Improving the medium composition for the production of the natural blue-violet pigment violacein by a new Janthinobacterium sp. isolate.

The interest in natural compounds has increased primarily due to their beneficial health and environmental aspects. However, natural sources of some compounds, such as bluish pigments, are limited, requiring the development of efficient processes to meet commercial demands. This study isolated a blue-violet bacterium from spoiled cooked rice and identified it as a potential new species of Janthinobacterium through 16S rDNA analysis. Ultra-high performance liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry analyses confirmed that the blue-violet pigment violacein was responsible for the bluish color. In laboratory conditions, different carbon and nitrogen sources were evaluated in submerged culture media to enhance pigment production. Glycerol did not result in significant pigment production by this strain, as expected from previous reports. Instead, a culture medium composed of yeast extract and fructose yielded higher pigment production, reaching about 113.68 ± 16.68 mg l-1 after 120 h. This result provides crucial insights for future studies aiming for sustainable and commercially viable violacein production. Based on a bioeconomy concept, this approach has the potential to supply natural and economic bluish pigments for various industrial sectors, including pharmaceutical, cosmetic, and food.

Structural properties and evaluation of the antiproliferative activity of limonene-1,2-diol obtained by the fungal biotransformation of R-(+)- and S-(-)-limonene.

Limonene-1,2-diol is a limonene oxygenated metabolite that possesses eight different stereoisomers, which could result in different biological properties. Nonetheless, the relation between its spatial configuration and biological function is still little explored. The present study aimed to perform the stereoisomers identification using nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) investigation of the limonene-1,2-diol produced via R-(+)- and S-(-)-limonene biotransformation by Colletotrichum nymphaeae and S-(-)-limonene biotransformation by Fusarium oxysporum 152B. Besides, in vitro antiproliferative activity was evaluated against human tumor and nontumor cell lines. The NMR analysis showed that R-(+)-limonene biotransformation afforded exclusively (+)-(1S,2S,4R-limonene-1,2-diol), whereas S-(-)-limonene biotransformation afforded exclusively (-)-(1R,2R,4S-limonene-1,2-diol) independent on the fungi used. Despite no significant cytostatic effects, a possible influence of stereogenic center on the antiproliferative activity of these limonene biotransformation products was evidenced. Moreover, the lack of in vitro antiproliferative effect of limonene-1,2-diol against nontumor cells suggested a safe dose range for further in vivo evaluations, including food applications.

Relation of shear stress and KLa on bikaverin production by Fusarium oxysporum CCT7620 in a bioreactor.

This study involved evaluating the effects of rotational impeller speed agitation (N) and specific air flow rate (Фair) on bikaverin production and on the growth of Fusarium oxysporum employing 11 bench-scale bioreactor assays. The results showed that the maximum bikaverin production (close to 300 mg L-1) was achieved after 48 h of fermentation in rice medium (20 g L-1 milled rice in water) at 28 °C with a volumetric oxygen transfer coefficient (KLa) and shear stress values of approximately 20 h-1 and 17 N m-2, respectively. We reached this combination of parameters using an N of 340 rpm and Фair of 0.935 vvm. These KLa and shear stress values can be used as references when upscaling this process. Thus, this study was important to demonstrate how the main parameters in bioreactors affect bikaverin production and it presented important indications for upscaling this bioprocess.

Comparison of Two Methods for Counting Molds in Fermentations Using the Production of Bikaverin by Fusarium oxysporum CCT7620 as a Model.

The dry cell weight (DCW) measurement is one of the preferred methods to determine the growth of filamentous fungi. However, this technique is not applicable to insoluble culture media, besides being possibly influenced by the presence of extracellular biomass. The standard plate counting (SPC) is a reference method for detecting viable cells; however, it is referred as imprecise. In this study, we did a comprehensive analysis of the errors associated to each procedure and also determined the growth kinetics of Fusarium oxysporum in soluble (DCW and SPC) and insoluble (SPC) culture media. Finally, we used the production of bikaverin in airlift bioreactor containing insoluble medium as a case study to estimate red pigment production and to monitor biomass growth via SPC. We concluded that SPC can be used to give reliable fungal growth kinetics in media with insoluble matter, yielding errors equivalent to DCW depending on the number of replicates done for serial dilutions and plate counting.

Monoterpene biotransformation by Colletotrichum species.

