Impact of facility volume on survival in primary endoscopic surgery for sinonasal squamous cell carcinoma.

OBJECTIVES: To evaluate the impact of facility volume on outcomes following primary endoscopic surgical management of sinonasal squamous cell carcinoma (SNSCC). METHODS: The 2010-2016 National Cancer DataBase (NCDB) was queried for patients diagnosed with T1-T4a SNSCC surgically treated endoscopically as the primary treatment modality. Factors associated with overall survival (OS) were evaluated, including facility volume. RESULTS: A total of 330 patients who underwent endoscopic surgical management of SNSCC were treated at 356 unique facilities designated as either low-volume (LVC; treating 1-2 cases; 0-75th percentile), intermediate-volume centers (IVC; 3-4 cases total; 75th-90th percentile), or 144 high-volume (HVC; treating 5+ cases total; >90th percentile) centers. HVC treated patients with higher T staging (42.1 % vs. 29.8 %) and tumors in the maxillary sinus (26.9 % vs. 13.2 %) and ethmoid sinus (10.3 % vs. ≤8.3 %), while LVCs treated lower T stage tumors (70.2 % vs. 57.9 %) and tumors that were located in the nasal cavity (70.2-78.5 % vs. 62.8 %). On multivariable analysis, factors associated with decreased OS included higher T stage (T3/T4a vs. T1/T2; OR 1.92, 95 % CI 1.06-3.47) and older age (>65 vs. <65; OR 2.69, 95 % CI 1.62-4.49). Cases treated at high-volume centers were not associated with a higher likelihood of OS when compared to low-volume centers (OR 0.70, 95 % CI 0.36-1.35). CONCLUSIONS: HVC are treating more primary tumors of the maxillary and ethmoid sinuses and tumors with higher T stages with endoscopic approaches, although this does not appear to be associated with increased OS. SHORT SUMMARY: Sinonasal squamous cell carcinoma (SNSCC) presents late in disease process with poor prognosis. We investigated the impact of facility volume on outcomes following endoscopic treatment of SNSCC. High-volume centers treat more advanced and complex disease with comparable OS.

Variability of Guidelines and Disclosures for AI-Generated Content in Top Surgical Journals.

Background: When properly utilized, artificial intelligence generated content (AIGC) may improve virtually every aspect of research, from data gathering to synthesis. Nevertheless, when used inappropriately, the use of AIGC may lead to the dissemination of inaccurate information and introduce potential ethical concerns.Research Design: Cross-sectional. Study Sample: 65 top surgical journals. Data Collection: Each journals submission guidelines and portal was queried for guidelines regarding AIGC use.Results: We found that, in July 2023, 60% of the top 65 surgical journals had introduced guidelines for use, with more surgical journals (68%) introducing guidelines than surgical subspecialty journals (52.5%), including otolaryngology (40%). Furthermore, of the 39 with guidelines, only 69.2% gave specific use guidelines. No included journal, at the time of analysis, explicitly disallowed AIGC use.Conclusions: Altogether, this data suggests that while many journals have quickly reacted to AIGC usage, the quality of such guidelines is still variable. This should be pre-emptively addressed within academia.

Conventional clinical signs and symptoms are poor predictors of postoperative cerebrospinal fluid leak: A single-centre cohort perspective.

BACKGROUND: Postoperative cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) leak remains a concerning complication of the endoscopic endonasal approach (EEA) for skull base pathology. Signs and symptoms suggesting CSF leak often trigger additional workup during the postoperative course. We systematically evaluate associations between subjectively reported clinical signs/symptoms noted during the immediate postoperative period and incidence of postoperative CSF leaks. METHODS: Retrospective chart review was conducted at a tertiary academic medical centre including 137 consecutive patients with intraoperative CSF leak during EEA with primary repair between July 2018 and August 2022. Postoperative CSF leak associations with clinical signs and symptoms were evaluated using positive (PPV) and negative predictive values (NPV), sensitivity, specificity and odds ratio (OR) via univariate logistic regression. RESULTS: Seventy-nine patients (57.7%) had high-flow leaks repaired and 5 (3.6%) developed CSF leaks postoperatively. Of reported symptoms, rhinorrhea was most common (n = 52, 38.0%; PPV [95% CI] = 7.6% [4.8%, 11.9%]), followed by severe headache (n = 47, 34.3%; 6.3% [3.1%, 12.5%]), dizziness (n = 43, 31.4%; 2.3% [0.4%, 12.1%]), salty or metallic taste (n = 20, 14.6%; 9.9% [3.3%, 25.8%]), and throat drainage (n = 10, 7.3%; 9.9% [1.7%, 41.4%]). Nausea or vomiting constituted the most reported sign concerning for CSF leak (n = 73, 53.3%; PPV [95% CI] = 4.1% [2.0%, 8.1%]). On univariate regression, no sign or symptom, including rhinorrhea (OR [95% CI] = 7.00 [0.76-64.44]), throat drainage (3.42 [0.35-33.86]), salty/metallic taste (4.22 [0.66-27.04]), severe headache (3.00 [0.48-18.62]), dizziness (0.54 [0.06-4.94]), fever (3.16 [0.50-19.99]), and nausea/vomiting (1.33 [0.22-8.21]), associated with postoperative CSF leak. CONCLUSIONS: A range of subjectively reported symptoms and signs failed to predict postoperative CSF leak. Further investigation is warranted to inform appropriate attention and response.

