Seasonal population dynamics of the primary yellow fever vector Haemagogus leucocelaenus (Dyar & Shannon) (Diptera: Culicidae) is mainly influenced by temperature in the Atlantic Forest, southeast Brazil.

BACKGROUND: Southeast Brazil has recently experienced a Yellow Fever virus (YFV) outbreak where the mosquito Haemagogus leucocelaenus was a primary vector. Climatic factors influence the abundance of mosquito vectors and arbovirus transmission. OBJECTIVES: We aimed at describing the population dynamics of Hg. leucocelaenus in a county touched by the recent YFV outbreak. METHODS: Fortnightly egg collections with ovitraps were performed from November 2012 to February 2017 in a forest in Nova Iguaçu, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil. The effects of mean temperature and rainfall on the Hg. leucocelaenus population dynamics were explored. FINDINGS: Hg. leucocelaenus eggs were continuously collected throughout the study, with a peak in the warmer months (December-March). The climatic variables had a time-lagged effect and four weeks before sampling was the best predictor for the positivity of ovitraps and total number of eggs collected. The probability of finding > 50% positive ovitraps increased when the mean temperature was above 24ºC. The number of Hg. leucocelaenus eggs expressively increase when the mean temperature and accumulated precipitation surpassed 27ºC and 100 mm, respectively, although the effect of rainfall was less pronounced. MAIN CONCLUSIONS: Monitoring population dynamics of Hg. leucocelaenus and climatic factors in YFV risk areas, especially mean temperature, may assist in developing climate-based surveillance procedures to timely strengthening prophylaxis and control.

Biological and behavioral features and colonization of the sylvatic mosquito Sabethes identicus (Diptera: Culicidae).

Mosquitoes of the genus Sabethes are exclusively sylvatic species occurring in Central and South Americas, where they play a role in the transmission of arbovirus. Sabethes identicus, a common bamboo-breeder species, has been found naturally infected with yellow fever virus. Our study aimed to describe biological and behavioral features of Sa. identicus in the laboratory, as well as establish and standardize an isolated colony for experimental assays. We tested different larval densities and evaluated larval and pupal development time, oviposition behavior, egg production, and longevity. We also shot and video-documented bionomics and behavioral aspects of the mosquitoes in the field and laboratory. A colony with more than 30 generations was achieved. Embryogenesis of Sa. identicus is completed in about three days with a 79% hatch rate, while larval and pupal development takes approximately 15-17 and nine days, respectively. The mosquito's entire life cycle lasts approximately 30 days. Adult females could survive 71 days, and each individual laid an average of 88 eggs over their lifetime; 50% of females and males survived 37 and 24 days, respectively. Hematophagy peaks as early as the first week of emergence. The net content of a bamboo internode influenced the choice for oviposition, with the average number of eggs laid in those containing rearing water with larval and pupal exuviae being significantly higher than when they had only dechlorinated water or water with yeast. We documented for the first time an ecological association of weevils and Sa. identicus, where the oviposition of the latter depends on the weevil creating a hole in the bamboo wall for egg-laying purposes. Video recordings revealed for the first time the peculiar movements of gravid females during egg-throwing into tiny bamboo holes, as well as the laborious escape of newly emerged adults from the bamboo cavity, and mating behavior.

Vector Competence of Aedes aegypti, Aedes albopictus and Culex quinquefasciatus from Brazil and New Caledonia for Three Zika Virus Lineages.

