Adherence to treatment in Behçet's syndrome: a multi-faceted issue.

OBJECTIVES: The aim of this study is to explore the adherence to treatment in patients with Behçet's syndrome (BS), to identify the diverse adherence profiles and their correlations. METHODS: A cross-sectional study among adult BS patients was conducted administering an ad-hoc questionnaire to BS patients with the aim of investigating several dimensions related to BS management, including attitudes towards treatment. A Latent Class Analysis (LCA) was performed to identify adherence profiles and associated characteristics were identified using logistic regression analysis. RESULTS: A total of 207 patients answered the survey and 180 of them declared to take medication for BS, thus representing the study population. More than a third of the respondents have declared that they have skipped treatments before and autonomously modified (reduced or increased) the dosage of the treatment without medical consultation. LCA analysis allowed the identification of two distinct profiles, one more stick with recommended medication and the other less adherent to treatment. The less-adherent BS patient profile seems to be related with being in the third decade of life, being diagnosed with BS for more than 5 years and perceiving greater psychological impact of the disease. CONCLUSIONS: Addressing adherence in BS is not only related to measuring treatment adherence and identifying the barriers and the limitations; in fact, it should also encompass a wider approach that includes the awareness, the socio-psychological impact of the disease as well as patient education.

Prevalence and clinical course of SARS-CoV-2 infection in patients with Behçet's syndrome.

OBJECTIVES: We aimed to assess the prevalence of SARS-CoV-2 infection among Behçet's syndrome (BS) patients, evaluating the possible association between demographic and clinical features and the risk of infection. Moreover, we aimed to evaluate the possible association between BS disease activity and treatment, and the risk of SARS-CoV-2 infection. METHODS: A survey was conducted on BS patients followed at the Behçet's Centre of the Careggi University Hospital, Florence, Italy. We further evaluated the possible association between BS disease activity and treatment, and the risk of SARS-CoV-2 infection. RESULTS: Out of 335 BS patients contacted, fourteen cases of SARS-CoV-2 were identified between April 1st, 2020 and February 9th, 2021, suggesting a prevalence of SARS-CoV-2 infection among BS patients of 4.2%, in line with the data of the general population in Italy (4.4%). When comparing clinical features between SARS-CoV-2 cases and matched SARS-CoV-2 negative BS patients, we found that the presence of different disease manifestations did not significantly differ between the two groups. SARS-CoV-2 cases and controls were also comparable in terms of immunosuppressive therapy, with the only exception of corticosteroids (71.4% vs. 35.7%, p=0.030), whose daily dose was significantly higher in cases than controls [5mg/day (IQR 0-10,) vs. 0 mg/day (IQR 0-5), p=0.005], suggesting that the right timing of usage and the more appropriate dosage of corticosteroid are a key question for the better management of these patients. CONCLUSIONS: Based on our results, patients with BS do not seem to be at a greater risk of SARS-CoV-2 infection or severe complications compared with the general population.

Adherence to oral chemotherapy: Evidence from a randomised clinical trial.

OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the efficacy of a reinforcement message (RM) administered by a hospital pharmacist on adherence, through a randomised study involving patients undergoing oral chemotherapy from which an objective outcome measure and patients' subjective opinions were collected. A secondary aim was to detect which psychological or clinical factors influence adherence. METHODS: Forty patients were enrolled and randomised to an experimental group (EG) or a control group (CG). The EG received a 10-minute RM provided by a hospital pharmacist with a doctor and a nurse. The CG received the standard of care. To measure adherence, plasma drug concentration and subjective evaluation were taken during the visits, in addition to a psychological assessment (coping strategies, psychological distress and personality traits). RESULTS: The EG reported higher drug levels and a statistically significant higher mean score on the subjective evaluation. A linear regression model highlighted statistically significant differences in the plasma drug concentration, after considering toxicity and dose reduction and controlling for the Reward Dependence Scale of the Temperament and Character Inventory between the EG and the CG. CONCLUSION: Adequate information and education on the therapy, using an RM strategy provided by a hospital pharmacist, seems to positively influence adherence to the treatment.

Oxidative Stress and ROS-Mediated Signaling in Leukemia: Novel Promising Perspectives to Eradicate Chemoresistant Cells in Myeloid Leukemia.