OBJECTIVE: To investigate the biocatalytic potential of Colletotrichum acutatum and Colletotrichum nymphaeae for monoterpene biotransformation. RESULTS: C. acutatum and C. nymphaeae used limonene, α-pinene, ß-pinene, farnesene, citronellol, linalool, geraniol, perillyl alcohol, and carveol as sole carbon and energy sources. Both species biotransformed limonene and linalool, accumulating limonene-1,2-diol and linalool oxides, respectively. α-Pinene was only biotransformed by C. nymphaeae producing campholenic aldehyde, pinanone and verbenone. The biotransformation of limonene by C. nymphaeae yielded 3.34-4.01 g limonene-1,2-diol l-1, depending on the substrate (R-(+)-limonene, S-(-)-limonene or citrus terpene (an agro-industrial by-product). This is among the highest concentrations already reported for this product. CONCLUSIONS: This is the first report on the biotransformation of these terpenes by Colletotrichum spp. and the biotransformation of limonene to limonene-1,2-diol possibly involves enzymes similar to those found in Grosmannia clavigera.

Lipase-mediated alcoholysis for in situ production of ester bioaromas in licuri oil for cosmetic applications.

Bioaromas can be produced by lipases either through their hydrolytic or (trans)esterifying activities. Therefore, this work reports the development of a lipase-catalyzed biotransformed licuri oil, forming volatile ethyl esters with odor notes resembling tropical fruits. Ethyl octanoate formation was promoted when 7.0 % (m/v) Lipozyme 435® was used to convert a grain alcohol:licuri oil mixture (51:49, v/v) at 58ºC and 70 rpm for 6 hours. The biotransformed oil has shown antimicrobial activity against Staphylococcus hominis, S. epidermidis, and Corynebacterium xerosis, bacteria associated with bad skin odor. Finally, this biotransformed oil was used without further treatments (e.g., recovery or purification procedures) to prepare two cosmetic formulations (in a dosage of 1.5 %), aiming for both fragrant and deodorant activity.

Antifungal activity of cercosporamide produced by Phaeosphaeriaceae GV-1 against pathogenic fungi.

Fungal infections affect millions of people worldwide, and the several cases are related to invasive infections, which is a problem mainly for immunocompromised people, such as transplant and cancer patients with high mortality and morbidity rates. In addition, the number of emerging and multidrug-resistant fungal species has increased in the last decade. The search for new antifungal compounds is necessary, due to the increase in cases of resistance and the toxicity of drugs used in fungal infection treatment. This work aimed to study the antifungal activity of cercosporamide produced by Phaeosphaeriaceae GV-1. Cercosporamide was tested against pathogenic fungi by determining the minimum inhibitory (MIC) and minimum fungicidal (MFC) concentrations, using the broth microdilution method. Cercosporamide showed antifungal activity in vitro against 13 of 16 strains of medical importance tested, with the most susceptible species being Candida tropicalis, with MIC and MFC of 15.6 µg/mL. Thus, cercosporamide might be considered a promising therapeutic antifungal agent.

Development of whitening mouth rinses formulated with mushroom residues and their effect on enamel's physical properties.

Objectives: This study aimed to develop whitening mouth rinses formulated with industrial mushrooms and compare them with over-the-counter whitening mouth rinses. Materials and Methods: Formulations with black shimeji mushrooms, mushroom substrates, and mushroom stalks were developed. Bovine enamel/dentin samples were divided into 7 groups (n = 10): Colgate Luminous White, Listerine Whitening Extreme (LWE), Listerine Cool Mint (LC), mushroom extract rinse (MEC), mushroom substrate rinse (MSB), mushroom stalk rinse (MTC), and artificial saliva. Samples were stained with black tea for 6 days, and then were immersed in 100 mL of each mouth rinse twice daily for 14 days. Color parameters (CIELAB [ΔE*], CIEDE2000 [ΔE00], whiteness index for dentistry [ΔWID]) and microhardness (Knoop hardness number [KHN]) were analyzed at T1 (initial), T2 (24 hours), and T3 (7 days). Mouth rinse pH was measured, and enamel was examined using a scanning electron microscope. Data were analyzed using generalized linear models, and KHN with the generalized linear mixed model for repeated measures (p ≤ 0.05). Results: ΔE* was higher in LW and MSB groups. No significant differences were found for ΔE00 (p = 0.0982) and ΔWID (p = 0.2536). Experimental mouth rinses did not promote enamel whitening based on ΔE00 and ΔWID. LWE and LC reduced KHN and had a more acidic pH, while MEC had higher KHN at T2. MEC, MSB, and MTC had alkaline pH, not altering the tooth surface. Conclusions: Black shimeji mushrooms are promising for mouth rinse development due to their alkaline pH and non-altering effect on surface microhardness.

