Distribution of Achromobacter Species in 12 French Cystic Fibrosis Centers in 2020 by a Retrospective MALDI-TOF MS Spectrum Analysis.

Achromobacter spp. are nonfermenting Gram-negative bacilli mainly studied among cystic fibrosis (CF) patients. The identification of the 19 species within the genus is time-consuming (nrdA-sequencing), thus data concerning the distribution of the species are limited to specific studies. Recently, we built a database using MALDI-TOF mass spectrometry (MS) (Bruker) that allows rapid and accurate species identification and detection of the multiresistant epidemic clones: A. xylosoxidans ST137 spreading among CF patients in various French and Belgium centers, and A. ruhlandii DES in Denmark. Here, we first assessed whether species identification could be achieved with our database solely by analysis of MS spectra without availability of isolates. Then, we conducted a multicentric study describing the distribution of Achromobacter species and of the clone ST137 among French CF centers. We collected and analyzed with our local database the spectra of Achromobacter isolates from 193 patients (528 samples) from 12 centers during 2020. In total, our approach enabled to conclude for 502/528 samples (95.1%), corresponding to 181 patients. Eleven species were detected, only five being involved in chronic colonization, A. xylosoxidans (86.4%), A. insuavis (9.1%), A. mucicolens (2.3%), A. marplatensis (1.1%) and A. genogroup 3 (1.1%). This study confirmed the high prevalence of A. xylosoxidans in chronic colonizations and the circulation of the clone A. xylosoxidans ST137 in France: four patients in two centers. The present study is the first to report the distribution of Achromobacter species from CF patients samples using retrospective MALDI-TOF/MS data. This easy approach could enable future large-scale epidemiological studies.

Competence of embryos showing transient developmental arrest during in vitro culture.

PURPOSE: In vitro developing embryos may apparently show no developmental progress during 24 h and resume their development up to the blastocyst stage. The present study was conducted to assess their ability to implant and to give rise to a live birth when replaced at day 5 (fresh or vitrified/warmed) as compared to continuously developing embryos. METHODS: Embryo development follow-up and grade were prospectively recorded in a photo database. The studied period was from April 2011 to July 2017. The studied embryos included transient arrested embryos (TAE) that showed the same developmental stage at two subsequent observations, i.e. between day 2 and day 3 (d2 and d3), between day 3 and day 4 (d3 and d4) and between day 4 and day 5 (d4 and d5). TAE were compared to continuously developing embryos (CDE). Elective day 5 embryo transfers were performed. RESULTS: Woman age was higher in TAE (34.3±3.9) than in CDE (32.9±4.8) (p<0.01). TAE were more frequently (63.1%) observed after ICSI than after conventional IVF (55.9%) (p<0.01). Implantation rate was reduced in TAE as compared to CDE, after both fresh (10.0% vs 23.8% [p<0.01]) and vitrified/warmed (12.9% vs 19.0% [p<0.01]) embryo transfers. Delivery rate was also lower after the transfer of fresh (8.3% vs 19.4% [p<0.01]) and vitrified/warmed (8.5% vs 14.1% [p<0.01]) TAE as compared to CDE. Implantation and delivery rates were not statistically different whether embryo arrested between day 2 and day 3 (d2 and d3), between day 3 and day 4 (d3 and d4) or between day 4 and day 5 (d4 and d5). CONCLUSION: TAE may be considered for transfer at a lower priority than CDE and associated with inferior prognosis than CDE.

Birthweight of IVF children is still a current issue and still related to maternal factors.