Myeloid leukemic cells are intrinsically under oxidative stress due to impaired reactive oxygen species (ROS) homeostasis, a common signature of several hematological malignancies. The present review focuses on the molecular mechanisms of aberrant ROS production in myeloid leukemia cells as well as on the redox-dependent signaling pathways involved in the leukemogenic process. Finally, the relevance of new chemotherapy options that specifically exert their pharmacological activity by altering the cellular redox imbalance will be discussed as an effective strategy to eradicate chemoresistant cells.

Antagonizing S1P3 Receptor with Cell-Penetrating Pepducins in Skeletal Muscle Fibrosis.

S1P is the final product of sphingolipid metabolism, which interacts with five widely expressed GPCRs (S1P1-5). Increasing numbers of studies have indicated the importance of S1P3 in various pathophysiological processes. Recently, we have identified a pepducin (compound KRX-725-II) acting as an S1P3 receptor antagonist. Here, aiming to optimize the activity and selectivity profile of the described compound, we have synthesized a series of derivatives in which Tyr, in position 4, has been substituted with several natural aromatic and unnatural aromatic and non-aromatic amino acids. All the compounds were evaluated for their ability to inhibit vascular relaxation induced by KRX-725 (as S1P3 selective pepducin agonist) and KRX-722 (an S1P1-selective pepducin agonist). Those selective towards S1P3 (compounds V and VII) were also evaluated for their ability to inhibit skeletal muscle fibrosis. Finally, molecular dynamics simulations were performed to derive information on the preferred conformations of selective and unselective antagonists.

Biologics, colchicine, corticosteroids, immunosuppressants and interferon-alpha for Neuro-Behçet's Syndrome.

BACKGROUND: Neuro-Behçet Syndrome (NBS) is a severe chronic inflammatory vascular disease involving the Central Nervous System (CNS), and it is an invalidating condition with disability and a huge impact on quality of life. Recommendations on treatments for NBS include the use of disease-modifying therapies in general, although they are not supported by a systematic review of the evidence. OBJECTIVES: To assess the benefit and harms of available treatments for NBS, including biologics, colchicine, corticosteroids, immunosuppressants and interferon-alpha. SEARCH METHODS: We searched the following databases up to 30 September 2014: Trials Specialised Register of The Cochrane Multiple Sclerosis and Rare Diseases of the Central Nervous System Group, CENTRAL, MEDLINE, EMBASE, CINAHL, LILACS, ORPHANET, Clinicaltrials.gov and World Health Organization (WHO) International Clinical Trials Registry Portal. SELECTION CRITERIA: Randomised controlled trials (RCTs), controlled clinical trials (CCTs), prospective and retrospective controlled cohort studies were eligible to assess the benefit. Patients over 13 years of age with a diagnosis of NBS. For assessment of harms, open-label extension (OLE), case-control studies, population-based registries, case-series and case-reports were additionally planned to be evaluated. DATA COLLECTION AND ANALYSIS: Selection of studies, data extraction and assessment of risk of bias were planned to be carried out independently by two review authors. Standard methodological procedures expected by The Cochrane Collaboration were followed. We planned to perform standard pair-wise meta-analyses for RCTs, and meta-analyses based on the adjusted estimates using the inverse-variance weighted average method for non-randomised studies (NRSs). We planned to present the main results of the review in a 'Summary of Findings' table using the GRADE approach. MAIN RESULTS: No RCTs, CCTs or controlled cohort studies on the benefit of the treatments for NBS met the inclusion criteria of the review. Only one potentially eligible study was identified, but it did not report sufficient details on the patient characteristics. The author of this study did not provide additional data on request, and therefore it was excluded. Hence, no studies were included in the present review. Since no studies were included in the assessment of benefit, no further search was performed in order to collect data on harms. AUTHORS' CONCLUSIONS: There is no evidence to support or refute the benefit of biologics, colchicine, corticosteroids, immunosuppressants and interferon-alpha for the treatment of patients with NBS. Thus, well-designed multicentre RCTs are needed in order to inform and guide clinical practice.

miR-1202 acts as anti-oncomiR in myeloid leukaemia by down-modulating GATA-1S expression.

