"Evolving Trends in Pancreatic Cystic Tumors: A 3-Decade Single-Center Experience With 1290 Resections".

OBJECTIVE: The aim of this study was to describe our institutional experience with resected cystic tumors of the pancreas with emphasis on changes in clinical presentation and accuracy of preoperative diagnosis. SUMMARY BACKGROUND DATA: Incidental discovery of pancreatic cystic lesions has increased and has led to a rise in pancreatic resections. It is important to analyze surgical outcomes from these procedures, and the prevalence of malignancy, pre-malignancy and resections for purely benign lesions, some of which may be unintended. METHODS: Retrospective review of a prospective database spanning 3 decades. Presence of symptoms, incidental discovery, diagnostic studies, type of surgery, postoperative outcomes, and concordance between presumptive diagnosis and final histopathology were recorded. RESULTS: A total of 1290 patients were identified, 62% female with mean age of 60 years. Fifty-seven percent of tumors were incidentally discovered. Ninety-day operative mortality was 0.9% and major morbidity 14.4%. There were 23 different diagnosis, but IPMN, MCN, and serous cystadenoma comprised 80% of cases. Concordance between preoperative and final histopathological diagnosis increased by decade from 45%, to 68%, and is presently 80%, rising in parallel with the use of endoscopic ultrasound, cytology, and molecular analysis. The addition of molecular analysis improved accuracy to 91%. Of misdiagnosed cases, half were purely benign and taken to surgery with the presumption of malignancy or premalignancy. The majority of these were serous cystadenomas. CONCLUSIONS: Indications and diagnostic work-up of cystic tumors of the pancreas have changed over time. Surgical resection can be performed with very low mortality and acceptable morbidity and diagnostic accuracy is presently 80%. About 10% of patients are still undergoing surgery for purely benign lesions that were presumed to be malignant or premalignant. Further refinements in diagnostic tests are required to improve accuracy.

Computer-Aided Detection Improves Adenomas per Colonoscopy for Screening and Surveillance Colonoscopy: A Randomized Trial.

BACKGROUND & AIMS: Colonoscopy for colorectal cancer screening is endoscopist dependent, and colonoscopy quality improvement programs aim to improve efficacy. This study evaluated the clinical benefit and safety of using a computer-aided detection (CADe) device in colonoscopy procedures. METHODS: This randomized study prospectively evaluated the use of a CADe device at 5 academic and community centers by US board-certified gastroenterologists (n = 22). Participants aged ≥40 scheduled for screening or surveillance (≥3 years) colonoscopy were included; exclusion criteria included incomplete procedure, diagnostic indication, inflammatory bowel disease, and familial adenomatous polyposis. Patients were randomized by endoscopist to the standard or CADe colonoscopy arm using computer-generated, random-block method. The 2 primary endpoints were adenomas per colonoscopy (APC), the total number of adenomas resected divided by the total number of colonoscopies; and true histology rate (THR), the proportion of resections with clinically significant histology divided by the total number of polyp resections. The primary analysis used a modified intention-to-treat approach. RESULTS: Between January and September 2021, 1440 participants were enrolled to be randomized. After exclusion of participants who did not meet the eligibility criteria, 677 in the standard arm and 682 in the CADe arm were included in a modified intention-to-treat analysis. APC increased significantly with use of the CADe device (standard vs CADe: 0.83 vs 1.05, P = .002; total number of adenomas, 562 vs 719). There was no decrease in THR with use of the CADe device (standard vs CADe: 71.7% vs 67.4%, P for noninferiority < .001; total number of non-neoplastic lesions, 284 vs 375). Adenoma detection rate was 43.9% and 47.8% in the standard and CADe arms, respectively (P = .065). CONCLUSIONS: For experienced endoscopists performing screening and surveillance colonoscopies in the United States, the CADe device statistically improved overall adenoma detection (APC) without a concomitant increase in resection of non-neoplastic lesions (THR). CLINICALTRIALS: gov registration: NCT04754347.

Endoscopist-Level and Procedure-Level Factors Associated With Increased Adenoma Detection With the Use of a Computer-Aided Detection Device.