RESEARCH QUESTION: Does fresh embryo transfer after IVF with or without intracytoplasmic sperm injection (ICSI) increase the small for gestational age (SGA) rate, and frozen embryo transfer (FET) after IVF with or without ICSI increase the large for gestational age (LGA) rate versus natural conception? DESIGN: Retrospective comparison of an exposed historical group/cohort involving singletons conceived after fresh embryo transfer and after FET with an unexposed group/cohort involving singletons conceived after a natural conception. RESULTS: A total of 1961 fresh embryo transfer babies and 366 FET babies were compared with 6981 natural conception babies. The SGA rate in fresh embryo transfer babies was not significantly different to natural conception babies (6.9% versus 6.8%, P = 0.856). This outcome was not influenced by the fresh embryo transfer (adjusted odds ratio [aOR] 1.0; 95% confidence interval [CI] 0.8-1.3), but rather by a low rate of multiparity (aOR 0.5; 95% CI 0.3-0.7), advanced maternal age (aOR 1.1; 95% CI 1.0-1.2), maternal underweight (aOR 1.5; 95% CI 1.1-2.1), maternal smoking or cessation during pregnancy (aOR 1.8; 95% CI 1.4-2.3), pre-existing hypertension (aOR 2.3; 95% CI 1.3-4.1) and pregnancy-induced hypertension (aOR 2.5; 95% CI 1.7-3.7). The LGA rate in FET babies was significantly different from natural conception babies (6.6% versus 3.2%, P = 0.012). This outcome was influenced by the transfer of frozen embryos (aOR 2.2; 95% CI 1.3-3.8) and by a high maternal weight (aOR 1.9; 95% CI 1.1-3.6). CONCLUSIONS: Maternal background and obstetric parameters are more likely to influence the SGA rate than fresh embryo transfer conception. FET conception could be associated with an increase in LGA rate.

Experiences of HIV postexposure prophylaxis (PEP) among highly exposed men who have sex with men (MSM).

OBJECTIVES: HIV postexposure prophylaxis (PEP) is indicated after sexual exposure with high risk of transmission. Men who have sex with men (MSM) are the main target of PEP. The aim of our study was to investigate the experience and shortcomings of PEP among people with a high risk of HIV exposure. DESIGN AND METHODS: Subjects with ongoing follow-up for HIV infection and PEP history were selected for the qualitative study. Semistructured interviews were conducted at the patients' homes. They were audio-recorded, transcribed and deidentified before data analysis, double coding and thematic analysis with an inductive approach. RESULTS: Twenty-three patients were eligible for the qualitative study. Thirteen interviews were carried out. All patients were 20-60-year-old MSM. The median time between PEP and HIV diagnosis was 3.3 years (interquartile range (IQR)25-75=0.9-4.9). Many participants reported negative PEP experiences: awkward access to the PEP clinic, uneasiness and shame in the hospital setting, unpleasant interaction and moral disapprobation from the medical staff, treatment intolerance and prevention messages that were 'inconsistent with real life' CONCLUSION: Our data highlight PEP management failures among its target population that may have compromised any subsequent attempts to seek out PEP. Practitioners should be more aware of MSM sexual contexts and practices. PEP consultations should provide the opportunity to discuss prevention strategies with highly exposed HIV-negative subjects, which may include pre-exposure prophylaxis.

No difference in congenital anomalies prevalence irrespective of insemination methods and freezing procedure: cohort study over fourteen years of an ART population in the south of France.

PURPOSE: A retrospective cohort study was conducted to evaluate and compare the prevalence of congenital anomalies in babies and fetuses conceived after four procedures of assisted reproduction technologies (ART). METHODS: The prevalence of congenital anomalies was compared retrospectively between 2750 babies and fetuses conceived between 2001 and 2014 in vitro fertilization with standard insemination (IVF), IVF with intracytoplasmic sperm injection (ICSI), IVF with frozen embryo transfer (FET-IVF), and ICSI with frozen embryo transfer (FET-ICSI). Congenital anomalies were described according to European Surveillance of Congenital Anomalies (EUROCAT) classification. The parental backgrounds, biologic parameters, obstetric parameters, and perinatal outcomes were compared between babies and fetuses with and without congenital anomalies. Data were analyzed by the generalized estimating equation. RESULTS: Between 2001 and 2014, a total of 2477 evolutionary pregnancies were notified. Among these pregnancies, 2379 were included in the analysis. One hundred thirty-four babies and fetuses had a congenital anomaly (4.9%). The major prevalences found among the recorded anomalies were congenital heart defects, chromosomal anomalies, and urinary defects. However, the risk of congenital anomalies in babies and fetuses conceived after FET was not increased compared with babies and fetuses conceived after fresh embryo transfer, even when adjusted for confounding factors (p = 0.40). CONCLUSIONS: There is no increased risk of congenital anomalies in babies and fetuses conceived by fresh versus frozen embryo transfer after in vitro fertilization with and without micromanipulation. Indeed, distribution of congenital anomalies found in our population is consistent with the high prevalence of congenital heart defects, chromosomal anomalies, and urinary defects that have been found by other authors in children conceived by infertile couples when compared to children conceived spontaneously.

The first 50 live births after autologous oocyte vitrification in France.