Transient abnormal myelopoiesis (TAM) is a Down syndrome-related pre-leukaemic condition characterized by somatic mutations in the haematopoietic transcription factor GATA-1 that result in exclusive production of its shorter isoform (GATA-1S). Given the common hallmark of altered miRNA expression profiles in haematological malignancies and the pro-leukaemic role of GATA-1S, we aimed to search for miRNAs potentially able to modulate the expression of GATA-1 isoforms. Starting from an in silico prediction of miRNA binding sites in the GATA-1 transcript, miR-1202 came into our sight as potential regulator of GATA-1 expression. Expression studies in K562 cells revealed that miR-1202 directly targets GATA-1, negatively regulates its expression, impairs GATA-1S production, reduces cell proliferation, and increases apoptosis sensitivity. Furthermore, data from TAM and myeloid leukaemia patients provided substantial support to our study by showing that miR-1202 down-modulation is accompanied by increased GATA-1 levels, with more marked effects on GATA-1S. These findings indicate that miR-1202 acts as an anti-oncomiR in myeloid cells and may impact leukaemogenesis at least in part by down-modulating GATA-1S levels.

Aspirin-loaded electrospun poly(ε-caprolactone) tubular scaffolds: potential small-diameter vascular grafts for thrombosis prevention.

Thrombosis is the main cause of failure of small-diameter synthetic vascular grafts when used for by-pass procedures. The development of bioresorbable vascular scaffolds with localized and sustained intra-luminal antithrombotic drug release could be considered a desirable improvement towards a valuable solution for this relevant clinical need. For this aim, we present the fabrication and characterization of aspirin-loaded electrospun poly(ε-caprolactone) tubular scaffolds as a vascular drug-delivery graft. Three different drug concentrations were considered (i.e., 1, 5 or 10 % w/w). Although a fibrous structure was clearly observed for all the collected scaffolds, aspirin content was directly implied in the final microstructure leading to a bimodal fiber diameter distribution and fused fibers at crossing-points (5 or 10 % w/w). Mechanical response highlighted a direct relationship for modulus and stress at break with the aspirin content, while the elongation at break was not remarkably different for the investigated cases. The temporal drug release was strongly dependent from the amount of loaded aspirin, reaching a steady state release after about 50 h. Finally, the adhesion assay confirmed the capability of the electrospun scaffolds to reduce platelet adhesion/aggregation onto aspirin loaded polymeric fibers. Aspirin-loaded electrospun tubular scaffold could represent a feasible candidate to develop a novel bioresorbable drug-releasing graft for small-diameter vessel replacements.

An Insight into Durability, Electrical Properties and Thermal Behavior of Cementitious Materials Engineered with Graphene Oxide: Does the Oxidation Degree Matter?

Due to global environmental concerns related to climate change, the need to improve the service life of structures and infrastructures is imminently urgent. Structural elements typically suffer service life reductions, leading to poor environmental sustainability and high maintenance costs. Graphene oxide nanosheets (GONSs) effectively dispersed in a cement matrix can promote hydration, refine the microstructure and improve interfacial bonding, leading to enhanced building materials' performance, including mechanical strength and transport properties. Cement-based nanocomposites engineered with GONSs were obtained using two commercial nanofillers, a GO water suspension and a free-flowing GO nanopowder, characterized by fully comparable morphology, size and aspect ratio and different oxidation degrees (i.e., oxygen-to-carbon molar ratio), 0.55 and 0.45, respectively. The dosage of the 2D-nanofiller ranged between 0.01% and 0.2% by weight of cement. The electrical and thermal properties were assessed through electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) and a heat flow meter, respectively. The results were discussed and linked to micrometric porosity investigated by micro-computed tomography (µ-CT) and transport properties as determined by initial surface absorption test (ISAT), boil-water saturation method (BWS) and chloride ion penetration test. Extra-low dosage mortars, especially those loaded with a lower oxidation degree (i.e., 0.45GO), showed decreased permeability and improved barrier to chloride ion transport combined with enhanced thermal and electrical conductivity with respect to that of the control samples.

Polarity signaling balances epithelial contractility and mechanical resistance.

