Research autopsy programmes in oncology: shared experience from 14 centres across the world.

While there is a great clinical need to understand the biology of metastatic cancer in order to treat it more effectively, research is hampered by limited sample availability. Research autopsy programmes can crucially advance the field through synchronous, extensive, and high-volume sample collection. However, it remains an underused strategy in translational research. Via an extensive questionnaire, we collected information on the study design, enrolment strategy, study conduct, sample and data management, and challenges and opportunities of research autopsy programmes in oncology worldwide. Fourteen programmes participated in this study. Eight programmes operated 24 h/7 days, resulting in a lower median postmortem interval (time between death and start of the autopsy, 4 h) compared with those operating during working hours (9 h). Most programmes (n = 10) succeeded in collecting all samples within a median of 12 h after death. A large number of tumour sites were sampled during each autopsy (median 15.5 per patient). The median number of samples collected per patient was 58, including different processing methods for tumour samples but also non-tumour tissues and liquid biopsies. Unique biological insights derived from these samples included metastatic progression, treatment resistance, disease heterogeneity, tumour dormancy, interactions with the tumour micro-environment, and tumour representation in liquid biopsies. Tumour patient-derived xenograft (PDX) or organoid (PDO) models were additionally established, allowing for drug discovery and treatment sensitivity assays. Apart from the opportunities and achievements, we also present the challenges related with postmortem sample collections and strategies to overcome them, based on the shared experience of these 14 programmes. Through this work, we hope to increase the transparency of postmortem tissue donation, to encourage and aid the creation of new programmes, and to foster collaborations on these unique sample collections. © 2024 The Authors. The Journal of Pathology published by John Wiley & Sons Ltd on behalf of The Pathological Society of Great Britain and Ireland.

Efficacy of a Dual-Epitope Dendritic Cell Vaccine as Part of Combined Immunotherapy for HER2-Expressing Breast Tumors.

Previous work from our group and others has shown that patients with breast cancer can generate a T cell response against specific human epidermal growth factor 2 (HER2) epitopes. In addition, preclinical work has shown that this T cell response can be augmented by Ag-directed mAb therapy. This study evaluated the activity and safety of a combination of dendritic cell (DC) vaccination given with mAb and cytotoxic therapy. We performed a phase I/II study using autologous DCs pulsed with two different HER2 peptides given with trastuzumab and vinorelbine to a study cohort of patients with HER2-overexpressing and a second with HER2 nonoverexpressing metastatic breast cancer. Seventeen patients with HER2-overexpressing and seven with nonoverexpressing disease were treated. Treatment was well tolerated, with one patient removed from therapy because of toxicity and no deaths. Forty-six percent of patients had stable disease after therapy, with 4% achieving a partial response and no complete responses. Immune responses were generated in the majority of patients but did not correlate with clinical response. However, in one patient, who has survived >14 y since treatment in the trial, a robust immune response was demonstrated, with 25% of her T cells specific to one of the peptides in the vaccine at the peak of her response. These data suggest that autologous DC vaccination when given with anti-HER2-directed mAb therapy and vinorelbine is safe and can induce immune responses, including significant T cell clonal expansion, in a subset of patients.

Optimal targeting of PI3K-AKT and mTOR in advanced oestrogen receptor-positive breast cancer.

The growing availability of targeted therapies for patients with advanced oestrogen receptor-positive breast cancer has improved survival, but there remains much to learn about the optimal management of these patients. The PI3K-AKT and mTOR pathways are among the most commonly activated pathways in breast cancer, whose crucial role in the pathogenesis of this tumour type has spurred major efforts to target this pathway at specific kinase hubs. Approvals for oestrogen receptor-positive advanced breast cancer include the PI3K inhibitor alpelisib for PIK3CA-mutated tumours, the AKT inhibitor capivasertib for tumours with alterations in PIK3CA, AKT1, or PTEN, and the mTOR inhibitor everolimus, which is used irrespective of mutation status. The availability of different inhibitors leaves physicians with a potentially challenging decision over which of these therapies should be used for individual patients and when. In this Review, we present a comprehensive summary of our current understanding of the pathways and the three inhibitors and discuss strategies for the optimal sequencing of therapies in the clinic, particularly after progression on a CDK4/6 inhibitor.

BIRC5 expression by race, age and clinical factors in breast cancer patients.