PURPOSE: The study aims to describe the newborn health parameters of the 50 first children conceived after autologous oocyte vitrification in France. METHODS: The 50 children born after autologous oocyte vitrification/warming cycle (VAO children) have been retrospectively compared with 364 children conceived by micromanipulation using freshly recovered non-vitrified oocytes (ICSI children). Children included in the study were born between 2011 and 2015. Maternal characteristics (age, body mass index, smoking habits), obstetric outcomes (diabetes, hypertension, placenta previa, parity, mode of delivery), and perinatal outcome (twinning, sex, birth weight, macrosomia, birth defects) were analyzed. The generalized estimating equation for correlated data was performed to evaluate perinatal outcomes and caesarean section. RESULTS: No statistically significant difference was found between VAO children and ICSI children, even after adjusting confounding factors (low birth weigh odds ratio (OR) 0.8, 95 % confident interval (CI) 0.3-2.2, adjusted (AOR) 0.5, 95 % CI 0.2-1.7; large for gestational age OR 1.5, 95 % CI 0.3-7.0, AOR 1.6, 95 % CI 0.3-7.5; birth defects OR 0.4, 95 % CI 0.1-3.2, AOR 0.5, 95 % CI 0.1-3.7; caesarean section OR 1.8, 95 % CI 0.9-3.4, AOR 1.8, 95 % CI 0.9-3.7). CONCLUSIONS: According to our results, newborn health parameters of children conceived in our center by micromanipulation using vitrified/warmed autologous oocytes seem not to be different from children born after micromanipulation on freshly recovered oocytes.

Modelling of impulsional pH variations using ChemFET-based microdevices: application to hydrogen peroxide detection.

This work presents the modelling of impulsional pH variations in microvolume related to water-based electrolysis and hydrogen peroxide electrochemical oxidation using an Electrochemical Field Effect Transistor (ElecFET) microdevice. This ElecFET device consists of a pH-Chemical FET (pH-ChemFET) with an integrated microelectrode around the dielectric gate area in order to trigger electrochemical reactions. Combining oxidation/reduction reactions on the microelectrode, water self-ionization and diffusion properties of associated chemical species, the model shows that the sensor response depends on the main influential parameters such as: (i) polarization parameters on the microelectrode, i.e., voltage (Vp) and time (t(p)); (ii) distance between the gate sensitive area and the microelectrode (d); and (iii) hydrogen peroxide concentration ([H2O2]). The model developed can predict the ElecFET response behaviour and creates new opportunities for H2O2-based enzymatic detection of biomolecules.

Does gene therapies clinical research in rare diseases reflects the competitivity of the country: Example of France.

Rare diseases are chronic, serious and generally genetic conditions affecting a small number of people, and their therapeutic management is a real challenge. They represent a considerable burden for patients, caregivers and society alike. Compared with existing symptomatic treatments, gene therapies represent a promising new approach aimed at treating these diseases by replacing a defective gene, or by abolishing or reviving a gene-derived function. France is considered one of the leading countries in the research and development of drugs for rare diseases, yet the position of French public and private stakeholders in the research and development of gene therapies for rare diseases at global and European level remains unclear. To answer this question, we used the GENOTRIAL FR database developed by OrphanDev to clarify France's involvement and competitiveness in this field. The results show that France is actively involved in gene therapy clinical trials, with a dense international collaboration network and solid expertise. However, the French medical infrastructure is mainly involved in clinical research on gene therapy candidates sponsored by several foreign countries. To a lesser extent, French public and private entities are also developing their own gene therapy candidates for various rare diseases, some of which have already reached advanced clinical phases. In conclusion, a number of technical and financial challenges need to be overcome if France is to maintain its position as a European and world leader and increase its contribution to reducing the economic and social burden of rare diseases by developing revolutionary and effective new therapies.

Stegosatyrus, a new genus of Euptychiina from the grasslands of neotropical realm (Lepidoptera: Nymphalidae: Satyrinae).