INTRODUCTION: To investigate the impact of procedure-related and endoscopist-related factors on the effectiveness of a computer-aided detection (CADe) device in adenomas per colonoscopy (APC) detection. METHODS: The SKOUT clinical trial was conducted at 5 US sites. We present prespecified analyses of procedure-related and endoscopist-related factors, and association with APC across treatment and control cohorts. RESULTS: There were numeric increases in APC between SKOUT vs standard colonoscopy in community-based endoscopists, withdrawal time of ≥8 minutes, for endoscopists with >20 years of experience, and endoscopists with baseline adenoma detection rate <45%. DISCUSSION: The application of CADe devices in clinical practice should be carefully evaluated. Larger studies should explore differences in endoscopist-related factors for CADe.

Improved Detection of Circulating Epithelial Cells in Patients with Intraductal Papillary Mucinous Neoplasms.

BACKGROUND: Recent work has demonstrated early shedding of circulating epithelial cells (CECs) from premalignant intraductal papillary mucinous neoplasms (IPMNs). However, the potential use of CECs as a "liquid biopsy" for patients with IPMNs has been limited by antigen dependence of CEC isolation devices and the lack of robust detection biomarkers across CEC phenotypes. MATERIALS AND METHODS: We utilized a negative depletion microfluidic platform to purify CECs from contaminating leukocytes and coupled this platform with immunofluorescence, RNA in situ hybridization, and RNA sequencing (RNA-seq) detection and enumeration. RESULTS: Using established protein (EpCAM, cytokeratins) and novel noncoding RNA (HSATII, cytokeratins) biomarkers, we detected CECs in 88% of patients bearing IPMN lesions. RNA-seq analysis for MUC genes confirm the likely origin of these CECs from pancreatic lesions. CONCLUSION: Our findings increase the sensitivity of detection of these cells and therefore could have clinical implications for cancer risk stratification. IMPLICATIONS FOR PRACTICE: This work describes a high-sensitivity platform for detection of epithelial cells shed from preneoplastic lesions at high risk of malignant transformation. Further research efforts are underway to define the transcriptional programs that might allow discrimination between circulating cells released from tumors that will become malignant and cells released from tumors that will not. After further refinement, this combination of technologies could be deployed for monitoring and early detection of patients at high risk for developing new or recurrent pancreatic malignancies.

Long-term Risk of Pancreatic Malignancy in Patients With Branch Duct Intraductal Papillary Mucinous Neoplasm in a Referral Center.

BACKGROUND & AIMS: Little is known about the development of branch duct intraductal papillary mucinous neoplasms (BD-IPMNs). We evaluated long-term outcomes of a large cohort of patients with BD-IPMNs to determine risk of malignancy and define a subset of low-risk BD-IPMNs. METHODS: We performed a retrospective analysis of data from 577 patients with suspected or presumed BD-IPMN under surveillance at the Massachusetts General Hospital. Patients underwent cross-sectional imaging analysis at 3 months or later after their initial diagnosis. The diagnosis of BD-IPMN was based on the presence of unilocular or multilocular cysts of the pancreas and a non-dilated main pancreatic duct (<5 mm). We collected demographic, clinical, and pathology data. Cysts were characterized at the time of diagnosis and during the follow-up period. Follow-up duration was time between initial cyst diagnosis and date of last visit or death for patients without development of pancreatic cancer, date of surgery for patients with histologically confirmed malignancy, or date of first discovery of malignancy by imaging analysis for patients with unresectable tumors or who underwent neoadjuvant treatment before surgery. The primary outcome was risk of malignancy, with a focus on patients followed for 5 years or more, compared with that of the US population, based on standardized incidence ratio. RESULTS: Of the 577 patients studied, 479 (83%) were asymptomatic at diagnosis and 363 (63%) underwent endoscopic ultrasound at least once. The median follow-up time was 82 months (range, 6-329 months) for the entire study cohort; 363 patients (63%) underwent surveillance for more than 5 years, and 121 (21%) for more than 10 years. Malignancies (high-grade dysplasia or invasive neoplasm) developed after 5 years in 20 of 363 patients (5.5%), and invasive cancer developed in 16 of 363 patients (4.4%). The standardized incidence ratio for patients with BD-IPMNs without worrisome features of malignancy at 5 years was 18.8 (95% confidence interval, 9.7-32.8; P < .001). One hundred and eight patients had cysts ≤1.5 cm for more than 5 years of follow-up; only 1 of these patients (0.9%) developed a distinct ductal adenocarcinoma. By contrast, among the 255 patients with cysts >1.5 cm, 19 (7.5%) developed malignancy (P = .01). CONCLUSIONS: In a retrospective analysis of patients with BD-IPMNs under surveillance, their overall risk of malignancy, almost 8%, lasted for 10 years or more, supporting continued surveillance after 5 years. Cysts that remain ≤1.5 cm for more than 5 years might be considered low-risk for progression to malignancy.