The Consumption of the Fibrous Fraction of Solanum lycocarpum St. Hil. Does Not Preserve the Intestinal Mucosa in TNBS-Induced Rats.

Solanum lycocarpum St. Hil. is considered a natural anti-inflammatory. In traditional medicine, it is used to reduce cholesterol levels in the treatment of obesity. Foods capable of conferring a protective and nutritious effect have been used to prevent or attenuate the clinical symptoms of inflammatory bowel diseases. Ulcerative colitis is a multifactorial inflammatory bowel disease. This study investigated the impact of the consumption of the fibrous fraction (FF) and resistant starch (RS) of fruta-do-lobo in an experimental model of colitis induced with the use 2,4,6-trinitrobenzene sulphonic acid (TNBS) in rats. The different colitis groups all experienced decreased weight gain, which could be linked to the inflammatory process (p = 0.603). Additionally, the experimental model led to increased oxidative stress, higher levels of pro-inflammatory cytokines, and the elevated gene expression of these cytokines. Despite this, consuming the fibrous fraction of fruta-do-lobo (RS and FF) did not appear to protect the animals against the inflammatory process. Regarding the expression of TNF-α, only the group treated with the drug mesalamine had a reduced serum level of this inflammatory marker (p = 0.03). Our results showed that the diet containing RS and FF did not protect the intestinal mucosa against TNBS inflammation. New studies on the variation in the time of consumption or the supplemented dose of fruta-do-lobo fibers could help to elucidate their effects in protecting the mucosa.

Supercritical CO2 as a Valuable Tool for Aroma Technology.

This review addresses the possibilities of using supercritical carbon dioxide (SC-CO2) in the flavor industry in extraction and fractionation processes and its use as a reaction medium to generate aroma esters. The advantages and disadvantages are presented, comparing SC-CO2 processing with traditional methods. The most distinguishable features of SC-CO2 include mild reaction conditions, time savings, fewer toxicity concerns, higher sustainability, and the possibility of modulating solvent selectivity according to the process conditions (such as pressure and temperature). Thus, this review indicates the potential of using SC-CO2 to obtain a high selectivity of compounds that can be applied in aroma technology and related fields.

Lignocellulosic substrates as starting materials for the production of bioactive biopigments.

The search for sustainable processes is constantly increasing in the last years, so reusing, recycling and adding value to residues and by-products from agroindustry is a consolidated area of research. Particularly in the field of fermentation technology, the lignocellulosic substrates have been used to produce a diversity of chemicals, fuels and food additives. These residues or by-products are rich sources of carbon, which may be used to yield fermentescible sugars upon hydrolysis, but are usually inaccessible to enzyme and microbial attack. Therefore, pre-treatments (e.g. hydrolysis, steam explosion, biological pretreatment or others) are required prior to microbial action. Biopigments are added-value compounds that can be produced biotechnologically, including fermentation processes employing lignocellulosic substrates. These molecules are important not only for their coloring properties, but also for their biological activities. Therefore, this paper discusses the most recent and relevant processes for biopigment production using lignocellulosic substrates (solid-state fermentation) or their hydrolysates.

Natural blue pigments and bikaverin.

In last years, the main studied microbial sources of natural blue pigments have been the eukaryotic algae, Rhodophytes and Cryptophytes, and the cyanobacterium Arthrospira (Spirulina) platensis, responsible for the production of phycocyanin, one of the most important blue compounds approved for food and cosmetic use. Recent research also includes the indigoidine pigment from the bacteria Erwinia, Streptomyces and Photorhabdus. Despite these advances, there are still few options of microbial blue pigments reported so far, but the interest in these products is high due to the lack of stable natural blue pigments in nature. Filamentous fungi are particularly attractive for their ability to produce pigments with a wide range of colors. Bikaverin is a red metabolite present mainly in species of the genus Fusarium. Although originally red, the biomass containing bikaverin changes its color to blue after heat treatment, through a mechanism still unknown. In addition to the special behavior of color change by thermal treatment, bikaverin has beneficial biological properties, such as antimicrobial and antiproliferative activities, which can expand its use for the pharmaceutical and medical sectors. The present review addresses the production natural blue pigments and focuses on the properties of bikaverin, which can be an important source of blue pigment with potential applications in the food industry and in other industrial sectors.

Delaying crystallization in single fractionated palm olein with limonene addition.