Three species of Pampasatyrus Hayward, 1953 (Satyrinae, Pronophilina) are transferred to Stegosatyrus n. gen. (Euptychiina) based on morphological evidence: S. imbrialis (Weeks, 1901) n. comb. from Bolivia (Cochabamba) and northern Argentina; S. ocelloides (Schaus, 1902) n. comb. from Paraguay (Hernandarias and Caaguazú) and Brazil (Midwest, Southeast and South regions); and S. periphas (Godart, [1824]) n. comb. from southern Brazil, northeastern Argentina (Buenos Aires) and Uruguay. A new species is described, Stegosatyrus hemiclara Pyrcz, Boyer & Zacca, n. sp. from the Andes of southern Peru. The neotype of Satyrus periphas Godart, [1824] and the lectotypes of Epinephele imbrialis Weeks, 1901 and Euptychia ocelloides Schaus, 1902 are designated. Redescriptions and illustrations are presented, including information on geographical and temporal distribution, and habitats. The oviposition process, eggs and first instars of S. periphas are published for the first time.

Cefepime vs carbapenems for treating third-generation cephalosporin-resistant AmpC ß-lactamase-hyperproducing Enterobacterales bloodstream infections: a multicenter retrospective study.

OBJECTIVES: AmpC ß-lactamase-hyperproducing Enterobacterales (ABLHE) bloodstream infections (BSI) are emerging and leading to therapeutic challenges worldwide. Prescriptions of carbapenems may lead to the emergence of resistance. This study aimed to compare cefepime with carbapenems for the treatment of third-generation cephalosporin-resistant ABLHE BSI. METHODS: This retrospective multicenter study included patients with ABLHE BSI from two tertiary hospitals in France, between July 2017 and July 2022. Non-AmpC-producing Enterobacterales, extended-spectrum ß-lactamase, and carbapenemase-producing Enterobacterales were excluded. Cefepime was prescribed only in case of minimal inhibitory concentration ≤1 mg/l. The primary outcome was 30-day in-hospital mortality from the date of index blood culture. Secondary outcomes were infection recurrence and treatment toxicity. An inverse probability of treatment weighting approach was used to balance the baseline characteristics between the two groups. RESULTS: We analyzed 164 BSI, which included 77 in the cefepime group and 87 in the carbapenem group. In the weighted cohort, the 30-day mortality rates were similar between the cefepime group (23.3%) and the carbapenem group (19.6%) with a relative risk of 1.19 (95% confidence interval, 0.61-2.33 P = 0.614). No significant difference in recurrence or toxicity was found between the two groups. CONCLUSION: This study adds evidence in favor of the use of cefepime for treating third-generation cephalosporin-resistant ABLHE BSI in case of minimal inhibitory concentration ≤ 1 mg/l, which could spare carbapenems.

The sunny butterflies: new species of high montane pierids of the Catasticta poujadei group from the Peruvian Andes (Pieridae, Pierinae, Aporiina).

The Catasticta poujadei group, within the subgenus Hesperochoia Reissinger, is revised. Two new species, C. copernicus Pyrcz & Fhraeus sp. nov., and C. buszkoi Boyer & Pyrcz sp. nov. occurring near the timberline in Junn and Apurmac are described. Catasticta eximia Rber is reinstated as a species separate from C. poujadei, and a new subspecies, C. eximia tapuna ssp. nov., is described. The affinities of the species of the C. poujadei group are evaluated based on COI barcodes. Their distribution and habitats are described.

Human Co-Infections between Borrelia burgdorferi s.l. and Other Ixodes-Borne Microorganisms: A Systematic Review.

When it comes to tick-borne diseases, co-infections are often mentioned. This concept includes several entities. On the one hand, tick vectors or vertebrate reservoir host can harbor several microorganisms that can be pathogenic for humans. On the other hand, human co-infections can also be understood in different ways, ranging from seropositivity without clinical symptoms to co-disease, i.e., the simultaneous clinical expression of infections by two tick-borne microorganisms. The latter, although regularly speculated, is not often reported. Hence, we conducted a systematic review on co-infections between B. burgdorferi s.l., the etiological agent of Lyme borreliosis, and other microorganisms potentially transmitted to humans by Ixodes spp. ticks. A total of 68 relevant articles were included, presenting 655 cases of possible co-infections. Most cases of co-infections corresponded to patients with one tick-borne disease and presenting antibody against another tick-borne microorganism. Co-disease was particularly frequent in two situations: patients with clinical symptoms of high fever and erythema migrans (EM), and patients with neurological symptoms linked to the TBEv or a neuroborreliosis. No impact on severity was evidenced. Further studies are needed to better appreciate the frequency and the impact of co-infections between several tick-borne microorganisms.

A new high-altitude species of Penaincisalia Johnson, 1990 (Lepidoptera, Lycaenidae) from the Peruvian Andes.

