Phase Stability of Hexagonal/Cubic Boron Nitride Nanocomposites.

Boron nitride (BN) is an exceptional material, and among its polymorphs, two-dimensional (2D) hexagonal and three-dimensional (3D) cubic BN (h-BN and c-BN) phases are most common. The phase stability regimes of these BN phases are still under debate, and phase transformations of h-BN/c-BN remain a topic of interest. Here, we investigate the phase stability of 2D/3D h-BN/c-BN nanocomposites and show that the coexistence of two phases can lead to strong nonlinear optical properties and low thermal conductivity at room temperature. Furthermore, spark-plasma sintering of the nanocomposite shows complete phase transformation to 2D h-BN with improved crystalline quality, where 3D c-BN possibly governs the nucleation and growth kinetics. Our demonstration might be insightful in phase engineering of BN polymorph-based nanocomposites with desirable properties for optoelectronics and thermal energy management applications.

Exceptional-point-induced asymmetric mode conversion in a dual-core optical fiber segment.

The engineering of exceptional points (EPs) in open optical systems has lately attracted much attention for developing future all-optical devices. However, investigation of the fascinating features of EPs in fiber geometries is lacking. We design a fabrication feasible dual-core optical fiber segment, where non-Hermiticity in terms of a symmetric customized gain-loss profile is introduced to modulate the interaction between two corresponding coupled modes toward hosting a dynamical EP encirclement scheme in the gain-loss parameter space. An asymmetric conversion process between two supported modes is reported by exploiting the chirality of the encountered EP. The proposed scheme can lead to an advanced platform to design mode-manipulative all-optical components in communication and all-fiber photonic devices.

Adaptive optics correction into single mode fiber for a low Earth orbiting space to ground optical communication link using the OPALS downlink.

An adaptive optics (AO) testbed was integrated to the Optical PAyload for Lasercomm Science (OPALS) ground station telescope at the Optical Communications Telescope Laboratory (OCTL) as part of the free space laser communications experiment with the flight system on board the International Space Station (ISS). Atmospheric turbulence induced aberrations on the optical downlink were adaptively corrected during an overflight of the ISS so that the transmitted laser signal could be efficiently coupled into a single mode fiber continuously. A stable output Strehl ratio of around 0.6 was demonstrated along with the recovery of a 50 Mbps encoded high definition (HD) video transmission from the ISS at the output of the single mode fiber. This proof of concept demonstration validates multi-Gbps optical downlinks from fast slewing low-Earth orbiting (LEO) spacecraft to ground assets in a manner that potentially allows seamless space to ground connectivity for future high data-rates network.

Sunlight induced unique morphological transformation in graphene based nanohybrids: appearance of a new tetra-nanohybrid and tuning of functional property of these nanohybrids.

In this study, sunlight was used for in situ preparation of gel-based various nanohybrid systems. A naturally occurring amino acid, l-phenylalanine derivative formed a hydrogel with graphene oxide (GO)/reduced graphene oxide (rGO) at physiological pH. This hydrogel was then used in the presence of silver ions and diffuse sunlight to form initially a tri-nanohybrid system consisting of six atom silver nanoclusters, nanosheets, and nanofibers. Interestingly, a time-dependent morphological transformation occurs in this nanohybrid system to form one tri-nanohybrid to another tri-nanohybrid with the appearance of a novel, nanoscopic intermediate tetra-nanohybrid system consisting of four distinctly different nanomaterials (nanofibers, nanosheets, nanospheres, and nanoparticles). UV-Vis and fluorescence spectroscopic analyses, transmission electron microscopic, X-ray photo electron spectroscopic and MALDI-TOF mass spectral analyses with time were applied to characterise these morphological transformations in gel based nanohybrids. Time-dependent X-ray photo electron spectroscopic (XPS) analysis was used to uncover the mechanism for the transformation of silver nanoclusters to silver nanoparticles in the hydrogel matrix. Sunlight was used to trigger time-dependent structural transformation in the nanohybrid systems. Interestingly, one of these tri-nanohybrid systems (silver nanoparticles containing rGO based hydrogel) shows a catalytic property of reducing nitroarenes to aminoarenes and the catalytic efficiency can be modulated by changing the size of the silver nanoparticles with time in diffuse sunlight. The mechanism for different catalytic activities for different hybrids with varying size of silver nanoparticles has also been deciphered.

