Trends in sacral colpopexy for the management of apical prolapse.

OBJECTIVE: To evaluate trends in surgical approach for sacral colpopexy since the advent of robotic technology for gynecologic procedures. STUDY DESIGN: Women who underwent surgery for uterovaginal prolapse, cystocele, and/orvaginalvault prolapse were included in this study. The number of patients undergoing a vaginal approach for prolapse was compared to the number of patients receiving sacral colpopexy. Descriptive statistics comprised means and standard deviations, while categorical data were reported as frequencies. Inferential statistics comprised Student's t-test for assessing two-group differences between means ofcontinuous, normally distributed data and chi-squared tests for comparisons of equality of distribution between categorical variables. RESULTS: Patients undergoing sacral colpopexy were younger than their vaginal surgery counterparts (P< 0.001). When stage ofprolapsewas dichotomized, among those with stage 1-2 prolapse, a greater percentage of patients received colpopexy in favor of vaginal surgery in 2010 than in 2007 (P=0.001). CONCLUSION: There is an increasing trend towards robotic-assisted sacralcolpopexyforthe management of apical prolapse.

Socioeconomic status and race as predictors of treatment-seeking behavior for pelvic organ prolapse.

OBJECTIVE: We sought to evaluate the prevalence of pelvic organ prolapse (POP) among a diverse group of women and to determine if race/ethnicity and/or socioeconomic status (SES) are factors in treatment-seeking behavior. STUDY DESIGN: All data were collected from the National Institutes of Health-supported Boston Area Community Health Survey. SES was calculated by a 2-factor index that combined household income with years of education. Inferential statistics comprised 1-way analysis of variance, with a post hoc Scheffé test performed to evaluate whether there were differences between individual groups. A χ(2) test was used to evaluate whether distributions were equal among the various questions by race/ethnicity and SES category. RESULTS: A total of 3205 women were included in the analysis. Hispanic ethnicity and younger age were associated with POP (P < .002 and P < .001, respectively) as well as with seeking treatment for prolapse (P = .007 and P < .001, respectively). These factors were also associated with subsequent surgical repair (P = .027 and P = .019, respectively). A regression model showed that women were 4.9% more likely to seek treatment for every year younger they were, across the range of age. Although women of a higher SES were more likely to have POP, SES was neither associated with a higher likelihood of seeking treatment nor with the surgical management of prolapse. CONCLUSION: Hispanic ethnicity and younger age were associated with seeking treatment for POP. Hispanics were more likely than whites or blacks to proceed with surgical management. There was no correlation of SES with any of the above factors.

A comparison of shoulder pressure among different patient stabilization techniques.

OBJECTIVE: The purpose of this study was to evaluate the pressure placed on the shoulders as a function of varying degrees of head-down tilt (the Trendelenburg position) and to compare these pressures among 3 different patient-positioning systems. STUDY DESIGN: Participants were placed in the dorsal-lithotomy position with arms tucked and tilted at 5, 10, 15, 20, 25, and 30 degrees of head-down tilt. Using a manometer, we measured the pressure (centimeters of water) on the shoulders at each angle for 3 support devices: the Skytron shoulder support (Skytron, Grand Rapids, MI), the Allen shoulder support (Allen Medical Systems, Acton, MA), and the Allen Hug-u-Vac. RESULTS: Among 23 participants, body mass index (mean ± SD) was 24.5 ± 4.3 kg/m(2). As the tilt angle increased, so did the shoulder pressure for all support systems. At a 30-degree Trendelenburg position, the Allen Hug-u-Vac transmitted less pressure to the shoulders than the Skytron (right and left, P < .001) and the Allen shoulder supports system (right, P < .001; left, P = .434). Each participant was asked, "Which system was most comfortable?" Seventy-four percent of the participants reported that they preferred the Hug-u-Vac (P < .001). CONCLUSION: Shoulder pressure increases as tilt angle increases. Of the 3 support systems that were tested, the Allen Hug-u-Vac transmitted less pressure to the shoulders at a 30-degree Trendelenburg position than the Skytron and the Allen shoulder support systems.

Does the impact of urinary incontinence on quality of life differ based on age?

INTRODUCTION AND HYPOTHESIS: The purpose of this study was to evaluate if the impact of urinary incontinence (UI) on quality of life (QOL) differs between women based on age. METHODS: A retrospective review of patients presenting for the management of UI was performed. Patients with UI and their corresponding degree of bother were identified by their responses to validated questionnaires. Distributions of comorbidities and types of UI were presented as frequencies and compared between age cohorts with a chi-square test. Mean scale scores were assessed for normality and a one-way analysis of variance with a post hoc Scheffé's test was used to compare the scores. RESULTS: Of 765 patients meeting inclusion criteria, 22.4 % were <45, 28.9 % were 45-55, and 48.8 % were >55 years of age. Women older than 55 were significantly more likely to have urge UI and mixed UI than their counterparts (p < 0.001). Women <45 and 45-55 were more negatively impacted in their ability to perform physical activities compared to women >55 (p = 0.004), whereas women >55 were significantly less likely to feel frustrated by their incontinence than women <45 (p = 0.022). However, there was no significant difference in overall impact of incontinence among groups (p = 0.585). CONCLUSIONS: UI equally impacts the functional and psychological QOL in women regardless of age. UI in women <55 results in a greater negative impact on level of physical activity, whereas women <45 are significantly more frustrated.