Single fractionated palm olein (OL) becomes cloudy when submitted to low temperatures. To overcome this technological issue, the use of appropriate additives delays or prevents its clouding. Limonene is considered a green additive, and studies revealed that it modulates fat crystallization. This study evaluated the influence of adding R-(+)-limonene, in different concentrations (1-10%), into OL, regarding its crystallization behavior. The findings show that addition of limonene reduced solid fat content (SFC), crystallization temperature by differential scanning calorimetry (DSC), and cloud point of OL, and the results were more pronounced at higher concentrations of limonene. The blend OL + 10% limonene presented the best resistance in cold stability. From the obtained results, the blends fitted as intermediate products between an OL and a super palm olein (SOL), with substantial improvement in reducing crystals' formation in OL. Limonene can be considered a green anti-crystallizer with potential application in different areas, such as cosmetics and biodiesel.

Comprehensive study of α-terpineol-loaded oil-in-water (O/W) nanoemulsion: interfacial property, formulation, physical and chemical stability.

In this study, the interfacial ability of α-terpineol (α-TOH) was reported, followed by its trapping into oil-in-water (O/W) nanoemulsion as active-ingredient and the long-term observation of this nanosystem influenced by the storage-time (410-days) and temperature (5, 25, 50 °C). The results indicated that the α-TOH can reduce the interfacial tension on the liquid-liquid interface (ΔG°m = -1.81 KJ mol-1; surface density = 8.19 × 10-6 mol m-2; polar head group area = 20.29 Å2), in the absence or presence of surfactant. The O/W nanoemulsion loaded with a high amount of α-TOH (90 mg mL-1; 9α-TOH-NE) into the oil phase was successfully formulated. Among the physical parameters, the mean droplet diameter (MDD) showed a great thermal dependence influenced by the storage-temperature, where the Ostwald ripening (OR) was identified as the main destabilizing phenomena that was taking place on 9α-TOH-NE at 5 and 25 °C along with time. Despite of the physical instability, the integrity of both nanoemulsion at 5 °C and 25 °C was fully preserved up to 410th day, displaying a homogeneous and comparable appearance by visual observation. On contrary, a non-thermal dependence was found for chemical stability, where over 88% of the initial amount of the α-TOH nanoemulsified remained in both 9α-TOH-NE at 5 and 25 °C, up to 410th day. Beyond the key data reported for α-TOH, the importance of this research relies on the long-term tracking of a nanostructured system which can be useful for scientific community as a model for a robust evaluation of nanoemulsion loaded with flavor oils.

Recovery and purification of bikaverin produced by Fusarium oxysporum CCT7620.

Microbial pigments have a distinguished potential for applications in food and pharmaceutical industries, stimulating the research in this field. The present study evaluated the ideal conditions for extracting bikaverin (red pigment) from the biomass of Fusarium oxysporum CCT7620. Among the solvents tested, ethyl acetate extraction resulted in the highest bikaverin concentration and the kinetic study revealed a saturation in bikaverin concentration from 256 min on. Based on a preliminary economic study, three sequential extractions with ethyl acetate was considered the ideal protocol to recover bikaverin. After extraction, chromatographic methods were tested to purify bikaverin. The use of silica gel or Sephadex (open column) could not successfully purify bikaverin, but the semi-preparative HPLC resulted in a bikaverin-enriched fraction with a purity degree equivalent to the commercial analytical standard. This work provides relevant information regarding the extraction and purification of bikaverin, which may be useful for other downstraming processes.

Non-nutrients and nutrients from Latin American fruits for the prevention of cardiovascular diseases.

Non-communicable diseases (NCDs) have been rapidly increasing; among them, cardiovascular diseases (CVDs) are responsible for around 1/3 of deaths in the world. Environmental factors play a central role in their development. Diet is a very important factor in this scenario, and the intake of fruits and vegetables has been considered as one of the critical strategies for reducing the risk of CVDs. Fruits are a source of micronutrients and bioactive compounds that could have cardioprotective effects through several distinct mechanisms, such as antioxidant, antithrombotic and antiplatelet activities, vasodilatation, improvement of plasma lipid profiles, and modulation of inflammatory signaling. Brazil has a very rich and unexplored biodiversity in its different biomes, with several types of fruit, which are a source of bioactive compounds and micronutrients with therapeutic properties. In this sense, this review shows the current knowledge regarding the cardioprotective properties of selected Latin American and Brazilian fruits, including their effects on the activation of platelets and on the inflammation processes involved in atherosclerosis and cardiovascular diseases.