Applications of surface-enhanced Raman scattering in advanced bio-medical technologies and diagnostics.

In this review of the literature on surface-enhanced Raman scattering (SERS), we describe recent developments of this technique in the medical field. SERS has developed rapidly in the last few years as a result of the fascinating advancements in instrumentation and the ability to interpret complex Raman data using high-processional, computer-aided programs. This technique, has many advantages over ordinary spectroscopic analytical techniques - such as extremely high sensitivity, molecular selectivity, intense signal and great precision - that can be leveraged to address complex medical diagnostics problems. This review focuses on the SERS-active substrate, as well as major advances in cancer and bacteria detection and imaging. Finally, we present a perspective on anticipated future advancements in SERS techniques to address some of the most critical challenges in the areas of diagnostics, detection, and sensing.

Evaluating the Association Between Iron Deficiency Anemia and Febrile Convulsion Among Children Aged 6-60 Months Admitted to a Tertiary Care Hospital in Eastern India: A Case-Control Study.

Background and objective Anemia, particularly iron deficiency anemia (IDA), presents a significant global health challenge, particularly among children under the age of five years in developing nations. Concurrently, febrile convulsions (FC) affect up to 5% of neurologically healthy children aged 6-60 months, causing considerable distress among parents. There is a suggested correlation between fever and iron deficiency, which may exacerbate neurological risks, potentially lowering seizure thresholds and increasing the risk of FC. However, studies investigating the relationship between IDA and FC have shown conflicting results. In light of this, this study aimed to explore this relationship among children aged 6-60 months in Eastern India, an area where this association has yet to be thoroughly investigated. Materials and methods The case-control study included children aged 6-60 months. The cases consisted of children presenting with FC, while controls comprised children in the same age group presenting with febrile illness but without seizures. Informed consent was obtained, a detailed history was taken, and clinical examinations were conducted for both groups. Blood investigations were performed to diagnose IDA according to WHO criteria: hemoglobin <11 gm/dl with the classical triad of low mean corpuscular volume (MCV), low mean corpuscular hemoglobin (MCH), and low mean corpuscular hemoglobin concentration (MCHC) for age. Data analysis was performed using the R-based software Jamovi 2.4.8. with appropriate statistical tests. Results We included 81 cases and 80 controls. The study found a statistically significant association between IDA and FC with an odds ratio (OR) of 2.25 [95% confidence interval (CI): 1.03-4.91; p=0.039]. Additionally, the study revealed that hemoglobin levels, MCH, MCV, and MCHC were lower among cases compared to controls, while the red cell distribution width (RDW) was higher. Both these findings regarding RBC indices were statistically significant (p<0.05). Conclusions Our findings indicate a statistically significant association between IDA and FC among children under five years of age. Implementing measures to prevent IDA and strengthening existing strategies may help alleviate the burden of FC in this vulnerable population.

The Safety of the Laryngeal Mask Airway in Adenotonsillectomy: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis.

BACKGROUND: Adenotonsillectomy is one of the most common surgical procedures worldwide. The current standard for securing the airway in patients undergoing adenotonsillectomy is endotracheal tube (ETT) intubation. Several studies have investigated the use of the laryngeal mask airway (LMA) in this procedure. We conducted a systematic review and meta-analysis to compare the safety and efficacy of the LMA versus ETT in adenotonsillectomy. METHOD: Databases were searched from inception to 2022 for randomized controlled trials and comparative studies. Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA) guidelines were followed. The primary outcome is the rate of perioperative respiratory adverse events (PRAEs). Secondary outcomes included the rate of conversion to ETT, desaturations, nausea/vomiting, and surgical time. A subgroup analysis, risk of bias, publication bias, and Grading of Recommendations Assessment, Development, and Evaluation (GRADE) assessments were also performed. RESULTS: Twelve studies were included in the analysis (4176 patients). The mean overall conversion to ETT was 8.36% [95% confidence interval (CI) = 8.17, 8.54], and for the pediatric group 8.27% (95% CI = 8.08, 8.47). The mean rate of conversion to ETT secondary to complications was 2.89% (95% CI = 2.76, 3.03) while the rest was from poor surgical access. Overall, there was no significant difference in PRAEs [odds ratio (OR) 1.16, 95% CI = 0.60, 2.22], desaturations (OR 0.79, 95% CI = 0.38, 1.64), or minor complications (OR 0.89, 95% CI = 0.50, 1.55). The use of LMA yielded significantly shorter operative time (mean difference -4.38 minutes, 95% CI = -8.28, -0.49) and emergence time (mean difference -4.15 minutes, 95% CI = -5.63, -2.67). CONCLUSION: For adenotonsillectomy surgery, LMA is a safe alternative to ETT and requires less operative time. Careful patient selection and judgment of the surgeon and anesthesiologist are necessary, especially given the 8% conversion to ETT rate.