The impact of facility type and volume on treatment and overall survival in craniopharyngioma.

BACKGROUND: Craniopharyngiomas are uncommon benign sellar and parasellar tumors with high overall survival (OS) and recurrence rates. Treatment is often surgical but may include adjuvant therapies. The impact of adjuvant therapy and surgical approach have been evaluated, however, facility volume and type have not. The purpose of this study is to analyze the influence of facility volume and type on treatment modalities, extent of surgery and survival of craniopharyngioma. METHODS: The 2004-2016 National Cancer Database (NCDB) was queried for patients diagnosed with craniopharyngioma. Facilities were classified by type (academic vs. non-academic) and low-volume center (LVC) (Treating < 8 patients over the timeline) versus high-volume center (HVC), (Treating ≥ 8 patients over the timeline). Differences in treatment course, outcomes, and OS by facility type were assessed. RESULTS: 3730 patients (51.3% female) with mean age 41.2 ± 22.0 were included with a 5-year estimated OS of 94.8% (94.0-95.5%). 2564 (68.7%) patients were treated at HVC, of which 2142 (83.5%) were treated at academic facilities. Patients treated at HVC's were more likely to undergo both surgery and radiation. Surgical approach at HVC was more likely to be endoscopic. Patients treated at HVC demonstrated significantly higher 5-year OS compared to patients treated at LVC (96% [95% CI 95.6-97.1% versus 91.2% [95% CI 89-92.7%] with lower risk of mortality (Hazard ratio [95% CI] = 0.69 [0.56-0.84]). CONCLUSION: Treatment of craniopharyngioma at HVC compared to LVC is associated with improved OS, lower 30- and 90-day postoperative mortality risk, and more common use of both radiotherapy and endoscopic surgical approach.

Mixed gangliocytoma-pituitary adenoma in MEN1 syndrome: A case report and literature review.

Pituitary adenoma is one of the three most common neoplasms described in multiple endocrine neoplasia type 1 (MEN1), and patients with pituitary adenoma occupies 30-50% of those with MEN1-related tumor. Mixed gangliocytoma-pituitary adenoma (MGPA) is a rare clinical entity in which gangliomatous cells are intermixed with adenomatous cells. This tumor has been estimated to account for 0.52-1.26% of all pituitary tumors. We report a rare case of MGPA in a patient with MEN1. A retrospective chart review was conducted on a patient with MEN1 diagnosed with MGPA in 2019 at a single tertiary academic medical center. A review of the literature was performed on MGPA and pituitary adenoma in MEN1. MGPA is rare, with only 174 cases previously reported in the literature and only three prior case reported in a patient with MEN1. There are multiple hypotheses regarding their pathogenesis, and it is unclear whether the MEN1 gene (menin) plays a role in the pathogenesis of MGPA. This tumor in MEN1 is a rare clinical entity of unknown etiology. Further studies are required with difficulty due to its low incidence.

Surfing-Related Craniofacial Injuries: A NEISS Database Study.