EMR is superior to rectal suction biopsy for analysis of enteric ganglia in constipation and dysmotility.

BACKGROUND AND AIMS: Patients with chronic constipation or motility disorders may be referred for rectal suction biopsy (RSB) to rule out Hirschsprung's disease (HD). RSB may not be successful beyond infancy because of the increased thickness of the rectal mucosa. EMR could improve the diagnostic yield for HD when compared with traditional RSB because larger and deeper samples are acquired for analysis. METHODS: In this prospective, single-center study, patients referred for RSB were offered enrollment for concurrent EMR. Specimens were analyzed pathologically for size, submucosal ganglionic tissue, and acetylcholinesterase or calretinin staining. Biopsy results were compared with transit studies, anorectal manometry, and constipation severity through validated questionnaires. RESULTS: Seventeen patients (2 male, 15 female; mean age, 35.8 years; range, 22-61 years) were enrolled in the study from 2008 to 2014. All patients underwent anorectal manometry (88% with anorectal dysfunction, 68% with outlet obstruction) and transit studies (41% with delayed transit). There were no reports of adverse events from the RSB and EMR procedures. The RSB sample volumes were significantly lower than the EMR sample volumes (0.023 cm3 vs 0.26 cm3, P = .001). There was diagnostic tissue for submucosal visualization by RSB in 53% (9/17) of cases compared with 100% (17/17) with EMR (P = .003). No cases of HD were diagnosed by RSB; one patient had rare ganglions observed by EMR. CONCLUSIONS: EMR provides greater tissue volume and can improve the characterization of ganglion cells in rectal tissue compared with RSB in patients with moderate to severe constipation with suspected HD.

Feasibility and safety of microforceps biopsy in the diagnosis of pancreatic cysts.

BACKGROUND AND AIMS: The tissue acquisition and diagnostic yield of cyst fluid cytology is low-to-moderate and rarely provides a specific diagnosis. The aim of this study was to compare the tissue acquisition and diagnostic tissue yield of microforceps biopsy (MFB) with cyst fluid cytology. METHODS: In this multicenter study, data of 42 patients who had cysts both aspirated by EUS-guided FNA (EUS-FNA) and biopsy specimens were then obtained with an MFB device, were collected. Cytology analysis of cyst fluid and histologic analysis of biopsy specimens were done. Acquisition yield was defined as percentage of patients with tissue present in the aspirate or biopsy. Diagnostic tissue yield was evaluated at 3 levels: the ability of differentiation between mucinous and/or nonmucinous cysts, detection of high risk for malignancy, and specific cyst type diagnosis. RESULTS: The mean patient age was 69 years. Sixteen pancreatic cysts (38.1%) were located in the head, 17 (40.5%) in the body, and 9 (21.4%) in the tail. The mean cyst size was 28.2 mm (12-60 mm); 25 of 42 (60%) were septated. The EUS-FNA tissue (fluid) acquisition yield was 88.1% (37/42). The MFB tissue acquisition yield was 90.4% (38/42). The diagnostic cytology yield to differentiate between mucinous and/or nonmucinous cysts was 47.6% (20/42), and the MFB histologic yield to differentiate between mucinous and/or nonmucinous cysts was 61.9% (26/42) (P = .188). The percentage of cysts at high risk for malignancy by cytology was 54.7% (23/42), and MFB was 71.5% (30/42) (P = .113). However, the ability of MFB to provide a specific cyst type diagnosis was 35.7% (15/42), and that for cytology was 4.8% (2/42) (P = .001). Surgical histology was concordant with that of MFB in 6 of 7 patients (85%), and with that of cytology in 1 of 7 patients (15%). CONCLUSION: The cyst tissue acquisition yield for MFBs was 90%. Although cytology of cyst fluid and MFB were comparable in distinguishing mucinous and nonmucinous cysts and detecting cysts at high risk for malignancy, MFB was far superior to cytology for providing a specific cyst diagnosis.

Ex vivo human bile duct radiofrequency ablation with a bipolar catheter.