A new Penelfin species, Penaincisalia jadwigae sp. nov. is described from very high elevations, 45104620 m, in the Department of Huancavelica, Peru. Superficially it is somewhat similar to P. perezi Blint, 2001, but can easily be recognized by wing colour and pattern. A key for the identification of species in the Penaincisalia s. str. group with orange dorsal wing surface colouration is provided. A list of the local butterfly fauna is given, and spatial distribution, thermal regulation and discoloration are briefly discussed. The taxon Shapiroana matusikorum Johnson, 1992 is reinstated from synonymy with Penaincisalia aurulenta Johnson, 1990, as Rhamma matusikorum (Johnson, 1992), stat. rev., comb. n. 17 figures are provided.

Primary Adrenal Lymphoma as a Rare Cause of Primary Adrenal Insufficiency: Challenges in Management and a Review of the Literature.

Background/Objective: Primary adrenal lymphoma (PAL) is an aggressive form of lymphoma associated with adrenal insufficiency (AI) in most cases. It requires a histologic confirmation unlike other cases of primary AI. Case Report: We report a case of a 66-year-old man who presented with AI with symptomatic hypotension and hypo-osmolar hyponatremia. Ultrasound and computed tomography scans revealed bilateral bulky adrenal masses that were avid on fluorodeoxyglucose positron emission tomography scan. The diagnosis of PAL was confirmed with adrenal biopsy. He was treated with rituximab-based chemotherapy, which was complicated by several endocrine challenges, including worsening diabetes, multiple adrenal crises, prolonged hyponatremia, and refractory hypokalemia requiring spironolactone. He eventually developed central nervous system disease and was treated with palliative intent. Discussion: AI in the setting of PAL can constitute both diagnostic and therapeutic challenges, including significant electrolyte imbalances as discussed in this case report. Conclusion: It is important to have a high suspicion for PAL, especially in the presence of bilateral adrenal masses and AI. Early adrenal biopsy is required for diagnosis. Multidisciplinary care is vital to manage complications that arise during the disease course and treatment.

Management of a Major Carbapenem-Resistant Acinetobacter baumannii Outbreak in a French Intensive Care Unit While Maintaining Its Capacity Unaltered.

We describe bundle measures implemented to overcome a protracted carbapenem-resistant Acinetobacter baumannii (CRAB) outbreak in an 18-bed trauma Intensive Care Unit (ICU) at Strasbourg University Hospital, a tertiary referral center in France. Outbreak cases were defined by a positive CRAB sample with OXA-23 profile during or after ICU say. To sustain the capacity of the busy trauma ICU, infection control bundles were purposely selected to control the outbreak without closing the ICU. During the outbreak, from May 2015 to January 2019, 141 patients were contaminated by CRAB, including 91 colonized and 50 infected patients. The conventional infection and prevention control (IPC) measures implemented included weekly active surveillance of patients' samples, enhancement of environmental cleaning, interventions to improve hand hygiene compliance and antibiotic stewardship with audits. Supplemental measures were needed, including environmental samplings, health care workers' (HCWs) hand sampling, chlorhexidine body-washing, relocation of the service to implement Airborne Disinfection System (ADS), replication of crisis cells, replacement of big environmental elements and improvement of HCW organization at the patient's bedside. The final measure was the cohorting of both CRAB patients and HCW caring for them. Only the simultaneous implementation of aggressive and complementary measures made it possible to overcome this long-lasting CRAB epidemic. Facing many CRAB cases during a rapidly spreading outbreak, combining simultaneous aggressive and complementary measures (including strict patients and HCW cohorting), was the only way to curb the epidemic while maintaining ICU capacity.

Impact of Different Anthropogenic Environments on Ticks and Tick-Associated Pathogens in Alsace, a French Region Highly Endemic for Tick-Borne Diseases.

Ticks and tick-borne diseases have spread over the last decades. In parallel, the incidence in humans, accidental hosts for most of these zoonotic diseases, has increased. This epidemiological intensification can be associated with anthropogenic alterations of forest ecosystems and animal biodiversity, but also with socioeconomic changes. Their proliferation is largely due to human-induced effects on the factors that favor the circulation of these infectious agents. We selected different types of anthropogenic environments in Alsace, a region endemic for tick-borne diseases in France, to better understand the impact of human interventions on tick populations and tick-borne disease incidence. Ticks were collected in one golf course, three urban parks, one mid-mountain forest, and one alluvial forest that is currently part of a protected natural area. Ixodes ricinus was found primarily in humid vegetation, which is favorable for tick survival, such as grounds populated with trees and covered with leaf litter. We also observed that reforestation and high animal biodiversity in a protected area such as the alluvial forest led to a greater number of ticks, including both Ixodes ricinus and Dermacentor reticulatus, as well as to a higher prevalence of pathogens such as Borrelia burgdorferi sensu lato, Anaplasma phagocytophilum, Borrelia miyamotoi, and Rickettsia raoulti.