INTRODUCTION: Surfing is a popular pastime in coastal areas around the world with increasing numbers of participants. There is a lack of detailed data in the literature regarding surfing-related head and neck (HN) injuries. MATERIALS AND METHODS: We queried the National Electronic Injury Surveillance System (NEISS) database to characterize patient demographics, injury types, injury subsite, and emergency department (ED) disposition status associated with surfing-related HN injuries between 2009 and 2020 in the United States. RESULTS: A total of 54,978 estimated national cases were reported from 2009 to 2020. Injuries to the head (36.0%) and neck (35.8%) were most common. Young adults (ages 18-35) made up most ED visits, whereas older adults (>35) made up most (63.5%) admissions. Laceration (46.1%) was the most common injury among ED visits, whereas fracture (30.5%) and internal injury (29.2%) were most common in admitted patients. Concussions represented 7.5% of injuries overall, 9.1% of pediatric injuries, and 9.9% of young adult injuries. CONCLUSIONS: When treating a patient who presents with injury suffered during surfing, a thorough examination of the HN should be performed. Specific attention should be given to evaluation of lacerations, fractures, internal ear injuries, and concussions. Pediatric and young adult patients are at increased risk of concussion. The majority of surfing injuries can be treated in an outpatient context.

Characteristics and overall survival in pediatric versus adult pituitary adenoma: a National Cancer Database analysis.

OBJECTIVE: Pituitary adenomas in the pediatric population are extremely rare, resulting in limited information in the literature on these patients. In this study, data from the National Cancer Database (NCDB) to compare pituitary adenoma clinical presentations, treatment management patterns, and overall survival between pediatric and adult patients. METHODS: The NCDB was queried for all cases of histologically confirmed pituitary adenoma treated between 2004 and 2015. Patients were primarily stratified as either pediatric (< 18 years) or adult (≥ 18 years). Patient demographics/socioeconomics and resulting outcomes were then compared. RESULTS: 1893 pediatric and 77,993 adult patients with pituitary adenomas were evaluated. Average tumor size for pediatric and adult patients was 13.6 ± 13.2 mm and 20.1 ± 13.1 mm, respectively (p < 0.001). Pediatric patients were more likely to undergo gross total resection, less likely to receive adjuvant radiation, more likely to receive medical therapy, more likely to undergo active surveillance, and exhibited improved 5-year and 10-year overall survival (OS) (all p < 0.001). Temporal analysis demonstrated a significant increase in endoscopic approach over time (from 48 to 65%) in the pediatric population (R2 = 0.722, p = 0.03). On univariate analysis in the pediatric population, African American race compared to Caucasians (HR: 5.85, 95% CI 1.79-19.2, p < 0.003), patients with government insurance compared to those with private insurance (HR: 5.07, 95% CI 1.31-19.6, p < 0.02) and uninsured patients compared to those with private insurance (HR: 14.4, 95% CI 2.41-86.5, p < 0.003) were associated with decreased OS. Lastly, patients who underwent GTR had improved OS compared to those who underwent subtotal resection (HR: 0.08, 95% CI 0.008-0.93, p < 0.04) in the pediatric population. CONCLUSIONS: Compared to adults, children with pituitary adenomas more commonly underwent GTR, less frequently underwent adjuvant radiotherapy, more frequently underwent medical management and active surveillance, and had improved survival. Temporal analysis demonstrated increasing utilization of the endoscopic approach for surgical treatment of pediatric and adult pituitary adenoma patients. LEVEL OF EVIDENCE: Level III.

Mandibular Chondrosarcoma Reconstructed Using Custom Implant and Radial Forearm Free Flap.

ABSTRACT: We describe the case of a 40-year-old male presenting with an enlarging left facial and temporal chondrosarcoma centered on the left mandibular coronoid process resulting in pathologic fractures of the zygomatic arch and focal erosion of the temporal bone. The patient underwent surgical resection via a combined hemicoronal and parotidectomy approach. The zygomatic arch was reconstructed with a patient-specific polyetheretherketone implant, and temporal contour was restored with a buried de-epithelialized radial forearm free flap. Final pathology demonstrated conventional central chondrosarcoma. This case demonstrates an unusual presentation of a rare head and neck chondrosarcoma that originated from the mandibular coronoid process with the unique use of a custom polyetheretherketone implant and vascularized fat and fascial reconstruction.

Clinical Productivity and Patient Complexity of Academic Rhinologists: An Analysis of Medicare Metrics.