Zika virus (ZIKV) has caused severe epidemics in South America beginning in 2015, following its spread through the Pacific. We comparatively assessed the vector competence of ten populations of Aedes aegypti and Ae. albopictus from Brazil and two of Ae. aegypti and one of Culex quinquefasciatus from New Caledonia to transmit three ZIKV isolates belonging to African, Asian and American lineages. Recently colonized mosquitoes from eight distinct sites from both countries were orally challenged with the same viral load (107 TCID50/mL) and examined after 7, 14 and 21 days. Cx. quinquefasciatus was refractory to infection with all virus strains. In contrast, although competence varied with geographical origin, Brazilian and New Caledonian Ae. aegypti could transmit the three ZIKV lineages, with a strong advantage for the African lineage (the only one reaching saliva one-week after challenge). Brazilian Ae. albopictus populations were less competent than Ae. aegypti populations. Ae. albopictus generally exhibited almost no transmission for Asian and American lineages, but was efficient in transmitting the African ZIKV. Viral surveillance and mosquito control measures must be strengthened to avoid the spread of new ZIKV lineages and minimize the transmission of viruses currently circulating.

High Speed Video Documentation of the Mosquito Sabethes albiprivus Egg-Catapulting Oviposition Behavior (Diptera: Culicidae).

The oviposition behavior of mosquitoes varies between species. We documented the unusual mechanism of egg laying in the mosquito Sabethes albiprivus Theobald with the aid of high speed video recordings in the laboratory. A sapucaia (Lecythis pisonis Camb.) nut oviposition trap, described herein, was used to simulate a tree hole with a small opening, which is the natural larval habitat of Sa. albiprivus. We showed that females approach the opening and perform a sequence of rapid, short up-and-down flights before egg laying. At this time, the egg is already visible externally, being held at the very tip of the abdomen. Females catapult one egg at a time by rapidly curling their abdomen downward, sending the egg through the opening while their legs are positioned in different configurations throughout the event. The estimated velocity of the catapulted eggs was almost 1 m/s.

Haemagogus leucocelaenus and Haemagogus janthinomys are the primary vectors in the major yellow fever outbreak in Brazil, 2016-2018.

The yellow fever virus (YFV) caused a severe outbreak in Brazil in 2016-2018 that rapidly spread across the Atlantic Forest in its most populated region without viral circulation for almost 80 years. A comprehensive entomological survey combining analysis of distribution, abundance and YFV natural infection in mosquitoes captured before and during the outbreak was conducted in 44 municipalities of five Brazilian states. In total, 17,662 mosquitoes of 89 species were collected. Before evidence of virus circulation, mosquitoes were tested negative but traditional vectors were alarmingly detected in 82% of municipalities, revealing high receptivity to sylvatic transmission. During the outbreak, five species were found positive in 42% of municipalities. Haemagogus janthinomys and Hg. leucocelaenus are considered the primary vectors due to their large distribution combined with high abundance and natural infection rates, concurring together for the rapid spread and severity of this outbreak. Aedes taeniorhynchus was found infected for the first time, but like Sabethes chloropterus and Aedes scapularis, it appears to have a potential local or secondary role because of their low abundance, distribution and infection rates. There was no evidence of YFV transmission by Aedes albopictus and Aedes aegypti, although the former was the most widespread species across affected municipalities, presenting an important overlap between the niches of the sylvatic vectors and the anthropic ones. The definition of receptive areas, expansion of vaccination in the most affected age group and exposed populations and the adoption of universal vaccination to the entire Brazilian population need to be urgently implemented.

Potential risk of re-emergence of urban transmission of Yellow Fever virus in Brazil facilitated by competent Aedes populations.

Yellow fever virus (YFV) causing a deadly viral disease is transmitted by the bite of infected mosquitoes. In Brazil, YFV is restricted to a forest cycle maintained between non-human primates and forest-canopy mosquitoes, where humans can be tangentially infected. Since late 2016, a growing number of human cases have been reported in Southeastern Brazil at the gates of the most populated areas of South America, the Atlantic coast, with Rio de Janeiro state hosting nearly 16 million people. We showed that the anthropophilic mosquitoes Aedes aegypti and Aedes albopictus as well as the YFV-enzootic mosquitoes Haemagogus leucocelaenus and Sabethes albiprivus from the YFV-free region of the Atlantic coast were highly susceptible to American and African YFV strains. Therefore, the risk of reemergence of urban YFV epidemics in South America is major with a virus introduced either from a forest cycle or by a traveler returning from the YFV-endemic region of Africa.