Taxonomic discoveries enabled by genomic analysis of butterflies.

The comparative genomics of butterflies yields additional insights into their phylogeny and classification that are compiled here. As a result, 3 genera, 5 subgenera, 5 species, and 3 subspecies are proposed as new, i.e., in Hesperiidae: Antina Grishin, gen. n. (type species Antigonus minor O. Mielke, 1980), Pompe Grishin and Lamas, gen. n. (type species Lerema postpuncta Draudt, 1923), and Curva Grishin, gen. n. (type species Moeris hyagnis Godman, 1900); in Lycaenidae: Fussia Grishin, subgen. n. (type species Polyommatus standfussi Grum-Grshimailo, 1891) and Pava Grishin, subgen. n. (type species Thecla panava Westwood, 1852); in Hesperiidae: Monoca Grishin, subgen. n. (type species Tagiades monophthalma Plötz, 1884), Putuma Grishin, subgen. n. (type species Tisias putumayo Constantino and Salazar, 2013), and Rayia Grishin, subgen. n. (type species Mastor perigenes Godman, 1900); Cissia wahala Grishin, sp. n. (Nymphalidae; type locality in Mexico: Oaxaca); in Hesperiidae: Hedone mira Grishin and Lamas, sp. n. (type locality in Peru: Apurímac), Vidius pompeoides Grishin, sp. n. (type locality in Brazil: Amazonas), Parphorus hermieri Grishin, sp. n. (Hesperiidae; type locality in Brazil: Rondônia), and Zenis par Grishin, sp. n. (Hesperiidae; type locality in Peru: Cuzco); in Pieridae: Glutophrissa drusilla noroesta Grishin, ssp. n. (type locality in USA: Texas, Cameron Co.) and Pieris marginalis siblanca Grishin, ssp. n. (type locality in USA: New Mexico, Lincoln Co.), and Argynnis cybele neomexicana Grishin, ssp. n. (Nymphalidae; type locality in USA: New Mexico, Sandoval Co.). Acidalia leto valesinoides-alba Reuss, [1926] and Acidalia nokomis valesinoides-alba Reuss, [1926] are unavailable names. Neotypes are designated for Mylothris margarita Hübner, [1825] (type locality in Brazil) and Papilio coras Cramer, 1775 (type locality becomes USA: Pennsylvania, Montgomery Co., Flourtown). Mylothris margarita Hübner, [1825] becomes a junior objective synonym of Pieris ilaire Godart, 1819, currently a junior subjective synonym of Glutophrissa drusilla (Cramer, 1777). Lectotypes are designated for Hesperia ceramica Plötz, 1886 (type locality in Indonesia: Seram Island), Pamphila trebius Mabille, 1891 (type locality Colombia: Bogota), Methionopsis modestus Godman, 1901 and Papias microsema Godman, 1900 (type locality in Mexico: Tabasco), Hesperia fusca Grote & Robinson, 1867 (type locality in USA: Georgia), Goniloba corusca Herrich-Schäffer, 1869, and Goniloba devanes Herrich-Schäffer, 1869; the type localities of the last two species, together with Pamphila stigma Skinner, 1896 and Carystus (Argon) lota (Hewitson, 1877), are deduced to be in South America. Type locality of Junonia pacoma Grishin, 2020 is in Sinaloa, not Sonora (Mexico). Abdomen is excluded from the holotype of Staphylus ascalon (Staudinger, 1876). Furthermore, a number of taxonomic changes are proposed. Alciphronia Koçak, 1992 is treated as a subgenus, not a synonym of Heodes Dalman, 1816. The following genera are treated as subgenera: Lafron Grishin, 2020 of Lycaena [Fabricius], 1807, Aremfoxia Real, 1971 of Epityches D'Almeida, 1938, Placidina D'Almeida, 1928 of Pagyris Boisduval, 1870, and Methionopsis Godman, 1901 of Mnasinous Godman, 1900. Polites (Polites) coras (Cramer, 1775) is not a nomen