BACKGROUND: Management of the primary and secondary tumors of the bile ducts still remains as a major clinical challenge. Radiofrequency (RF) ablation (RFA) of these tumors is feasible but the effect of RF energy on the human common bile duct (CBD) and surrounding tissues has not been investigated. This pilot study aimed to determine the relationship between RF energy and the depth of ablation in the normal human CBD. METHODS: The study was performed on fresh ex vivo human biliary-pancreatic tissue which had been resected for a pancreatic cyst or mass. The study was conducted within 15 min after resection. A bipolar Habib RFA catheter was placed into the middle of the intact CBD, and three different (5, 7, 10 W) power settings were applied over a 90-s period by an RF generator. Gross and histological examinations were performed. The depth of coagulation necrosis in CBD and the effect of RFA on CBD wall and surrounding pancreas tissue were determined by microscopic examination. RESULTS: The study included eight tissue samples. 5 W power was applied to three sites and RFA caused only focal epithelial necrosis limited to the CBD mucosa. 7 and 10 W were applied to five sites and coagulation necrosis occurred in all cases. Microscopically, necrosis was transmural, involved accessory bile duct glands, and extended to the surrounding pancreatic tissue in four of these cases. Macroscopically, RFA resulted in circumferential white-yellowish color change extending approximately 2 cm of the CBD. CONCLUSION: Bipolar RF energy application with 5 W resulted in limited ablation on CBD wall. However, 7 and 10 W generated tissue necrosis which extended through the CBD wall and into surrounding pancreas tissue. Endoscopic biliary RFA is an effective technique for local biliary tissue ablation but the use of high energy may injure surrounding tissue.

Endoscopic submucosal resection of gastric subepithelial lesions smaller than 20 mm: a comparison of saline solution-assisted snare and cap band mucosectomy techniques.

BACKGROUND AND AIMS: Application of endoscopic submucosal resection (ESMR) in the management of gastric subepithelial lesions (GSLs) less than 20 mm is gradually increasing because it allows diagnosis and treatment at the same operative session. In this study, we compare and evaluate the benefits of ESMR with an endoscopic cap band mucosectomy technique or saline solution-assisted snare technique in GSLs smaller than 20 mm. METHODS: This was a retrospective analysis of a prospectively maintained database used at 2 academic tertiary care centers. A total of 63 patients (34 females, mean age 52 years) with endoscopically resected GSLs were included in this study. RESULTS: The mean tumor size determined by EUS was 12.3 mm (range, 5-20 mm). Sixty-seven percent of the GSLs were localized in the antrum in all groups. The endoscopic cap band mucosectomy technique was used to resect 32 (50.8%) GSLs, whereas 31 (49.2%) were resected with the saline solution-assisted snare technique. The en bloc resection rates were 97% for the saline solution-assisted snare technique and 100% for the endoscopic cap band mucosectomy. Intraoperative bleeding occurred in 1 of 31 patients (3.2%) when ESMR was performed with the saline solution-assisted snare technique. Postoperative bleeding was seen in 1 of 32 patients (3.1%) who underwent the endoscopic cap band mucosectomy technique. CONCLUSIONS: In GSLs smaller than 20 mm, ESMR with saline solution-assisted snare or endoscopic cap band mucosectomy techniques is safe, the adverse event rate is low, accurate diagnosis is achieved, and treatment with en bloc resection is provided in a single session. Given similar success and adverse event rates, saline solution-assisted ESMR may be the preferred technique because of its lower cost advantages.

Needle-based confocal laser endomicroscopy for the diagnosis of pancreatic cystic lesions: an international external interobserver and intraobserver study (with videos).