Epithelia maintain a functional barrier during tissue turnover while facing varying mechanical stress. This maintenance requires both dynamic cell rearrangements driven by actomyosin-linked intercellular adherens junctions and ability to adapt to and resist extrinsic mechanical forces enabled by keratin filament-linked desmosomes. How these two systems crosstalk to coordinate cellular movement and mechanical resilience is not known. Here we show that in stratifying epithelia the polarity protein aPKCλ controls the reorganization from stress fibers to cortical actomyosin during differentiation and upward movement of cells. Without aPKC, stress fibers are retained resulting in increased contractile prestress. This aberrant stress is counterbalanced by reorganization and bundling of keratins, thereby increasing mechanical resilience. Inhibiting contractility in aPKCλ-/- cells restores normal cortical keratin networks but also normalizes resilience. Consistently, increasing contractile stress is sufficient to induce keratin bundling and enhance resilience, mimicking aPKC loss. In conclusion, our data indicate that keratins sense the contractile stress state of stratified epithelia and balance increased contractility by mounting a protective response to maintain tissue integrity.

New Materials and Technologies for Durability and Conservation of Building Heritage.

The increase in concrete structures' durability is a milestone to improve the sustainability of buildings and infrastructures. In order to ensure a prolonged service life, it is necessary to detect the deterioration of materials by means of monitoring systems aimed at evaluating not only the penetration of aggressive substances into concrete but also the corrosion of carbon-steel reinforcement. Therefore, proper data collection makes it possible to plan suitable restoration works which can be carried out with traditional or innovative techniques and materials. This work focuses on building heritage and it highlights the most recent findings for the conservation and restoration of reinforced concrete structures and masonry buildings.

A patient-driven registry on Behçet's disease: the AIDA for patients pilot project.

Introduction: This paper describes the creation and preliminary results of a patient-driven registry for the collection of patient-reported outcomes (PROs) and patient-reported experiences (PREs) in Behçet's disease (BD). Methods: The project was coordinated by the University of Siena and the Italian patient advocacy organization SIMBA (Associazione Italiana Sindrome e Malattia di Behçet), in the context of the AIDA (AutoInflammatory Diseases Alliance) Network programme. Quality of life, fatigue, socioeconomic impact of the disease and therapeutic adherence were selected as core domains to include in the registry. Results: Respondents were reached via SIMBA communication channels in 167 cases (83.5%) and the AIDA Network affiliated clinical centers in 33 cases (16.5%). The median value of the Behçet's Disease Quality of Life (BDQoL) score was 14 (IQR 11, range 0-30), indicating a medium quality of life, and the median Global Fatigue Index (GFI) was 38.7 (IQR 10.9, range 1-50), expressing a significant level of fatigue. The mean Beliefs about Medicines Questionnaire (BMQ) necessity-concern differential was 0.9 ± 1.1 (range - 1.8-4), showing that the registry participants prioritized necessity belief over concerns to a limited extent. As for the socioeconomic impact of BD, in 104 out of 187 cases (55.6%), patients had to pay from their own pocket for medical exams required to reach the diagnosis. The low family socioeconomic status (p < 0.001), the presence of any major organ involvement (p < 0.031), the presence of gastro-intestinal (p < 0.001), neurological (p = 0.012) and musculoskeletal (p = 0.022) symptoms, recurrent fever (p = 0.002), and headache (p < 0.001) were associated to a higher number of accesses to the healthcare system. Multiple linear regression showed that the BDQoL score could significantly predict the global socioeconomic impact of BD (F = 14.519, OR 1.162 [CI 0.557-1.766], p < 0.001). Discussion: Preliminary results from the AIDA for Patients BD registry were consistent with data available in the literature, confirming that PROs and PREs could be easily provided by the patient remotely to integrate physician-driven registries with complementary and reliable information.

Tuning multi/pluri-potent stem cell fate by electrospun poly(L-lactic acid)-calcium-deficient hydroxyapatite nanocomposite mats.

In this study, we investigated whether multipotent (human-bone-marrow-derived mesenchymal stem cells [hBM-MSCs]) and pluripotent stem cells (murine-induced pluripotent stem cells [iPSCs] and murine embryonic stem cells [ESCs]) respond to nanocomposite fibrous mats of poly(L-lactic acid) (PLLA) loaded with 1 or 8 wt % of calcium-deficient nanohydroxyapatite (d-HAp). Remarkably, the dispersion of different amounts of d-HAp to PLLA produced a set of materials (PLLA/d-HAp) with similar architectures and tunable mechanical properties. After 3 weeks of culture in the absence of soluble osteogenic factors, we observed the expression of osteogenic markers, including the deposition of bone matrix proteins, in multi/pluripotent cells only grown on PLLA/d-HAp nanocomposites, whereas the osteogenic differentiation was absent on stem-cell-neat PLLA cultures. Interestingly, this phenomenon was confined only in hBM-MSCs, murine iPSCs, and ESCs grown on direct contact with the PLLA/d-HAp mats. Altogether, these results indicate that the osteogenic differentiation effect of these electrospun PLLA/d-HAp nanocomposites was independent of the stem cell type and highlight the direct interaction of stem cell-polymeric nanocomposite and the mechanical properties acquired by the PLLA/d-HAp nanocomposites as key steps for the differentiation process.