dubium but a valid species. The following are species-level taxa (not subspecies or synonyms of taxa given in parenthesis): Lycaena pseudophlaeas (Lucas, 1866) and Lycaena hypophlaeas (Boisduval, 1852) (not Lycaena phlaeas (Linnaeus, 1761), Satyrium dryope (W. H. Edwards, 1870) (not Satyrium sylvinus (Boisduval, 1852)), Apodemia cleis (W. H. Edwards, 1882) (not Apodemia zela (Butler, 1870)), Epityches thyridiana (Haensch, 1909), comb. nov. (not Epityches ferra Haensch, 1909, comb. nov.), Argynnis bischoffii W. H. Edwards, 1870 (not Argynnis mormonia Boisduval, 1869), Argynnis leto Behr, 1862 (not Argynnis cybele (Fabricius, 1775)), Boloria myrina (Cramer, 1777) (not Boloria selene ([Denis & Schiffermüller], 1775)), Phyciodes jalapeno J. Scott, 1998 (not Phyciodes phaon (W. H. Edwards, 1864)), Phyciodes incognitus Gatrelle, 2004 and Phyciodes diminutor J. Scott, 1998 (not Phyciodes cocyta (Cramer, 1777)), Phyciodes orantain J. Scott, 1998 (not Phyciodes tharos (Drury, 1773)), Phyciodes anasazi J. Scott, 1994 (not Phyciodes batesii (Reakirt, [1866])), Cercyonis silvestris (W. H. Edwards, 1861) (not Cercyonis sthenele (Boisduval, 1852)), Paramacera allyni L. Miller, 1972 and Paramacera rubrosuffusa L. Miller, 1972 (not Paramacera xicaque (Reakirt, [1867])), Cissia cheneyorum (R. Chermock, 1949), Cissia pseudocleophes (L. Miller, 1976), and Cissia anabelae (L. Miller, 1976) (not Cissia rubricata (W. H. Edwards, 1871)), Tarsoctenus gaudialis (Hewitson, 1876) (not Tarsoctenus corytus (Cramer, 1777)), Nisoniades inca (Lindsey, 1925) (not Nisoniades mimas (Cramer, 1775), Xenophanes ruatanensis Godman & Salvin, 1895 (not Xenophanes tryxus (Stoll, 1780)), Lotongus shigeoi Treadaway & Nuyda, 1994, Lotongus balta Evans, 1949, Lotongus zalates (Mabille, 1893), and Lotongus taprobanus (Plötz, 1885) (not Lotongus calathus (Hewitson, 1876)), Oxynthes martius (Mabille, 1889) (not Oxynthes corusca (Herrich-Schäffer, 1869)), Notamblyscirtes durango J. Scott, 2017 (not Notamblyscirtes simius W. H. Edwards, 1881), Hedone praeceps Scudder, 1872, Hedone catilina (Plötz, 1886), and Hedone calla (Evans, 1955) (not Hedone vibex (Geyer, 1832)), Atalopedes huron (W. H. Edwards, 1863) (not Atalopedes campestris (Boisduval, 1852)), Papias microsema Godman, 1900 (not Mnasinous phaeomelas (Hübner, [1829]), comb. nov.), Papias unicolor (Hayward, 1938) and Papias monus Bell, 1942 (not Papias phainis Godman, 1900), Nastra leuconoides (Lindsey, 1925) (not Nastra leucone (Godman, 1900)), Nastra fusca (Grote & Robinson, 1867) (not Nastra lherminier (Latreille, [1824])), Zenis hemizona (Dyar, 1918) and Zenis janka Evans, 1955 (not Zenis jebus (Plötz, 1882)), Carystus (Argon) argus Möschler, 1879 (not Carystus (Argon) lota Hewitson, 1877), and Lycas devanes (Herrich-Schäffer, 1869) (not Lycas argentea (Hewitson, 1866)). Borbo impar ceramica (Plötz, 1886), comb. nov. is not a synonym of Pelopidas agna larika (Pagenstecher, 1884) but a valid subspecies. Parnassius smintheus behrii W. H. Edwards, 1870 and Cercyonis silvestris incognita J. Emmel, T. Emmel & Mattoon, 2012 are subspecies, not species. The following are junior subjective synonyms: Shijimiaeoides Beuret, 1958 of Glaucopsyche Scudder, 1872, Micropsyche Mattoni, 1981 of Turanana Bethune-Baker, 1916, Cyclyrius Butler, 1897 of Leptotes Scudder, 1876, Mesenopsis Godman & Salvin, 1886 of Xynias Hewitson, 1874, Carystus