Aspectos bionômicos de Sabethes (Peytonulus) identicus Dyar & Knab, 1907 (Diptera: Culicidae) em laboratório

Os mosquitos incluídos no gênero Sabethes Robineau-Desvoidy possuem hábito diurno e silvestre. Ocorrem exclusivamente na América Central e na América do Sul, onde estão envolvidos no ciclo silvestre da febre amarela. No Brasil, diferentes espécies já foram encontradas naturalmente infectadas com o vírus amarílico, além de outros arbovírus, entretanto, pouco se sabe sobre a biologia e a competência vetorial das espécies envolvidas. Neste contexto, o presente estudo tem como objetivo avaliar aspectos bionômicos, de Sabethes identicus Dyar & Knab tais como, tempo de desenvolvimento, atração para oviposição, produtividade de ovos, canibalismo e longevidade, em condições de laboratório visando à implantação de uma colônia. A espécie estudada foi proveniente da Reserva Biológica do Tinguá. Foram realizadas coletas de adulto e formas imaturas. Os imaturos foram criados até a obtenção de adulto e as fêmeas foram postas a desovar em tubos umedecidos. As larvas provenientes das desovas foram criadas até a obtenção dos adultos, que foram transferidos para uma gaiola e mantidos com solução de mel e oferta de sangue em dias alternados. Uma vez estabelecida a colônia de Sa identicus, pupas com um dia de vida foram separadas em quatro gaiolas para acompanhamento diário de seu desenvolvimento. Quando adultos, fêmeas e machos foram contados e transferidos para gaiolas secundárias, as quais continham três internódios de bambu para oviposição. Bambus com diferentes espessuras e nº de furos e diferentes conteúdos líquidos, de mesmo volume, entre água ambientada, água de criação e água com levedo foram postos nas quatro gaiolas para avaliar a preferência por tipo de criadouro. Ovos foram retirados dos bambus em dias alternados e contados ao longo da vida da fêmea. Foi analisada a taxa de eclosão dos ovos ao longo dos dias por contagem e separação diária das larvas Larvas eclodidas foram separadas no 1º dia de vida e criadas em diferentes densidades, 30, 60 e 90 larvas por bacia, colocadas em situação de presença e abrigo da luz, a fim de se avaliar o canibalismo e o tempo de desenvolvimento. Os resultados mostraram que os ovos completaram seu desenvolvimento em cerca de 3 dias com 79% de eclosão, enquanto as larvas levaram cerca de 18 dias e as pupas 9 dias em sua maioria. As fêmeas adultas foram mais longevas que os machos chegando a viver por 71 dias e colocaram em média 88 ovos ao longo da vida. Os números de ovos obtidos nos três diferentes conteúdos líquidos dos bambus foram muito heterogêneos não mostrando exata relação com o conteúdo. O percentual de larvas predadas nas bacias mantidas no claro e com 30, 60 e 90 larvas e, foi respectivamente, 13,33%; 15,00% e 7,77% enquanto que nas bacias mantidas no escuro houve uma inversão, esses valores foram respectivamente 6,00%; 9,16% e 14,44%. Em conclusão, o ciclo de vida de Sa. identicus se completa em aproximadamente 30 dias; os ovos eclodem em 2 a 4 dias, as larvas se desenvolvem entre 17 a 19 dias e as pupas entre 8 a 9 dias, sendo semelhante entre machos e fêmeas; o pico de avidez por sangue ocorre já na primeira semana de vida e a fêmea pode colocar em média 88 ovos ao longo de sua vida, 79% deles viáveis. As fêmeas de Sa. identicus são mais longevas que os machos podendo chegar a 71 dias de vida. O conteúdo líquido do bambu parece não influenciar na sua escolha para oviposição, talvez a característica do bambu (número de furos e diâmetro) seja um fator mais importante; o canibalismo parece sofrer mais influência pela combinação dos fatores densidade e luminosidade do que por estes isoladamente.