Sol-gel derived 45S5 bioglass: synthesis, microstructural evolution and thermal behaviour.

In this work, the 45S5 bioactive glass was synthesized through an aqueous sol-gel method. Characteristic functional groups were evidenced by Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, the thermal behaviour was investigated by thermogravimetric and differential thermal analysis, crystallization kinetics and phase evolution were followed by X-ray diffraction measurements. The sintering behaviour of the sol-gel derived 45S5 was then studied by dilatometry and the microstructural evolution was followed step-by-step, interrupting the thermal cycle at different temperatures. In vitro dissolution tests were performed in order to assess the degradation behaviour of sol-gel derived 45S5 samples thermally treated at different temperatures. A relevant influence of the calcination conditions (namely, dwelling time and temperature) of the as-prepared powder on the phase appearance and its sintering behaviour as well as on the porosity features, in terms of pore dimension and interconnectivity, of the fired materials was stated.

Assessment of in vitro temporal corrosion and cytotoxicity of AZ91D alloy.

Magnesium alloys represent a valuable option for the production of bioresorbable implantable medical devices aimed to improve the therapeutic approach and minimize the potential risks related to biostable materials. In this regard, the degradation process needs to be carefully evaluated in order to assess the effectiveness of the regenerative support and the eventual toxic effects induced by the released corrosion products. Aluminium is one of the most common alloying element that raised several safety concerns, contributing to shift the investigation toward Al-free alloys. To delve into this issue, a long-term investigation (up to 28 days) was performed using AZ91D alloy, due to its relevant Al content. Immersion tests in phosphate buffered saline (PBS) solution was performed following the ASTM standards and the corrosion behaviour was evaluated at fixed time points by means of electrochemical techniques. Cytotoxic effects were assessed by culturing human neuroblastoma cells with conditioned medium derived from immersion tests at different dilution degree. An increase in the resistance corrosion with the time was observed. In all the investigated cases the presence of Al in the conditioned media did not induce significant toxic effects directly correlated to its content. A decrease of cell viability was only observed in the case of 50 % dilution of PBS conditioned for the longest immersion period (i.e., 28 days).

Understanding Contextual Factors Effects and Their Implications for Italian Physiotherapists: Findings from a National Cross-Sectional Study.

An online cross-sectional survey was conducted using Google Docs software. The aim was to understand the management of contextual factors and to identify which are most relevant and which clinicians underestimate. A total of 1250 physiotherapists were chosen from the database of the Manual Therapists group mailing list (GTM-IFOMPT MO) from July to August 2020. A total of 699 responses were received that were considered valid (56%). Participants (40.83%) identified contextual factors (CFs) as "any element, even involuntary, with which the patient interacts during treatment". Physiotherapists individually chose the representation of CF with the "therapeutic relationship" (82.9%), followed by "therapeutic setting" (75.8%). This choice differed between participants belonging to different age groups. Participants favor communication strategies (76.93%). More than half (57.88%) pay attention to patient involvement during the course of care; and in response to the patients' doubts about the use of treatments with limited scientific efficacy, they suggest different medical treatments. The patient's previous clinical experience is not considered significant and does not influence the choice of treatment. Subsequently, however, the participants reported that they stimulate the patients' positive expectations of the success of the clinical outcome (45.27%). Knowledge of contextual factors in physiotherapy appears limited and very heterogeneous. Future research could increase the focus on professional development.

Exploring the Leukemogenic Potential of GATA-1S, the Shorter Isoform of GATA-1: Novel Insights into Mechanisms Hampering Respiratory Chain Complex II Activity and Limiting Oxidative Phosphorylation Efficiency.

