plant-Based Synthesized (Capsicum annuum L. Leaves), Ecofriendly, Gold Nanomaterials.

Nanoparticles are valuable materials with widespread use. The fact that these materials are obtained by biological resources with an environmentally friendly method contributes to the development of studies in this field. Gold nanoparticles (AuNPs) from waste vegetable sources (green leaves of Capsicum annum L.) are economically and easily synthesized. The obtained particles are characterized by UV-vis spectroscopy (UV-vis), Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), X-ray diffraction (XRD), and scanning electron microscopy (SEM) analysis. The antimicrobial activity of the particles on the pathogenic microorganisms Escherichia coli ATCC 25922, Staphylococcus aureus ATCC 29213, Bacillus subtilis bacteria, and Candida albicans yeast are found to have a significant suppressive effect. The removal activities of eight toxic metals (Pd, Cd, Fe, Ni, Co, Mn, Zn, Pb) in Diyarbakir drinking water and artificially prepared water within different pHs are investigated. Gold nanoparticles synthesized from Capsicum annuum L. leaves are found to be effective in toxic metal removal in water samples.