Nanostructured lipopeptide-based membranomimetics for stabilizing bacteriorhodopsin.

Nanostructured 7-9-residue cyclic and unstructured lipopeptide-based facial detergents have been engineered to stabilize the model integral membrane protein, bacteriorhodopsin. Formation of a cylindrical-type micelle assembly induced by facial amphipathic lipopeptides resembles a biological membrane more effectively than conventional micelles. The hydrophobic face of this cylindrical-type micelle provides extended stability to the membrane protein and the hydrophilic surface interacts with an aqueous environment. In our present study, we have demonstrated experimentally and computationally that lipopeptide-based facial detergents having an unstructured or ß-turn conformation can stabilize membrane proteins. However, constrained peptide detergents can provide enhanced stability to bacteriorhodopsin. In this study, we have computationally examined the structural stability of bacteriorhodopsin in the presence of helical, beta-strand, and cyclic unstructured peptide detergents, and conventional detergent-like peptides. Our study demonstrates that optimal membranomimetics (detergents) for stabilizing a specific membrane protein can be screened based on the following criteria: (i) hydrodynamic radii of the self-assembled peptide detergents, (ii) stability assay of detergent-encased membrane proteins, (iii) percentage covered area of detergent-encased membrane proteins obtained computationally and (iv) protein-detergent interaction energy.

Control of the size and shape of TiO2 nanoparticles in restricted media.

Template-capped TiO2 nanostructures have been synthesized. In certain template conditions, TiO2 hexagons are found to form. These hexagonal structures can be effectively sensitized by fluorescein dye without any change in the protonation state of the dye. Bare TiO2 nanoparticles are not so useful for sensitization with dyes like fluorescein as they alter the dye protonation state. The novelty of this work is twofold-the hitherto elusive hexagonal phase of TiO2 nanoparticles has been stabilized and the synthesis of TiO2 in the rutile phase has been achieved under mild conditions.

Advances in bionanomaterials for bone tissue engineering.

Bone is a specialized form of connective tissue that forms the skeleton of the body and is built at the nano and microscale levels as a multi-component composite material consisting of a hard inorganic phase (minerals) in an elastic, dense organic network. Mimicking bone structure and its properties present an important frontier in the fields of nanotechnology, materials science and bone tissue engineering, given the complex morphology of this tissue. There has been a growing interest in developing artificial bone-mimetic nanomaterials with controllable mineral content, nanostructure, chemistry for bone, cartilage tissue engineering and substitutes. This review describes recent advances in bionanomaterials for bone tissue engineering including developments in soft tissue engineering. The significance and basic process of bone tissue engineering along with different bionanomaterial bone scaffolds made of nanocomposites and nanostructured biopolymers/bioceramics and the prerequisite biomechanical functions are described. It also covers latest developments in soft-tissue reconstruction and replacement. Finally, perspectives on the future direction in nanotechnology-enabled bone tissue engineering are presented.

Harnessing Peptide-Functionalized Multivalent Gold Nanorods for Promoting Enhanced Gene Silencing and Managing Breast Cancer Metastasis.

Small interfering RNA (siRNA) has become the cornerstone against undruggable targets and for managing metastatic breast cancer. However, an effective gene silencing approach is faced with a major challenge due to the delivery problem. In our present study, we have demonstrated efficient siRNA delivery, superior gene silencing, and inhibition of metastasis in triple-negative breast cancer cells (MDA-MB-231) using rod-shaped (aspect ratio: 4) multivalent peptide-functionalized gold nanoparticles and compared them to monovalent free peptide doses. Multivalency is a new concept in biology, and tuning the physical parameters of multivalent nanoparticles can enhance gene silencing and antitumor efficacy. We explored the effect of the multivalency of shape- and size-dependent peptide-functionalized gold nanoparticles in siRNA delivery. Our study demonstrates that peptide functionalization leads to reduced toxicity of the nanoparticles. Such designed peptide-functionalized nanorods also demonstrate antimetastatic efficacy in Notch1-silenced cells by preventing EMT progression in vitro. We have shown siRNA delivery in the hard-to-transfect primary cell line HUVEC and also demonstrated that the Notch1-silenced MDA-MB-231 cell line has failed to form nanobridge-mediated foci with the HUVEC in the co-culture of HUVEC and MDA-MB-231, which promote metastasis. This antimetastatic effect is further checked in a xenotransplant in vivo zebrafish model. In vivo studies also suggest that our designed nanoparticles mediated inhibition of micrometastasis due to silencing of the Notch1 gene. The outcome of our study highlights that the structure-activity relationship of multifunctional nanoparticles can be harnessed to modulate their biological activity.

