Phytoplankton functional responses induced by extreme hydrological events in a tropical reservoir.

Climate change is affecting the global hydrological cycle, causing drastic changes in precipitation patterns. Extreme climatic events are becoming more frequent and intense than in the past, leading to water-level fluctuations and affecting aquatic ecosystems. Semiarid regions are very susceptible to changing climate. We analyzed a 10 years dataset from a tropical semiarid reservoir during extreme hydrological events (heavy rains and prolonged drought), and evaluated phytoplankton functional responses to environmental conditions. We found, as hypothesized, that phytoplankton functional structure change in a temporal scale due to water-volume fluctuation induced by the rainfall pattern. Depth and inorganic material acted as environmental filters selecting phytoplankton groups. High water level seems to improve water quality and low water level worsen it. Colonial and filamentous cyanobacteria dominate the wet period; however, it may have a critical threshold during severe periods of drought, which will lead to dominance of groups well adapted to low light conditions and with mixotrophic metabolism. Phytoplankton functional approaches can simplify phytoplankton identification and reflect better the environmental conditions than the taxonomic approach. Therefore, these approaches can help to understand the shifts in aquatic ecosystems under extreme hydrological events and predict functional response of phytoplankton being an important tool to water management and conservation. Supplementary Information: The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1007/s10750-023-05241-3.

Molecular motions in amorphous ibuprofen as studied by broadband dielectric spectroscopy.

The molecular mobility of amorphous ibuprofen has been investigated by broadband dielectric relaxation spectroscopy (DRS) covering a temperature range of more than 200 K. Four different relaxation processes, labeled as alpha, beta, gamma, and D, were detected and characterized, and a complete relaxation map was given for the first time. The gamma-process has activation energy E a = 31 kJ.mol (-1), typical for local mobility. The weak beta-relaxation, observed in the glassy state as well as in the supercooled state was identified as the genuine Johari-Goldstein process. The temperature dependence of the relaxation time of the alpha-process (dynamic glass transition) does not obey a single VFTH law. Instead two VFTH regimes are observed separated by a crossover temperature, T B = 265 K. From the low temperature VFTH regime, a T g (diel) (tau =100 s) = 226 K was estimated, and a fragility or steepness index m = 93, was calculated showing that ibuprofen is a fragile glass former. The D-process has a Debye-like relaxation function but the temperature dependence of relaxation time also follows the VFTH behavior, with a Vogel temperature and a pre-exponential factor which seem to indicate that its dynamics is governed by the alpha-process. It has similar features as the Debye-type process observed in a variety of associating liquids, related to hydrogen bonding dynamics. The strong tendency of ibuprofen to form hydrogen bonded aggregates such as dimers and trimers either cyclic or linear which seems to control in particular the molecular mobility of ibuprofen was confirmed by IR spectroscopy, electrospray ionization mass spectrometry, and MD simulations.

Espresso coffee residues: a valuable source of unextracted compounds.

Espresso spent coffee grounds were chemically characterized to predict their potential, as a source of bioactive compounds, by comparison with the ones from the soluble coffee industry. Sampling included a total of 50 samples from 14 trademarks, collected in several coffee shops and prepared with distinct coffee machines. A high compositional variability was verified, particularly with regard to such water-soluble components as caffeine, total chlorogenic acids (CGA), and minerals, supported by strong positive correlations with total soluble solids retained. This is a direct consequence of the reduced extraction efficiency during espresso coffee preparation, leaving a significant pool of bioactivity retained in the extracted grounds. Besides the lipid (12.5%) and nitrogen (2.3%) contents, similar to those of industrial coffee residues, the CGA content (478.9 mg/100 g), for its antioxidant capacity, and its caffeine content (452.6 mg/100 g), due to its extensive use in the food and pharmaceutical industries, justify the selective assembly of this residue for subsequent use.

Utilidad de la cromatografia gaseosa para la identificación de micobacterias / Utility of gas chromatography for the identification of mycobacterial species

El virus de la inmunodeficiencia humana (HIV) causa un profundo impacto sobre el problema de la tuberculosis (TBC) tanto en los países industrializados como en los en vía de desarrollo. Enfermedades graves causadas por micobacterias no tuberculosas, la mayoría correspondientes al Complejo Mycobacterium avium-intracellulare (MAC), se han vuelto muy comunes en asociación con la inmunosupresión severa. El aumento de complejidad en las enfermedades micobacterianas há estimulado el desarrollo de métodos diagnósticos más rápidos y eficientes. El presente trabajo pretende investigar la especificidad y aplicabilidad de la técnica de cromatografía gaseosa (CG) para el diagnóstico de micobacterias de importancia clínica en Argentina. Se tipificaron mediante CG 183 aislamientos clínicos de micobacterias, empleando como gold standard las pruebas bioquímicas clásicas. Del total de aislamientos analizados, 69 por ciento fueron correctamente identificados a nivel de especie y 5 por ciento incorrectamente. Si sólo se tienen en cuenta los aislamientos que pudieron ser clasificados, 93 por ciento lo fueron correctamente. Entre las especies de mayor interés clínico en Argentina, fueron correctamente identificados todos (40/50). Los aislamientos clasificables de M. tuberculosis, 15/16 aislamientos de M. bovis y 39/43 aislamientos de MAC. La CG representa una técnica rápida y de alto valor predictivo para la identificación de micobacterias en las condiciones de Argentina. Su aplicación en laboratorios de referencia es recomendable en este país u otros de Latinoamérica con una situación epidemiológica de la TBC similar y disponibilidad de esta tecnología.