INTRODUCTION: Current data regarding reimbursement trends in Medicare services and the complexity of patients treated as physicians' progress in their academic career are conflicting. In otolaryngology, there are no data examining these metrics. METHODS: Medicare services, reimbursement, and patient complexity risk scores (based on hierarchical condition category coding) of US rhinology fellowship-trained faculty were stratified and compared by rank and years in practice. RESULTS: A cohort of 209 rhinologists were included. Full professors were reimbursed more per service than assistant professors ($791.53 [$491.69-1052.46] vs. $590.34 [$429.91-853.07] p = 0.045) and had lower risk scores (1.37 [1.26-1.52] vs. 1.49 [1.29-1.68], p = 0.013). Full professors had similar risk scores to associate professors (1.47 [1.25-1.64], p = 0.14). Full professors ($791.53 [$491.69-1,052.46], p < 0.001), associate professors ($706.85 [$473.48-941.15], p < 0.001), and assistant professors ($590.34 [$429.91-853.07], p < 0.001) were all reimbursed more per service than non-ranked faculty ($326.08 [$223.37-482.36]). As a cohort, significant declines in risk scores occurred within the 10th-14th year of practice (p = 0.032) and after the 20th year (p = 0.038). Years in practice were inversely correlated with risk score (R = -0.358, p < 0.001). CONCLUSION: Full professors were reimbursed more per service and treated less comorbid Medicare patients than junior academic colleagues. Patient comorbidity was correlated negatively with years in practice, with significant drops in mid and late career. Rhinologists employed at academic institutions had greater total reimbursement and reimbursement per service than non-ranked faculty. LEVEL OF EVIDENCE: N/A Laryngoscope, 2024.

Mutational landscape and predictors of survival in head and neck mucosal melanoma.

KEY POINTS: Head and neck mucosal melanomas have a diverse mutational landscape with low mutational burden. A molecular subset (∼13%) has ROS1 mutations, which is an actionable driver mutation. ROS1-mutated patients have improved overall survival likely due to high mutational burden.

Complications of Novel Radiofrequency Device Use in Rhinology: A MAUDE Analysis.

With the widespread adoption of intranasal radiofrequency (RF) devices, our objective was to report national adverse events (AEs) associated with their use. The Food and Drug Administration's Manufacturer and User Facility Device Experience was queried. A total of 24 device-related AEs were reported, 11 (45.8%) for Celon® (Olympus), 3 (12.5%) for Vivaer® (Aerin), 2 (8.3%) for Neuromark® (Neurent), and 8 (33.3%) for Rhinaer® (Aerin). Seven (63.6%) of the Celon®-related complications were related to tissue necrosis (largely user error-related), but 1 (9.1%) episode of pediatric ocular palsy was also reported. Vivaer® complications included synechiae formation, a mucosal perforation, and a case of empty nose syndrome. Of the posterior nasal nerve ablating devices, 9 of 10 AEs were epistaxes, of which 7 (77.8%) required operative intervention. Surgeons should exercise vigilance and tissue-appropriate device settings when utilizing RF devices. Epistaxis and tissue necrosis may occur, as well as more rare, but devastating, complications.

Severe unilateral refractory epistaxis arising from the septal branch of the anterior ethmoid artery.

KEY POINTS: The septal branch of the anterior ethmoid artery (sbAEA) is an underrecognized source of severe refractory epistaxis. Herein, we describe the presentation, predisposing factors, treatment strategies, and outcomes of a series of patients with this condition.

Temperature Profile Measurement From Radiofrequency Nasal Airway Reshaping Device.

OBJECTIVE: Nasal airway obstruction (NAO) is caused by various disorders including nasal valve collapse (NVC). A bipolar radiofrequency (RF) device (VivAer®, Aerin Medical, Sunnyvale, CA) has been used to treat NAO through RF heat generation to the upper lateral cartilage (ULC). The purpose of this study is to measure temperature elevations in nasal tissue, using infrared (IR) radiometry to map the spatial and temporal evolution of temperature. STUDY DESIGN: Experimental and computational. METHODS: Composite porcine nasal septum was harvested and sectioned (1 mm and 2 mm). The device was used to heat the cartilage in composite porcine septum. An IR camera (FLIR® ExaminIR, Teledyne, Wilsonville, OR) was used to image temperature on the back surface of the specimen. These data were incorporated into a heat transfer finite element model that also calculated tissue damage using Arrhenius rate process. RESULTS: IR temperature imaging showed peak back surface temperatures of 49.57°C and 42.21°C in 1 and 2 mm thick septums respectively. Temperature maps were generated demonstrating the temporal and spatial evolution of temperature. A finite element model generated temperature profiles with respect to time and depth. Rate process models using Arrhenius coefficients showed 30% chondrocyte death at 1 mm depth after 18 s of RF treatment. CONCLUSION: The use of this device creates a thermal profile that may result in thermal injury to cartilage. Computational modeling suggests chondrocyte death extending as deep as 1.4 mm below the treatment surface. Further studies should be performed to improve dosimetry and optimize the heating process to reduce potential injury. Laryngoscope, 134:1063-1070, 2024.

