RESUMO
Introducción: En la edad pediátrica hay factores predisponentes importantes que hacen a los niños ser más vulnerables a presentar insuficiencia respiratoria aguda (IRA). Objetivo: Demostrar los beneficios del uso de la cánula nasal de alto flujo (CNAF) en pacientes menores de 5 años con IRA secundaria a enfermedades respiratorias y admitidos a la unidad de cuidados intensivos pediátricos (UCIP). Sujetos y Métodos: Estudio analítico observacional de cohortes mixtas, donde una cohorte esta formada por un grupo expuesto a la CNAF evaluada de manera prospectiva, mientras se comparo con una cohorte histórica. Resultados: 138 pacientes fueron admitidos al estudio de los cuales 69 fueron casos manejados con CNAF y 69 fueron controles que no estuvieron expuestos al uso de la CNAF pero sí a otros modos de ventilación mecánica invasiva. Los días de oxigenoterapia fueron estadísticamente menores en el grupo de casos de 13 (DE 8.01) días a 22 (DE 20.7) días en el grupo control (P = <0.05). Al igual los días de UCIP y los días totales de hospitalización fueron menores en el grupo manejado con CNAF (P = 0.011 y P = 0.001, respectivamente), con una media de tiempo de 10 (DE 7.8) días en UCIP y 17 (DE 9.25) días intrahospitalarios para el grupo de casos versus 14 (DE 10.1) días en UCIP y 28 (DE 23.9) días intrahospitalarios para el grupo control. Conclusión: La CNAF es un método de soporte respiratorio no invasivo, efectivo y fácil de usar en la población pediátrica con IRA secundario a diversas patologías respiratorias.
Introduction: During pediatric ages there are important predisposing factors that make children more vulnerable to present acute respiratory failure (ARF). Objective: Determine the benefits of the use of high flow nasal cannula (HFNC) in patients younger than 5 years with ARF, secondary to respiratory diseases and admitted to the pediatric intensive care unit (PICU). Subjects and Method: Analytical observational study of mixed type cohorts, where a cohort is formed by the group exposed to HFNC and evaluated prospectively, while it was compared with a historical cohort. Results: 138 patients were admitted to the study of which 69 were cases handled with HFNC and 69 were controls who were not exposed to the use of HFNC but to other types of invasive mechanical ventilation. Oxygen therapy days were statistically shorter in the case group from 13 (SD 8.01) days to 22 (SD 20.7) days in the control group (P = <0.05). The length of stay in PICU and the total inpatient days were lower in the group managed with HFNC (P = 0.011, P = 0.001), with a mean time of 10 (SD 7.8) days in PICU and 17 (SD 9.25) inpatient days for the case group versus 14 (SD 10.1) days in PICU and 28 (SD 23.9) inpatient days for the control group. Conclusion: HFNC system is a non-invasive respiratory support method, simple, effective and easy to use in the pediatric population less than 5 years of age with ARF due to various respiratory diseases.
RESUMO
Vicodin, the combination drug of acetaminophen and the opioid hydrocodone, is one of the most prescribed drugs on the market today. Opioids have demonstrated the ability to paradoxically cause increased pain sensitivity to users in a phenomena called opioid-induced hyperalgesia (OIH). While selected opioids have been shown to produce OIH symptoms in an animal model, hydrocodone and the combination drug Vicodin have yet to be studied. The purpose of this study was to explore the effect of exposure to chronic high dose Vicodin or its components on the sensitivity to both thermal and mechanical pain. Animals were randomly divided into 4 groups, Vicodin, acetaminophen, hydrocodone, or vehicle control, and administered the drug daily for 120 days. Rats were subsequently tested for thermal and mechanical sensitivity. The rats in the Vicodin group displayed a significant decrease in withdrawal time to thermal pain. The rats receiving acetaminophen, hydrocodone, and vehicle showed no statistically significant hypersensitivity in thermal testing. None of the groups demonstrated statistically significant hypersensitivity to mechanical testing. The data suggests Vicodin produces signs of OIH in a rodent model. However, increased pain sensitivity was only noted in the thermal pathway and the hypersensitivity was only seen with the opioid combination drug, not the opioid alone. The results of this study both support the results of previous rodent opioid studies while generating further questions about the specific properties of Vicodin that contribute to pain hypersensitivity. The growing use of Vicodin to treat chronic pain necessitates further research looking into this paradoxical pain response.