PURPOSE: Survivin/BIRC5 is a proliferation marker that is associated with poor prognosis in breast cancer and an attractive therapeutic target. However, BIRC5 has not been well studied among racially diverse populations where aggressive breast cancers are prevalent. EXPERIMENTAL DESIGN: We studied BIRC5 expression in association with clinical and demographic variables and as a predictor of recurrence in 2174 participants in the Carolina Breast Cancer Study (CBCS), a population-based study that oversampled Black (n = 1113) and younger (< 50 years; n = 1137) participants with breast cancer. For comparison, similar analyses were conducted in The Cancer Genome Atlas [TCGA N = 1094, Black (n = 183), younger (n = 295)]. BIRC5 was evaluated as a continuous and categorical variable (highest quartile vs. lower three quartiles). RESULTS: Univariate, continuous BIRC5 expression was higher in breast tumors from Black women relative to non-Black women in both estrogen receptor (ER)-positive and ER-negative tumors and in analyses stratified by stage (i.e., within Stage I, Stage II, and Stage III/IV tumors). Within CBCS and TCGA, BIRC5-high was associated with young age (< 50 years) and Black race, as well as hormone receptor-negative tumors, non-Luminal A PAM50 subtypes, advanced stage, and larger tumors (> 2 cm). Relative to BIRC5-low, BIRC5-high tumors were associated with poor 5-year recurrence-free survival (RFS) among ER-positive tumors, both in unadjusted models [HR (95% CI): 2.7 (1.6, 4.6)] and after adjustment for age and stage [Adjusted HR (95% CI): 1.87 (1.07, 3.25)]. However, this relationship was not observed among ER-negative tumors [Crude HR (95% CI): 0.7 (0.39, 1.2); Adjusted HR (95% CI): 0.67 (0.37, 1.2)]. CONCLUSION: Black and younger women with breast cancer have a higher burden of BIRC5-high tumors than older and non-Black women. Emerging anti-survivin treatment strategies may be an important future direction for equitable breast cancer outcomes.

Alliance A151945: Accrual and characteristics of adolescent and young adult patients in Alliance trials from 2000 to 2017.

BACKGROUND: Identifying patient- and disease-specific characteristics associated with clinical trial enrollment of adolescents and young adults (AYAs) with cancer may target efforts to improve accrual. METHODS: Alliance for Clinical Trials in Oncology (Alliance) trials opened from January 1, 2000, and closed before January 1, 2018, for common AYA cancers were identified. Proportions of AYAs (aged 18-39 years old) versus non-AYAs (aged ≥40 years old) enrolled by cancer type were summarized by descriptive statistics. Among studies with ≥20 AYAs enrolled, demographic and disease characteristics of AYAs versus non-AYAs were compared with χ2 and Kruskal-Wallis tests. A qualitative review was also conducted of therapeutic trials included in analysis in PubMed through December 31, 2021, that reported AYA-specific survival. RESULTS: Among 188 trials enrolling 40,396 patients, AYAs represented 11% (4468 of 40,396) of accrual. AYA accrual varied by cancer type (leukemia, 23.6%; breast, 9.9%; lymphoma, 14.8%; colorectal, 6.2%; central nervous system, 8.1%; melanoma, 11.8%; sarcoma, 12%). Across ages, the proportion of Black and Hispanic patients enrolled was 1%-10%. Compared to non-AYAs, AYAs in breast and colorectal cancer trials were less likely to be White and more likely to be Hispanic. Disease characteristics differed by age for selected trials. Two trials reported AYA-specific survival, with no significant differences observed by age. CONCLUSIONS: AYA accrual to Alliance trials was comparable to or exceeded population-based, age-specific prevalence estimates for most cancer types. Greater proportional representation of Hispanic and non-White patients among AYAs reflects US demographic trends. The small number of minority patients enrolled across ages underscores the persistent challenge of ensuring equitable access to trials, including for AYAs.

Sacituzumab Govitecan in Metastatic Triple-Negative Breast Cancer.

BACKGROUND: Patients with metastatic triple-negative breast cancer have a poor prognosis. Sacituzumab govitecan is an antibody-drug conjugate composed of an antibody targeting the human trophoblast cell-surface antigen 2 (Trop-2), which is expressed in the majority of breast cancers, coupled to SN-38 (topoisomerase I inhibitor) through a proprietary hydrolyzable linker. METHODS: In this randomized, phase 3 trial, we evaluated sacituzumab govitecan as compared with single-agent chemotherapy of the physician's choice (eribulin, vinorelbine, capecitabine, or gemcitabine) in patients with relapsed or refractory metastatic triple-negative breast cancer. The primary end point was progression-free survival (as determined by blinded independent central review) among patients without brain metastases. RESULTS: A total of 468 patients without brain metastases were randomly assigned to receive sacituzumab govitecan (235 patients) or chemotherapy (233 patients). The median age was 54 years; all the patients had previous use of taxanes. The median progression-free survival was 5.6 months (95% confidence interval [CI], 4.3 to 6.3; 166 events) with sacituzumab govitecan and 1.7 months (95% CI, 1.5 to 2.6; 150 events) with chemotherapy (hazard ratio for disease progression or death, 0.41; 95% CI, 0.32 to 0.52; P<0.001). The median overall survival was 12.1 months (95% CI, 10.7 to 14.0) with sacituzumab govitecan and 6.7 months (95% CI, 5.8 to 7.7) with chemotherapy (hazard ratio for death, 0.48; 95% CI, 0.38 to 0.59; P<0.001). The percentage of patients with an objective response was 35% with sacituzumab govitecan and 5% with chemotherapy. The incidences of key treatment-related adverse events of grade 3 or higher were neutropenia (51% with sacituzumab govitecan and 33% with chemotherapy), leukopenia (10% and 5%), diarrhea (10% and <1%), anemia (8% and 5%), and febrile neutropenia (6% and 2%). There were three deaths owing to adverse events in each group; no deaths were considered to be related to sacituzumab govitecan treatment. CONCLUSIONS: Progression-free and overall survival were significantly longer with sacituzumab govitecan than with single-agent chemotherapy among patients with metastatic triple-negative breast cancer. Myelosuppression and diarrhea were more frequent with sacituzumab govitecan. (Funded by Immunomedics; ASCENT ClinicalTrials.gov number, NCT02574455; EudraCT number, 2017-003019-21.).