BACKGROUND AND AIMS: EUS-guided needle-based confocal laser endomicroscopy (nCLE) characteristics of common types of pancreatic cystic lesions (PCLs) have been identified; however, surgical histopathology was available in a minority of cases. We sought to assess the performance characteristics of EUS nCLE for differentiating mucinous from non-mucinous PCLs in a larger series of patients with a definitive diagnosis. METHODS: Six endosonographers (nCLE experience >30 cases each) blinded to all clinical data, reviewed nCLE images of PCLs from 29 patients with surgical (n = 23) or clinical (n = 6) correlation. After 2 weeks, the assessors reviewed the same images in a different sequence. A tutorial on available and novel nCLE image patterns was provided before each review. The performance characteristics of nCLE and the κ statistic for interobserver agreement (IOA, 95% confidence interval [CI]), and intraobserver reliability (IOR, mean ± standard deviation [SD]) for identification of nCLE image patterns were calculated. Landis and Koch interpretation of κ values was used. RESULTS: A total of 29 (16 mucinous PCLs, 13 non-mucinous PCLs) nCLE patient videos were reviewed. The overall sensitivity, specificity, and accuracy for the diagnosis of mucinous PCLs were 95%, 94%, and 95%, respectively. The IOA and IOR (mean ± SD) were κ = 0.81 (almost perfect); 95% CI, 0.71-0.90; and κ = 0.86 ± 0.11 (almost perfect), respectively. The overall specificity, sensitivity, and accuracy for the diagnosis of serous cystadenomas (SCAs) were 99%, 98%, and 98%, respectively. The IOA and IOR (mean ± SD) for recognizing the characteristic image pattern of SCA were κ = 0.83 (almost perfect); 95% CI, 0.73-0.92; and κ = 0.85 ± 0.11 (almost perfect), respectively. CONCLUSIONS: EUS-guided nCLE can provide virtual histology of PCLs with a high degree of accuracy and inter- and intraobserver agreement in differentiating mucinous versus non-mucinous PCLs. These preliminary results support larger multicenter studies to evaluate EUS nCLE. (Clinical trial registration number: NCT02516488.).

EUS and related technologies for the diagnosis and treatment of pancreatic disease: research gaps and opportunities-Summary of a National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases workshop.

A workshop was sponsored by the National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases to address the research gaps and opportunities in pancreatic EUS. The event occurred on July 26, 2017 in 4 sessions: (1) benign pancreatic diseases, (2) high-risk pancreatic diseases, (3) diagnostic and therapeutics, and (4) new technologies. The current state of knowledge was reviewed, with identification of numerous gaps in knowledge and research needs. Common themes included the need for large multicenter consortia of various pancreatic diseases to facilitate meaningful research of these entities; to standardize EUS features of different pancreatic disorders, the technique of sampling pancreatic lesions, and the performance of various therapeutic EUS procedures; and to identify high-risk disease early at the cellular level before macroscopic disease develops. The need for specialized tools and accessories to enable the safe and effective performance of therapeutic EUS procedures also was discussed.

Needle-Based Confocal Laser Endomicroscopy for Evaluation of Cystic Neoplasms of the Pancreas.

BACKGROUND: The accurate diagnosis of cystic neoplasms of the pancreas (CNP) with current diagnostic methods is limited. Endoscopic ultrasound (EUS)-guided needle-based confocal laser endomicroscopy (nCLE) is a new technique which can obtain images from the cyst wall during EUS-fine needle aspiration (EUS-FNA). The aim of this study was to assess the safety, feasibility, and diagnostic value of nCLE for CNP. METHODS: Patients who underwent EUS-FNA to evaluate a CNP larger than 2 cm were enrolled. The cyst was punctured with 19-G FNA needle preloaded with an nCLE probe. The images from different areas of the cyst wall were recorded. Using the final diagnosis defined by surgery or EUS-FNA cyst fluid analysis, the accuracy of the confocal images was defined. RESULTS: The procedure and image acquisition was successful in 18 of the 20 patients. Predefined typical structures for mucinous cysts were visualized in 8 of 12 (66%) cysts but none of the non-mucinous cysts. The superficial vascular network which is a typical finding of serous cysts was observed in 2 of 3 patients. The sensitivity, specificity, and diagnostic accuracy of the findings of epithelial structures by nCLE were 66, 100, and 80%, respectively, for a mucinous cyst diagnosis. All patients tolerated the procedure well, and no adverse effects were determined. CONCLUSION: nCLE was found to be safe and feasible with high technical success, in this pilot study. With an overall accuracy of 80%, it has the potential to contribute to the diagnosis of CNP with specific imaging.

Imaging of pancreatic cystic lesions with confocal laser endomicroscopy: an ex vivo pilot study.