tetragraphus Mabille, 1891 of Lotongus calathus parthenope (Plötz, 1886), Parnara bipunctata Elwes & J. Edwards, 1897 of Borbo impar ceramica (Plötz, 1886), Hesperia peckius W. Kirby, 1837 of Polites (Polites) coras (Cramer, 1775), and Lerodea neamathla Skinner & R. Williams, 1923 of Nastra fusca (Grote & Robinson, 1867). The following transfers are proposed: of species between genera (i.e., revised genus-species combinations): Nervia niveostriga (Trimen, 1864) (not Kedestes Watson, 1893), Leona lota Evans, 1937 (not Lennia Grishin, 2022), Leona pruna (Evans, 1937) and Leona reali (Berger, 1962) (not Pteroteinon Watson, 1893), Mnasinous phaeomelas (Hübner, [1829]) (not Papias Godman, 1900), Saturnus jaguar (Steinhauser, 2008) (not Parphorus Godman, 1900), Parphorus harpe (Steinhauser, 2008) (not Saturnus Evans, 1955), Parphorus kadeni (Evans, 1955) (not Lento Evans, 1955), and Calpodes chocoensis (Salazar & Constantino, 2013) (not Megaleas Godman, 1901); of subspecies between species (i.e., revised species-subspecies combinations): Melitaea sterope W. H. Edwards, 1870 of Chlosyne palla (Boisduval, 1852) (not Chlosyne acastus (W. H. Edwards, 1874)) and Panoquina ocola distipuncta Johnson & Matusik, 1988 of Panoquina lucas (Fabricius, 1793); and junior subjective synonym transferred between species: Rhinthon zaba Strand, 1921 of Conga chydaea (A. Butler, 1877), not Cynea cynea (Hewitson, 1876), Pamphila stigma Skinner, 1896 of Hedone catilina (Plötz, 1886), not Hedone praeceps Scudder, 1872, and Pamphila ortygia Möschler, 1883 of Panoquina hecebolus (Scudder, 1872), not Panoquina ocola (W. H. Edwards, 1863). Proposed taxonomic changes result in additional revised species-subspecies combinations: Lycaena pseudophlaeas abbottii (Holland, 1892), Satyrium dryope putnami (Hy. Edwards, 1877), Satyrium dryope megapallidum Austin, 1998, Satyrium dryope itys (W. H. Edwards, 1882), Satyrium dryope desertorum (F. Grinnell, 1917), Argynnis bischoffi opis W. H. Edwards, 1874, Argynnis bischoffi washingtonia W. Barnes & McDunnough, 1913, Argynnis bischoffi erinna W. H. Edwards, 1883, Argynnis bischoffi kimimela Marrone, Spomer & J. Scott, 2008, Argynnis bischoffi eurynome W. H. Edwards, 1872, Argynnis bischoffi artonis W. H. Edwards, 1881, Argynnis bischoffi luski W. Barnes & McDunnough, 1913, Argynnis leto letona (dos Passos & Grey, 1945), Argynnis leto pugetensis (F. Chermock & Frechin, 1947), Argynnis leto eileenae (J. Emmel, T. Emmel & Mattoon, 1998), Boloria myrina nebraskensis (W. Holland, 1928), Boloria myrina sabulocollis Kohler, 1977, Boloria myrina tollandensis (W. Barnes & Benjamin, 1925), Boloria myrina albequina (W. Holland, 1928), Boloria myrina atrocostalis (Huard, 1927), Boloria myrina terraenovae (W. Holland, 1928), Phyciodes anasazi apsaalooke J. Scott, 1994, Polites coras surllano J. Scott, 2006, and Curva darienensis (Gaviria, Siewert, Mielke & Casagrande, 2018). Specimen curated as the holotype of Acidalia leto valesinoides-alba Reuss, [1926] is Argynnis leto letona (dos Passos & Grey, 1945) (not A. leto leto Behr, 1862) from USA: Utah, Provo. A synonymic list of available genus-group names for Lycaeninae [Leach],[1815] is given. Unless stated otherwise, all subgenera, species, subspecies and synonyms of mentioned genera and species are transferred with their parent taxa, and others remain as previously classified.