Does neuromuscular blockade affect the assessment of pelvic organ prolapse?

INTRODUCTION AND HYPOTHESIS: The purpose of this study was to determine if anesthesia with neuromuscular blockade alters the Pelvic Organ Prolapse Quantification (POP-Q) examination. METHODS: A prospective, multi-center trial was conducted of women undergoing pelvic surgery. A POP-Q examination performed pre-operatively was compared with an examination performed intra-operatively under neuromuscular blockade. For the latter examination, an Allis clamp was used to apply gentle traction until the point being examined did not undergo further descent. International Continence Society (ICS) stages and individual POP-Q points were compared using a paired sample t test. A sample size of 32 provided 80% power to detect a clinically significant difference between office and operating room measurements (Sample Power, SPSS, 1997). RESULTS: Of 153 women, 76% received general endotracheal anesthesia and 21% laryngeal mask airway. With an increase of 3 cm, the apical compartment was significantly more prolapsed in the operating room (OR; p < 0.05); however, a comparison of the mean values demonstrated a larger change in means for all points except total vaginal length. When separated into anterior, apical, and posterior compartments, the ICS stages were systematically different in the OR than in the office for all stages (p < 0.0005). CONCLUSIONS: Neuromuscular blockade leads to significantly greater increases in POP-Q examination measurements compared with the office measurements, and this increase is most pronounced apically.

Effect of a Decision Aid on Decision Making for the Treatment of Pelvic Organ Prolapse.

OBJECTIVES: The aim of this study was to evaluate if the addition of a decision aid (DA) decreases decisional conflict in women presenting for the management and treatment of pelvic organ prolapse (POP). METHODS: Women scheduled for the evaluation and management of POP were randomized into either of 2 groups: standard counseling (SC) alone (n = 51) or SC plus a DA (n = 53). Upon completion of their initial visit, patients filled out a 16-item decisional conflict scale and short form general health survey. Values were assessed for normality and compared between groups. Normally distributed, continuous data were evaluated with a Student t test. A χ2 test was used to compare selected categorical characteristics between groups. Differences in distributions of low and high decisional conflict were assessed with a Mann-Whitney U test. RESULTS: One hundred four women were randomized for this analysis. Baseline characteristics, including pelvic prolapse examination measurements, did not significantly differ between groups. The addition of a DA to SC did not significantly lower the level decisional conflict patients faced when deciding on a treatment plan (P = 0.566). There were no significant differences between groups in the following subscores: uncertainty, values clarity, support, effective decision, and informed. In addition, there were no between-group differences in choice of treatment plan (conservative management, pelvic floor physical therapy, pessary, and surgery; P = 0.835). CONCLUSIONS: In this relatively small sample, the addition of a DA to SC for women with POP does not significantly decrease the level of decisional conflict in making treatment-related decisions.

Do patients with pelvic organ prolapse have an increased frequency of asymptomatic microscopic hematuria?

OBJECTIVE: To determine the prevalence of asymptomatic microscopic hematuria (AMH) in patients with pelvic organ prolapse. METHODS: The Urogynecology patient database was reviewed for patients presenting between July 2010 and April 2011 inclusive. We compared the prevalence of AMH in patients with no prolapse with those with prolapse. A post-hoc analysis was performed to evaluate if overall stage of prolapse was related to the presence of AMH. Pearson chi-square analysis was used for categorical variables, and P values<.05 were deemed statistically significant. RESULTS: Of the 230 women with evaluable AMH data, 29 (12.6%) had AMH. Baseline patient demographic data did not significantly differ between groups. Women with prolapse had a higher prevalence of AMH compared with women with no prolapse (18.3% vs 5.1%, P=.003). There was a significant difference in the distribution of AMH by stage of prolapse, with AMH more prevalent among women with higher stages of prolapse (P=.007). CONCLUSION: Women with prolapse beyond the hymen have a significantly higher prevalence of AMH when compared with women with prolapse at or above the hymen. We suggest an overall rate of AMH in the Urogynecologic population of 12.6%.

The impact of pessary use on bowel symptoms: one-year outcomes.

OBJECTIVES: The literature states that patients with pelvic organ prolapse have a higher prevalence of bothersome bowel symptoms and that surgical correction of prolapse may improve bowel function. There is limited knowledge regarding the impact of pessary use on bowel function in patients with prolapse. The aim of this study was to evaluate if there is a change in bowel symptoms in patients with prolapse treated with a vaginal pessary. METHODS: Women who presented for pessary insertion completed the validated questionnaires on the bowel symptom severity and on the effect of bowel symptoms on the quality of life at baseline and again at 12 months of continuous pessary use. Inferential statistics comprised Student t test for evaluating differences in continuous Gaussian data between groups and paired t tests were used to evaluate differences among subjects between the baseline and 12 months of use. RESULTS: One hundred four women participated in the original study, and 43 had complete data for analysis. Women who completed 12 months of pessary use reported significant improvements in both bowel-related symptoms and bowel-related quality of life (95% confidence interval of the difference 1.6-11.4 and 2.0-14.0, respectively). Patients who completed the 12-month follow-up were significantly older and more likely to have stage 3 or 4 prolapse than noncompleters, but there were no differences in body mass index, race, history of prior prolapse surgery, or menopause status. CONCLUSIONS: In women with prolapse, the use of a pessary is associated with a decrease in complaints related to bowel symptoms.