The effect of α-terpineol enantiomers on biomarkers of rats fed a high-fat diet.

Alpha-terpineol is a monoterpenoid found in many essential oils, being widely used in food and household products. In vitro antioxidant and anti-inflammatory activities have already been associated with this alcohol; therefore, this study aimed to check if these properties were also present in vivo, counteracting the oxidant and inflammatory effects of a high-fat diet, as well as if there were differences in the biological activities among the two α-terpineol enantiomers. Thus, this work evaluated the effect of supplementation of α-terpineol enantiomers (at 25, 50 and 100 mg/kg of diet) on biological parameters of diet-induced obese Sprague-Dawley rats. In general, α-terpineol improved the nutritional parameters of rats fed a high-fat diet. The intake of α-terpineol at concentrations ≥50 mg/kg was able to reestablish the insulin sensibility and reduced (p < 0.05) serum levels of pro-inflammatory cytokines TNF-α and IL-1ß, when compared with the control group. The intake of R-(+)- and (-)-α-terpineol decreased the TNF-α level by approximately 1.5 and 3.4 times, respectively, when compared with the high-fat group, regardless of the concentration. Moreover, both enantiomers at 50 mg/kg decreased the levels of serum thiobarbituric acid reactive substances (TBARS) by 2.6-4.2 times, while hepatic TBARS were reduced in approximately 1.6 times, regardless of the compound and concentration tested. Further experiments are suggested to confirm the mechanisms and the security of α-terpineol in different experimental models and more extended exposure experiments.

Interplay between food and gut microbiota in health and disease.

Numerous microorganisms colonize the human gastrointestinal tract playing pivotal roles in relation to digestion and absorption of dietary components. They biotransform food components and produce metabolites, which in combination with food components shape and modulate the host immune system and metabolic responses. Reciprocally, the diet modulates the composition and functional capacity of the gut microbiota, which subsequently influence host biochemical processes establishing a system of mutual interaction and inter-dependency. Macronutrients, fibers, as well as polyphenols and prebiotics are strong drivers shaping the composition of the gut microbiota. Especially, short-chain fatty acids produced from ingested fibers and tryptophan metabolites are key in modulating host immune responses. Since reciprocal interactions between diet, host, and microbiota are personal, understanding this complex network of interactions calls for novel use of large datasets and the implementation of machine learning algorithms and artificial intelligence. In this review, we aim to provide a base for future investigations of how interactions between food components and gut microbiota may influence or even determine human health and disease.

Iridoid blue-based pigments of Genipa americana L. (Rubiaceae) extract: Influence of pH and temperature on color stability and antioxidant capacity during in vitro simulated digestion.

Iridoid blue-based pigments (IBBP) extract of Genipa americana L. represents a natural alternative additive for food applications and also exerts desirable biological effects on human health. In this study the iridoids present in the extract were identified, the influence of pH and temperature on color difference (ΔE) of IBBP was evaluated using a central composite design (CCD) and finally the antioxidant capacity was monitored before and after its in vitro digestion. Ten glucoside iridoids were detected and the main compounds identified were genipin, genipin 1-ß-gentiobioside and geniposide. It was also observed an increase of 17-18% of antioxidant capacity after the in vitro digestion, respectively. Among the conditions tested, the color of extract was more stable at 12-20 °C and low pH (3.0-4.0), suggesting that it is compatible for coloring acidic foods. Finally, the in vitro digestion also increased the antioxidant capacity (ORAC assay) by 39%.

Current status of whitening agents and enzymes in Dentistry

Abstract This study reviews the knowledge on the use of conventional dental whitening and the use of enzymes as a new approach in bleaching. A review of the literature was based on academic articles and on patents related to the use of enzymes in dental bleaching. Tooth whitening techniques used nowadays are well reported in the literature, and its mechanism of action consists of an oxidoreduction reaction with the release of free radicals. The great instability of radicals, when in contact with the tissues, promotes oxidation and reduction in the size of the pigment chains incorporated into them. These pigments are eventually broken down into smaller and smaller molecular chains and end up being diffused from the dental structure. In turn, the use of enzymes aimed at tooth whitening can be a less harmful alternative to the tooth because their specificity regarding the substrate makes them of great interest to perform specific reactions, reducing collateral effects. The use of proteolytic enzymes and oxidoreductases paired with the application of peroxides, can be a promising alternative for obtaining even better results in the dental bleaching process.