BACKGROUND: The differential diagnosis of pancreatic cystic lesions (PCLs) is an increasingly common clinical challenge. Confocal laser endomicroscopy (CLE) may differentiate PCLs by imaging of the cyst wall. However, clinical experience is still limited, and better image definition and characterization of the cyst wall in a spectrum of cysts are needed. This experimental study aimed to expose detailed imaging characteristics of PCLs by CLE. METHODS: Patients who underwent surgery of a PCL were enrolled. During surgery, intravenous fluorescein (2.5 ml of 10%) was injected just prior to the ligation of blood vessels supplying the pancreas. The freshly excised specimens were transected along the long axis to fully expose the luminal surface. A Gastroflex-UHD CLE probe (pCLE) was used manually to acquire images directly from the surface of cyst wall. The specimen subsequently underwent cross-sectional histology. All recorded data were analyzed by two investigators for predefined and original image findings of PCLs. RESULTS: Ten cases were recruited into the study. All patients underwent surgery because of a mucinous cyst with worrisome features or a symptomatic PCL. Imaging was successful in all patients and differently shaped papillary projections (PP) were visualized in eight patients. Pathological examination of those patients confirmed 6 cases with Intraductal Papillary Mucinous Neoplasm (IPMN) and 2 cases with Mucinous Cystic Neoplasm (MCN). In two patients with serous cystadenoma, typical vascular network was visualized in one patient, and microcystic structures in the other. Three of the IPMNs were malignant. The loss of papillary margin integrity and significant fragmentation together with irregularity was detected in malignant IPMNs by CLE. CONCLUSIONS: Pancreatic cyst epithelial wall can be visualized successfully by pCLE in ex vivo surgical specimens. Different papillary projections have been seen in all cases of IPMNs and MCNs. CLE has potential for identifying IPMN subtypes and for grading dysplasia.

Value of adding GNAS testing to pancreatic cyst fluid KRAS and carcinoembryonic antigen analysis for the diagnosis of intraductal papillary mucinous neoplasms.

BACKGROUND AND AIM: Molecular analysis of pancreatic cyst fluid (PCF) has been proposed as a novel method for differentiating pancreatic cystic lesions (PCL). The present study aimed to investigate the value of GNAS testing when added to KRAS and carcinoembryonic antigen (CEA) testing of PCF for the diagnosis of intraductal papillary mucinous neoplasms (IPMN). METHODS: Prospectively collected endoscopic ultrasonography fine-needle aspiration (EUS-FNA) data were analyzed retrospectively for GNAS and KRAS mutations and CEA results. IPMN were histologically confirmed or supported by imaging and EUS-FNA findings (KRAS, CEA, cytology). Performance characteristics of GNAS added to KRAS and CEA for the diagnosis of IPMN were calculated. RESULTS: The study population consisted of 197 patients with cyst fluid test results. Cysts were histologically classified in 33 patients and by clinical criteria in 164 patients. The IPMN group included 108 patients and the non-IPMN group included 89 patients. GNAS was positive in 51 patients (47.2%) with IPMN. Forty-two of these patients (82.3%) also had a KRAS mutation. Adding GNAS to KRAS increased the diagnostic accuracy from 76.6% to 79.1% (P > 0.05). Adding GNAS to CEA increased the diagnostic accuracy from 66.4% to 80.7 % (P < 0.05), but did not achieve a diagnostic superiority to KRAS testing alone (80.7% vs 76.6%, P > 0.05). The diagnostic accuracy of the triple combination was significantly better than all single tests (P < 0.05). CONCLUSION: GNAS mutation is a highly specific test for IPMN. When GNAS testing is added to CEA and KRAS, a significantly greater overall accuracy (86.2%) is achieved.

Impact of next-generation sequencing on the clinical diagnosis of pancreatic cysts.

BACKGROUND AND AIMS: The value of next-generation sequencing (NGS) of pancreatic cyst fluid relative to the clinical and imaging impression has not been well-studied. The aim of this study was to assess the impact of NGS on the clinical diagnosis from imaging and carcinoembryonic antigen (CEA) and thus the management of pancreatic cysts. METHODS: Ninety-two pancreatic cyst fluids from 86 patients were analyzed by cytology, CEA, and targeted NGS. Cysts were classified by imaging as nonmucinous, mucinous, or not specified. NGS results were compared with the imaging impression stratified by CEA and cytology. RESULTS: NGS impacted the clinical diagnosis by defining a cyst as mucinous in 48% of cysts without elevated CEA levels. The VHL gene in 2 intraductal papillary mucinous neoplasms (IPMNs) supported a serous cystadenoma. Twenty percent of cysts that were nonmucinous by imaging were mucinous by NGS. Of the 14 not-specific cysts, CEA levels were not elevated in 12 (86%), and NGS established a mucinous etiology in 3 (25%). A KRAS or GNAS mutation supported an IPMN with nonmucinous CEA in 71%. A KRAS mutation reclassified 19% of nonneoplastic cysts with nonmucinous CEA as mucinous. Seven cyst fluids (8%) had either a TP53 mutation or loss of CDKN2A or SMAD4 in addition to KRAS and/or GNAS mutations; 5 of 7 (71%) were clinically malignant, and high-grade cytology was detected in all 5. Overall, CEA was more specific for a mucinous etiology (100%), but NGS was more sensitive (86% vs 57%). CONCLUSIONS: NGS of pancreatic cyst fluid impacts clinical diagnosis and patient management by defining, supporting, or changing the clinical diagnosis based on imaging and CEA. NGS was most valuable in identifying mucinous cysts with nonmucinous CEA. An added benefit is the potential to detect mutations late in the progression to malignancy that may increase the risk classification of the cyst based on imaging and cytology.