Tissue Sealant Impact on Skull Base Reconstruction Outcomes: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis.

OBJECTIVE: Despite significant advances in understanding of skull base reconstruction principles, the role of tissue sealants in modifying postoperative cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) leak outcomes remains controversial. We evaluate postoperative CSF leak incidence associated with tissue sealant use in skull base defect repair during endoscopic skull base surgery (ESBS). DATA SOURCES: Web of Science, PubMed/MEDLINE, Scopus, and Cochrane Library. REVIEW METHODS: Systematic review and meta-analysis of risk differences (RD). A search strategy identified original studies reporting CSF leakage following ESBS with disaggregation by tissue sealant use and/or type. RESULTS: 27 non-randomized studies (n = 2,403) were included for qualitative and meta-analysis. Reconstruction with a tissue sealant did not significantly reduce postoperative CSF leak risk compared with reconstruction without sealant (RD[95% CI] = 0.02[-0.01, 0.05]). Sub-analyses of dural sealant (-0.02[-0.11, 0.07]) and fibrin glue (0.00[-0.07, 0.07]) compared with no sealant were similarly unremarkable. Postoperative CSF leakage was not significantly modulated in further sub-analyses of DuraSeal (0.02[-0.02, 0.05]), Adherus (-0.03[-0.08, 0.03]), or Bioglue (-0.06[-0.23, 0.12]) versus no dural sealant use, or Tisseel/Tissucol versus fibrin glue nonuse (0.00[-0.05, 0.05]). No significant association was seen comparing dural sealant use versus fibrin glue use on pairwise (0.01[-0.03, 0.05]) or network meta-analysis (-0.01[-0.05, 0.04]). Limitations in source literature prevented sub-analyses stratified by leak characteristics, defect size and location, and accompanying reconstruction materials. CONCLUSION: Tissue sealant use did not appear to impact postoperative CSF leak incidence when compared with nonuse. Higher quality studies are warranted to thoroughly elucidate the clinical value of adjunct sealant use in endoscopic skull base reconstruction. LEVEL OF EVIDENCE: N/A Laryngoscope, 2024.

What is appropriate management for the contralateral uninvolved side in unilateral allergic fungal rhinosinusitis?

PURPOSE OF REVIEW: The aim of this article is to review the current literature regarding development of new or recurrent inflammation of uninvolved contralateral sinuses in unilateral allergic fungal rhinosinusitis (AFRS) and discuss management strategies. RECENT FINDINGS: AFRS is a subtype of chronic rhinosinusitis with nasal polyposis (CRSwNP) that can manifest as either unilateral or bilateral disease. Particular to AFRS compared with other CRSwNP subtypes is the high propensity for recurrence. Multiple recent studies have evaluated the recurrence rate of uninvolved contralateral sinuses in unilateral AFRS and demonstrated eventual involvement of the nondiseased side. Additionally, postoperative medical therapy of the nondiseased side reduced recurrence rates overall. SUMMARY: Recurrence of AFRS is high in both the ipsilateral and contralateral sinuses. Upfront bilateral medical and/or surgical treatment of patients presenting with unilateral AFRS may be considered to improve long-term inflammatory control.

Outcomes of perioperative vasopressor use for hemodynamic management of patients undergoing free flap surgery: A systematic review and meta-analysis.

This systematic review and meta-analysis investigates the objective evidence regarding outcomes in head and neck free flap surgeries using vasoactive agents in the perioperative period. A search was performed in PubMed, Cochrane, Web of Science, and Scopus databases. Inclusion criteria were clinical studies in which vasopressors were used in head and neck free flap surgery during the intraoperative and perioperative period. Eighteen studies (n = 5397) were included in the qualitative analysis and nine (n = 4381) in the meta-analysis. There was no difference in flap failure outcomes with perioperative vasopressor use in head and neck free flap surgery (n = 4015, OR = 0.93, 95% CI [0.60, 1.44]). When patients received vasopressors perioperatively, there was an associated decrease in flap-specific complications (n = 3881, OR = 0.69, 95% CI [0.55, 0.87]). Intraoperative vasopressor use does not negatively impact free tissue transfer outcomes in head and neck surgery and may reduce overall free flap complications.

The Impact of Facility Type and Volume on Outcomes in Head and Neck Mucosal Melanoma.