PepFect14 mediates the delivery of mRNA into human primary keratinocytes and in vivo.

mRNA-based vaccines and candidate therapeutics have great potential in various medical fields. For the delivery of mRNA into target cells and tissues, lipid formulations are often employed. However, this approach could cause the activation of immune responses, making it unsuitable for the treatment of inflammatory conditions. Therefore, alternative delivery systems are highly demanded. In this study, we evaluated the transport efficiency and characteristics of cell-penetrating peptide PepFect14 (PF14) and mRNA nanoparticles in the presence of different additives. Our results show that all PF14-mRNA formulations entered cultured cells, while calcium chloride enhanced the transport and production of the encoded protein in HeLa and HaCaT cell lines, and polysorbate 80 did so in primary human keratinocytes. All formulations had similar physical properties and did not remarkably affect cell viability. By selectively blocking endocytosis pathways, we show that PF14-mRNA nanoparticles primarily entered HeLa cells via macropinocytosis and HaCaT cells via both macropinocytosis and clathrin-mediated endocytosis, while none of the blockers significantly affected the delivery into primary keratinocytes. Finally, subcutaneous injection of PF14-mRNA nanoparticles before inducing mouse irritant contact dermatitis resulted in the expression of a reporter protein without provoking harmful immune responses in the skin. Together, our findings suggest that PF14-mRNA nanoparticles have the potential for developing mRNA-based therapeutics for treating inflammatory skin conditions.

Engineered vitamin E-tethered non-immunogenic facial lipopeptide for developing improved siRNA based combination therapy against metastatic breast cancer.

RNA interference based therapeutic gene silencing is an emerging platform for managing highly metastatic breast cancer. Cytosolic delivery of functional siRNA remains the key obstacle for efficient RNAi therapy. To overcome the challenges of siRNA delivery, we have engineered a vitamin E-tethered, short, optimum protease stabilized facial lipopeptide based non-immunogenic, biocompatible siRNA transporter to facilitate the clinical translation in future. Our designed lipopeptide has an Arginine-Sarcosine-Arginine segment for providing optimum protease-stability, minimizing adjacent arginine-arginine repulsion and reducing intermolecular aggregation and α-tocopherol as the lipidic moiety for facilitating cellular permeabilization. Interestingly, our designed non-immunogenic siRNA transporter has exhibited significantly better long term transfection efficiency than HiPerFect and can transfect hard to transfect primary cell line, HUVEC. Our engineered siRNA therapeutics demonstrated high efficacy in managing metastasis against triple negative breast cancer by disrupting the crosstalk of endothelial cells and MDA-MB-231 and reduced stemness and metastatic markers, as evidenced by downregulating critical oncogenic pathways. Our study aimed at silencing Notch1 signalling to achieve "multi-targeted" therapy with a single putative molecular medicine. We have further developed mechanistically rational combination therapy combining Notch1 silencing with a repurposed drug m-TOR inhibitor, metformin, which demonstrated synergistic interaction and enhanced antitumor efficacy against cancer metastasis.

Choosing an Optimal Solvent Is Crucial for Obtaining Cell-Penetrating Peptide Nanoparticles with Desired Properties and High Activity in Nucleic Acid Delivery.