EUS Needle Identification Comparison and Evaluation study (with videos).

BACKGROUND AND AIMS: EUS-guided FNA or biopsy sampling is widely practiced. Optimal sonographic visualization of the needle is critical for image-guided interventions. Of the several commercially available needles, bench-top testing and direct comparison of these needles have not been done to reveal their inherent echogenicity. The aims are to provide bench-top data that can be used to guide clinical applications and to promote future device research and development. METHODS: Descriptive bench-top testing and comparison of 8 commonly used EUS-FNA needles (all size 22 gauge): SonoTip Pro Control (Medi-Globe); Expect Slimline (Boston Scientific); EchoTip, EchoTip Ultra, EchoTip ProCore High Definition (Cook Medical); ClearView (Conmed); EZ Shot 2 (Olympus); and BNX (Beacon Endoscopic), and 2 new prototype needles, SonoCoat (Medi-Globe), coated by echogenic polymers made by Encapson. Blinded evaluation of standardized and unedited videos by 43 EUS endoscopists and 17 radiologists specialized in GI US examination who were unfamiliar with EUS needle devices. RESULTS: There was no significant difference in the ratings and rankings of these needles between endosonographers and radiologists. Overall, 1 prototype needle was rated as the best, ranking 10% to 40% higher than all other needles (P < .01). Among the commercially available needles, the EchoTip Ultra needle and the ClearView needle were top choices. The EZ Shot 2 needle was ranked statistically lower than other needles (30%-75% worse, P < .001). CONCLUSIONS: All FNA needles have their inherent and different echogenicities, and these differences are similarly recognized by EUS endoscopists and radiologists. Needles with polymeric coating from the entire shaft to the needle tip may offer better echogenicity.

Radiofrequency ablation for the management of occluded biliary metal stents.

Background and study aim: Obstruction of biliary self-expandable metal stents (SEMSs) is seen frequently. Radiofrequency ablation (RFA) causes tissue necrosis. This study aimed to assess the efficacy of RFA for management of occluded SEMS. Patients and methods: Patients with biliary malignancy and treated for an occluded SEMS were retrospectively reviewed. The study group comprised patients treated with RFA using an Habib endoprobe inside the SEMS. The control group comprised patients treated only with insertion of a plastic stent into an occluded SEMS. The end points were; 90-day stent patency rate, time to stent reocclusion, 30-day mortality, and 3 - and 6-month survival rates. Results: During the 5-year study period 25 patients with an occluded SEMS underwent RFA and 25 patients underwent a plastic stent placement only. Both groups were matched for age and diagnosis. Immediate biliary drainage was restored in all patients. In the RFA group, the stenosis was ablated successfully in 14 patients (56 %); ablation failed in 11 and a plastic stent was then inserted into the SEMS for these. The control group had only placement of a plastic stent across the stenosis. Stent patency rate at 90 days was 56 % and 24 % in the RFA and control groups, respectively (P = 0.04). The mean stent patency time was significantly longer in the RFA group compared to the control group (119.5 vs. 65.3 days, P = 0.03). Conclusion: The application of RFA for occluded SEMS improves stent patency. RFA is an alternative treatment of tissue ingrowth in malignant biliary obstruction.

Effects of Comorbidities on Outcomes of Patients With Intraductal Papillary Mucinous Neoplasms.