OBJECTIVE: To evaluate differences in treatment outcomes for head and neck mucosal melanoma (HNMM) patients seen at academic versus nonacademic centers and high versus low volume facilities. STUDY DESIGN: Retrospective cohort study. SETTING: National Cancer Database. METHODS: Differences in treatment course and overall survival (OS) by facility type and volume were assessed for 2772 HNMM cases reported by the 2004 to 2017 National Cancer Database. A subgroup analysis was performed with a smaller cohort containing staging data. The analysis employed Kaplan-Meier and Cox proportional hazards models. RESULTS: A higher proportion of patients treated at academic centers within the HNMM cohort waited longer for surgery after diagnosis (p < .001), had negative surgical margins (p < .001), and were readmitted to the hospital within 30 days of surgery (p = .001); these relationships remained significant when controlling for cancer stage. Kaplan-Meier analysis demonstrated higher 5-year OS for patients treated at academic versus nonacademic facilities within the main cohort (32.5% ± 1.3% vs 27.3% ± 1.5%; p = .006) and within the stage-controlled subgroup (34.8% ± 2.1% vs 27.2% ± 2.6%; p = .003). Treatment at high volume versus low volume facilities was associated with improved 5-year OS for main cohort patients (33.5% ± 1.7% vs 28.8% ± 1.2%; p = .016) but not for subgroup patients (35.3% ± 2.7% vs 30.1% ± 2.1%; p = .100). Upon multivariate analysis controlling for demographic and oncologic factors, there was no significant difference in OS by facility type (main cohort: odds ratio [OR] = 1.07, 95% confidence interval [CI] = 1.01-1.21; subgroup: OR = 1.13, 95% CI = 0.97-1.32). CONCLUSION: Neither facility type nor surgical volume predicts overall survival in HNMM.

Patient perspectives on recall period and response options in patient-reported outcome measures for chronic rhinosinusitis symptomatology: An international multi-centered study.

BACKGROUND: Existing patient-reported outcome measures (PROMs) for chronic rhinosinusitis (CRS) use a variety of recall periods and response scales to assess CRS symptom burden. Global perspectives of CRS patients regarding optimal recall periods and response scales for CRS PROMs are unknown. METHODS: This was a multi-center, cross-sectional study recruiting 461 CRS patients from sites across the United States, Saudi Arabia, New Zealand, and Austria. Participants chose which CRS symptom recall period (1 day, 2 weeks, 1 month, >1 month) was most reflective of their current disease state and upon which to best base treatment recommendations (including surgery). Participants also chose which of six response scales (one visual analogue scale and five Likert scales ranging from four to eight items) was easiest to use, understand, and preferred. RESULTS: A plurality of participants (40.0%) felt their CRS symptoms' current state was best reflected by a 1-month recall period. However, most patients (56.9%) preferred treatment recommendations to be determined by symptoms experienced over a >1 month period. The four- and five-item Likert scales were the easiest to understand (26.0% and 25.4%, respectively) and use (23.4% and 26.7%, respectively). The five-item (26.4% rating it most preferred and 70.9% rating it preferred) and four-item Likert (22.3% rating it most preferred and 56.4% rating it preferred) response scales were most preferred. CONCLUSION: Future PROMs for CRS should consider assessment of symptoms over a 1-month period and use a four- or five-item Likert response scale to reflect global patient preferences. These findings also inform interpretation of current CRS PROMs.

Sinonasal lymphoma: A primer for otolaryngologists.

Objective: Sinonasal lymphomas are a rare entity that commonly present with nonspecific sinonasal symptoms and are often recognized immediately. Through this review, we aim to summarize important principles in diagnosis and treatment of sinonasal lymphomas, with the goal of disseminating the current knowledge of this under-recognized malignancy to otolaryngologists. Methods: Systemic review using PRISMA guidelines of foundational scholarly articles, guidelines, and trials were reviewed focusing on clinical characteristics of key sinonasal lymphoma subtypes, along with available treatments in the otolaryngology, medical oncology, and radiation oncology literature. Results: Sinonasal lymphoma are derived from clonal proliferation of lymphocytes at various stages of differentiation, of which diffuse large B-cell lymphoma (DLBCL) and extranodal natural killer/T-cell lymphoma (ENKTL) are the most common. Diagnosis and staging require biopsy with immunohistochemistry in conjunction with imaging and laboratory studies. Treatment is ever evolving and currently includes multi-agent chemotherapy and/or radiation therapy. Conclusion: Otolaryngologists may be the first to recognize sinonasal lymphoma, which requires a comprehensive workup and a multidisciplinary team for treatment. Symptoms are nonspecific and similar to many sinonasal pathologies, and it is crucial for otolaryngologists to keep a broad differential. Level of Evidence: 5.