Cell-penetrating peptides (CPPs) are highly promising transfection agents that can deliver various compounds into living cells, including nucleic acids (NAs). Positively charged CPPs can form non-covalent complexes with negatively charged NAs, enabling simple and time-efficient nanoparticle preparation. However, as CPPs have substantially different chemical and physical properties, their complexation with the cargo and characteristics of the resulting nanoparticles largely depends on the properties of the surrounding environment, i.e., solution. Here, we show that the solvent used for the initial dissolving of a CPP determines the properties of the resulting CPP particles formed in an aqueous solution, including the activity and toxicity of the CPP-NA complexes. Using different biophysical methods such as dynamic light scattering (DLS), atomic force microscopy (AFM), transmission and scanning electron microscopy (TEM and SEM), we show that PepFect14 (PF14), a cationic amphipathic CPP, forms spherical particles of uniform size when dissolved in organic solvents, such as ethanol and DMSO. Water-dissolved PF14, however, tends to form micelles and non-uniform aggregates. When dissolved in organic solvents, PF14 retains its α-helical conformation and biological activity in cell culture conditions without any increase in cytotoxicity. Altogether, our results indicate that by using a solvent that matches the chemical nature of the CPP, the properties of the peptide-cargo particles can be tuned in the desired way. This can be of critical importance for in vivo applications, where CPP particles that are too large, non-uniform, or prone to aggregation may induce severe consequences.

Silicon photonics interfaced with microelectronics for integrated photonic quantum technologies: a new era in advanced quantum computers and quantum communications?

Silicon photonics is rapidly evolving as an advanced chip framework for implementing quantum technologies. With the help of silicon photonics, general-purpose programmable networks with hundreds of discrete components have been developed. These networks can compute quantum states generated on-chip as well as more extraordinary functions like quantum transmission and random number generation. In particular, the interfacing of silicon photonics with complementary metal oxide semiconductor (CMOS) microelectronics enables us to build miniaturized quantum devices for next-generation sensing, communication, and generating randomness for assembling quantum computers. In this review, we assess the significance of silicon photonics and its interfacing with microelectronics for achieving the technology milestones in the next generation of quantum computers and quantum communication. To this end, especially, we have provided an overview of the mechanism of a homodyne detector and the latest state-of-the-art of measuring squeezed light along with its integration on a photonic chip. Finally, we present an outlook on future studies that are considered beneficial for the wide implementation of silicon photonics for distinct data-driven applications with maximum throughput.

Heteroatom Functionalization of H-Terminated Diamond Surfaces.

Diamond surface functionalization has received significant research interest recently. Specifically, H-termination has been widely adopted because it endows the diamond surface with negative electron affinity and the hole carrier is injected in the presence of surface transfer dopants. Exploring different functional groups' attachment on diamond surfaces and their impact on the electronic structure, using wet and dry chemical approaches, would hence be of interest in engineering diamond as a semiconductor. Here, we report the functionalization of the H-terminated diamond surface with nitrogen and sulfur heteroatoms. Surface characterization of functionalized diamond surfaces shows that these groups are well-distributed and covalently bonded to diamonds. Four chemical functional groups (-SH, -S-S-, -S-O, and -S=O) were found on the sulfurized diamond surface, and two groups (-NH2 and =NH) upon amination. We also report co-functionalization of surface with N and S (N-S), where sulfurization promotes sequential amination efficiency with reduced exposure time. Electrical measurement shows that heteroatom-modified diamond surfaces possess higher conductivity than H-terminated diamonds. Density functional theory (DFT) shows that upon functionalization with various N/S ratios, the conduction band minimum and valence band maximum downshift, which lowers the bandgap in comparison to an H-terminated diamond. These observations suggest the possibility of heteroatom functionalizations with enhanced surface electrical conductivity on the diamond that are useful for various electronic applications.

Unravelling the room temperature growth of two-dimensional h-BN nanosheets for multifunctional applications.

The room temperature growth of two-dimensional van der Waals (2D-vdW) materials is indispensable for state-of-the-art nanotechnology. Low temperature growth supersedes the requirement of elevated growth temperatures accompanied with high thermal budgets. Moreover, for electronic applications, low or room temperature growth reduces the possibility of intrinsic film-substrate interfacial thermal diffusion related deterioration of the functional properties and the consequent deterioration of the device performance. Here, we demonstrated the growth of ultrawide-bandgap boron nitride (BN) at room temperature by using the pulsed laser deposition (PLD) process, which exhibited various functional properties for potential applications. Comprehensive chemical, spectroscopic and microscopic characterizations confirmed the growth of ordered nanosheet-like hexagonal BN (h-BN). Functionally, the nanosheets show hydrophobicity, high lubricity (low coefficient of friction), and a low refractive index within the visible to near-infrared wavelength range, and room temperature single-photon quantum emission. Our work unveils an important step that brings a plethora of potential applications for these room temperature grown h-BN nanosheets as the synthesis can be feasible on any given substrate, thus creating a scenario for "h-BN on demand" under a frugal thermal budget.