BACKGROUND & AIMS: Intraductal papillary mucinous neoplasms (IPMNs) of the pancreas occur mostly in older individuals. Individual life expectancy and risk of death from other factors must be carefully considered in analyzing the risks that IPMNs pose. We investigated whether there is a subset of patients with IPMNs and a high risk of dying from other causes who would not benefit from pancreatic surgery. METHODS: We collected data from 725 patients at Massachusetts General Hospital who underwent resection or have been under observation for IPMNs from 1992 through 2012. Comorbidities were classified according to the age-adjusted Charlson comorbidity index (CACI). Causes of death were recorded, and survival data were analyzed by the Kaplan-Meier method. RESULTS: The patients' median CACI score was 3; 10% of patients had CACI of 7 or more. Of the entire cohort, 55% underwent resection, and the remaining 45% have been under observation. After a median follow-up period of 5 years, 177 patients died (24%, 55% of deaths within 5 years of diagnosis); 78% of deaths were not related to IPMNs. The median survival time for all patients with CACI score of 7 or more was 43 months. Multivariate regression analysis revealed that the chance of non-IPMN-related death within 3 years of diagnosis is 11-fold higher for patients with CACI score of 7 or more than for patients with lower scores. CONCLUSIONS: The CACI can be used to identify patients with a high risk of death from factors other than IPMNs within a few years after diagnosis. These patients are therefore not likely to benefit from further IPMN observation or pancreatic resection.

The Presence of Genetic Mutations at Key Loci Predicts Progression to Esophageal Adenocarcinoma in Barrett's Esophagus.

OBJECTIVES: Risk stratification in Barrett's esophagus (BE) is challenging. We evaluated the ability of a panel of genetic markers to predict progression to high-grade dysplasia (HGD) or esophageal adenocarcinoma (EAC). METHODS: In this case-control study, we assessed a measure of genetic instability, the mutational load (ML), in predicting progression to HGD or EAC. Cases had nondysplastic BE or low-grade dysplasia (LGD) at baseline and developed HGD/EAC ≥1 year later. Controls were matched 2:1, had nondysplastic BE or LGD, and no progression at follow-up. Formalin-fixed, paraffin-embedded tissue was microdissected for the epithelium. Loss of heterozygosity (LOH) and microsatellite instability (MSI) were assessed. ML was calculated from derangements in 10 genomic loci. High-clonality LOH mutations were assigned a value of 1, low-clonality mutations were assigned a value of 0.5, and MSI 0.75 at the first loci, and 0.5 for additional loci. These values were summed to the ML. Receiver operator characteristic (ROC) curves were created. RESULTS: There were 69 patients (46 controls and 23 cases). Groups were similar in age, follow-up time, baseline histology, and the number of microdissected targets. Mean ML in pre-progression biopsies was higher in cases (2.21) than in controls (0.42; P<0.0001). Sensitivity was 100% at ML ≥0.5 and specificity was 96% at ML ≥1.5. Accuracy was highest at 89.9% for ML ≥1. ROC curves for ML ≥1 demonstrated an area under the curve (AUC) of 0.95. CONCLUSIONS: ML in pre-progression BE tissue predicts progression to HGD or EAC. Although further validation is necessary, ML may have utility as a biomarker in endoscopic surveillance of BE.

Evaluation of bipolar radiofrequency ablation for occluded self-expandable metal stents in the bile duct: in vivo and in vitro study.

BACKGROUND AND AIMS: Endobiliary radiofrequency ablation (RFA) has been used to treat occluded self-expandable metal stents (SEMSs). The aim of this study was to determine the characteristics of bipolar RFA in occluded SEMSs using both in vivo and in vitro models. METHODS: For the in vivo study, uncovered SEMSs were deployed in the bile ducts of three pigs; another pig was used as the control. RFA was performed at 10 W for 90 seconds. The bile duct was examined for histological changes. For the in vitro simulation of tissue ingrowth in SEMSs, RFA at 10 W for 30 seconds was performed on SEMS-occlusion polyacrylamide-gel phantoms. RESULTS: The ablation depth was markedly reduced in the stented porcine bile duct. RFA of uncovered SEMS-occlusion gel phantoms resulted in early termination of RFA when the coagulated area contacted the SEMS. This phenomenon was not observed in RFA of the covered SEMS-occlusion gel phantoms. CONCLUSIONS: The presence of SEMSs attenuated the effect of bipolar endobiliary RFA. Tumorous tissue outside the SEMS is unlikely to be affected.