GATA-1 is a key regulator of hematopoiesis. A balanced ratio of its two isoforms, GATA-1FL and GATA-1S, contributes to normal hematopoiesis, whereas aberrant expression of GATA-1S alters the differentiation/proliferation potential of hematopoietic precursors and represents a poor prognostic factor in myeloid leukemia. We previously reported that GATA-1S over-expression correlates with high levels of the succinate dehydrogenase subunit C (SDHC). Alternative splicing variants of the SDHC transcript are over-expressed in several tumors and act as potent dominant negative inhibitors of SDH activity. With this in mind, we investigated the levels of SDHC variants and the oxidative mitochondrial metabolism in myeloid leukemia K562 cells over-expressing GATA-1 isoforms. Over-expression of SDHC variants accompanied by decreased SDH complex II activity and oxidative phosphorylation (OXPHOS) efficiency was found associated only with GATA-1S. Given the tumor suppressor role of SDH and the effects of OXPHOS limitations in leukemogenesis, identification of a link between GATA-1S and impaired complex II activity unveils novel pro-leukemic mechanisms triggered by GATA-1S. Abnormal levels of GATA-1S and SDHC variants were also found in an acute myeloid leukemia patient, thus supporting in vitro results. A better understanding of these mechanisms can contribute to identify novel promising therapeutic targets in myeloid leukemia.

Discovery of a Novel Inhibitor of Human Purine Nucleoside Phosphorylase by a Simple Hydrophilic Interaction Liquid Chromatography Enzymatic Assay.

Human purine nucleoside phosphorylase (HsPNP) belongs to the purine salvage pathway of nucleic acids. Genetic deficiency of this enzyme triggers apoptosis of activated T-cells due to the accumulation of deoxyguanosine triphosphate (dGTP). Therefore, potential chemotherapeutic applications of human PNP inhibitors include the treatment of T-cell leukemia, autoimmune diseases and transplant tissue rejection. In this report, we present the discovery of novel HsPNP inhibitors by coupling experimental and computational tools. A simple, inexpensive, direct and non-radioactive enzymatic assay coupled to hydrophilic interaction liquid chromatography and UV detection (LC-UV using HILIC as elution mode) was developed for screening HsPNP inhibitors. Enzymatic activity was assessed by monitoring the phosphorolysis of inosine (Ino) to hypoxanthine (Hpx) by LC-UV. A small library of 6- and 8-substituted nucleosides was synthesized and screened. The inhibition potency of the most promising compound, 8-aminoinosine (4), was quantified through Ki and IC50 determinations. The effect of HsPNP inhibition was also evaluated in vitro through the study of cytotoxicity on human T-cell leukemia cells (CCRF-CEM). Docking studies were also carried out for the most potent compound, allowing further insights into the inhibitor interaction at the HsPNP active site. This study provides both new tools and a new lead for developing novel HsPNP inhibitors.

Being a caregiver of a Behçet's syndrome patient: challenges and perspectives during a complex journey.

BACKGROUND: As often seen in many chronic diseases, the disease impact on patients also induces a significant impact on the quality of life (QoL) of caregivers. Caregivers are the ones who are really willing to offer care in the general approach of many aspects of the disease, including the awareness of the diseases itself, the daily management of therapy, and all the potential challenges that living with a chronic disease can include. The main objectives of the study were to explore the perspectives and views of caregivers of Behçet's syndrome (BS) patients, to study their level of awareness on the disease and the impact that BS may have on their lives by means of a survey co-designed with caregivers and patients with this purpose. A survey was entirely co-designed with a panel of caregivers of patients living with BS patients. RESULTS: Results show that BS caregivers organise their life according to the needs of the patient, that they (79%) considered themselves as helpful for the patient and 53% of them replied that they can freely express their emotions. Notably, 70% and 68% of the respondents reported they renounced with a variable frequency to sexual relationships due to concerns regarding the health of the partner or to the partner's illness, respectively. The majority (79%) of respondents indicated that they are familiar with the treatment taken by the patients and that 68% deal with the administration of some medicines. In terms of awareness, a good percentage (64%) of respondents reported to understand the illness and, in terms of education, 68% of participants are willing to take part in training programmes dedicated to BS. CONCLUSIONS: The results of this survey contribute to provide new information on BS caregivers and on their important role, and to identify areas in which new initiatives could provide BS caregivers (and therefore patients) with tools and knowledge that can empower them in reducing the burden of the disease on their lives, on families, and on the patient.