Non-Linear Optics at Twist Interfaces in h-BN/SiC Heterostructures.

Understanding the emergent electronic structure in twisted atomically thin layers has led to the exciting field of twistronics. However, practical applications of such systems are challenging since the specific angular correlations between the layers must be precisely controlled and the layers have to be single crystalline with uniform atomic ordering. Here, an alternative, simple, and scalable approach is suggested, where nanocrystallinetwo-dimensional (2D) film on 3D substrates yields twisted-interface-dependent properties. Ultrawide-bandgap hexagonal boron nitride (h-BN) thin films are directly grown on high in-plane lattice mismatched wide-bandgap silicon carbide (4H-SiC) substrates to explore the twist-dependent structure-property correlations. Concurrently, nanocrystalline h-BN thin film shows strong non-linear second-harmonic generation and ultra-low cross-plane thermal conductivity at room temperature, which are attributed to the twisted domain edges between van der Waals stacked nanocrystals with random in-plane orientations. First-principles calculations based on time-dependent density functional theory manifest strong even-order optical nonlinearity in twisted h-BN layers. This work unveils that directly deposited 2D nanocrystalline thin film on 3D substrates could provide easily accessible twist-interfaces, therefore enabling a simple and scalable approach to utilize the 2D-twistronics integrated in 3D material devices for next-generation nanotechnology.

Graphene oxide-based supramolecular hydrogels for making nanohybrid systems with Au nanoparticles.

In the presence of a small amount of a proteinous amino acid (arginine/tryptophan/histidine) or a nucleoside (adenosine/guanosine/cytidine), graphene oxide (GO) forms supramolecular stable hydrogels. These hydrogels have been characterized by field-emission scanning electron microscopy (FE-SEM), atomic force microscopy (AFM), X-ray diffraction (XRD) analysis, Raman spectroscopy, and rheology. The morphology of the hydrogel reveals the presence of nanofibers and nanosheets. This suggests the supramolecular aggregation of GO in the presence of an amino acid/nucleoside. Rheological studies of arginine containing a GO-based hydrogel show a very high G' value (6.058 × 10(4) Pa), indicating the rigid, solid-like behavior of this gel. One of these hydrogels (GO-tryptophan) has been successfully utilized for the in situ synthesis and stabilization of Au nanoparticles (Au NPs) within the hydrogel matrix without the presence of any other external reducing and stabilizing agents to make Au NPs containing the GO-based nanohybrid material. The Au NPs containing the hybrid hydrogel has been characterized by using UV/vis spectroscopy, X-ray diffraction (XRD), and transmission electron microscopy (TEM). In this study, gold salt (Au(3+)) has been bioreduced by the tryptophan within the hydrogel. This is a facile "green chemical" method of preparing the GO-based nanohybrid material within the hydrogel matrix. The significance of this method is the in situ reduction of gold salt within the gel phase, and this helps to decorate the nascently formed Au NPs almost homogeneously and uniformly on the surface of the GO nanosheets within the gel matrix.

Modeling Drug Absorption from the Dermis after an Injection.

A dermal absorption model for small and macromolecules was previously proposed by Ibrahim et al. This model estimated absorption of therapeutics from the dermal tissue based on their molecular size and protein binding through blood and lymphatics. Blood absorption followed a two-pore theory and the lymphatic absorption was limited by the constant lymphatic flow rate. Current work builds on this steady-state concept by modeling the absorption from the dermis immediately after an injection is given (unsteady state). An injection in the dermis creates a localized pressure gradient which resolves itself over time. This phenomenon is captured in the model to estimate the impact of injection volume on the absorption rate constant. Blood absorption follows the two-pore theory but is time-dependent and the lymphatic absorption is determined based on valve opening and pressure driven convective flow, returning to steady-state as the molecule is absorbed. A direct comparison of the steady-state analysis, experimental data and the current model is made. The results indicate that accounting for the localized time-varying pressure can better predict the experimental absorption rate constants. This work significantly improves the existing understanding of macromolecule uptake from the interstitial fluid following intradermal injection.