Nodal Response and Survival After Neoadjuvant Endocrine Therapy in Hormone Receptor-Positive Breast Cancer: 20-Year Experience from a Single Institution.

INTRODUCTION: Axillary response to neoadjuvant endocrine therapy (NET) for the treatment of hormone receptor-positive breast cancer (HR+ BC) is not well-described. This study was designed to characterize nodal response after NET. METHODS: Patients receiving NET followed by curative intent surgery at a comprehensive cancer center from 1998 to 2022 in a prospectively collected registry were included. Patients with distant metastasis were excluded. Primary outcome was nodal pathologic complete response (pCR). Downstaging was defined as post-NET decrease in category. RESULTS: We included 123 patients; the majority were cT2 (n = 59) or cT3 (n = 35), and cN0 (n = 81). Median age was 70.0 years (interquartile range 62.1-76.0). Forty-two patients (34.1%) were clinically node-positive. After NET, 73 (59.8%) underwent breast-conserving surgery. All patients underwent sentinel lymph node biopsy, and 12 (9.8%) underwent completion axillary lymph node dissection. In-breast downstaging was achieved in 51 (41.5%) patients, 1 (0.8%) had breast pCR, and 14 (11.4%) had breast upstaging. Axillary downstaging was achieved in 10 (23.8%), 6 patients (14.3%) had nodal pCR, and 14 (33.3%) had axillary upstaging. At 10-year follow-up, local recurrence was 1% and distant recurrence was 14%, while disease-free survival was 82%. After adjusting for demographic and clinical factors, age was the only characteristic associated with mortality (hazard ratio 1.07, 95% confidence interval 1.01-1.13). CONCLUSIONS: In HR+ BC treated with NET, long-term disease-free survival is good, although nodal pCR is uncommon for cN+ patients. Future studies are needed to elucidate optimal neoadjuvant systemic therapy and to delineate oncologically safe strategies to deescalate axillary management for residual microscopic disease.

Summary of quality of life in the ASCENT phase 3 clinical trial for people with metastatic triple-negative breast cancer.

WHAT IS THIS SUMMARY ABOUT?: A medicine called sacituzumab govitecan (brand name TRODELVY®) has been proven to be an effective treatment for metastatic triple-negative breast cancer (mTNBC for short). Metastatic breast cancer is cancer that has spread to other parts of the body. In mTNBC, the breast cancer cells do not have 3 common proteins on the cell surface, called receptors. mTNBC is more difficult to treat and more likely to come back than other types of breast cancer. The ASCENT study showed that participants with mTNBC treated with sacituzumab govitecan had a higher likelihood of living longer and delayed progression (worsening) of their cancer than those treated with standard chemotherapy. Here, we summarize the quality of life of participants with mTNBC in the ASCENT study. We compared quality of life between 236 participants treated with sacituzumab govitecan and 183 participants treated with standard chemotherapy. All participants previously received 2 or more chemotherapies that no longer controlled their cancer. WHAT ARE THE KEY TAKEAWAYS?: This analysis showed that participants treated with sacituzumab govitecan had better overall quality of life than participants treated with standard chemotherapy. They also had better "physical functioning", which is the ability to walk and do physical activities. Participants treated with sacituzumab govitecan maintained their overall quality of life for a longer time than those treated with standard chemotherapy. Participants treated with sacituzumab govitecan had less pain and were less tired than those treated with standard chemotherapy. On the other hand, participants treated with sacituzumab govitecan had worse diarrhea (loose or watery stools) and were more likely to have nausea/vomiting (feel sick or throw up) than participants treated with standard chemotherapy. WHAT WERE THE MAIN CONCLUSIONS REPORTED BY THE RESEARCHERS?: Participants treated with sacituzumab govitecan had a higher likelihood of living longer and delayed progression (worsening) of their cancer. Participants also had a better overall quality of life, which was maintained (did not get worse) for a longer time. However, they experienced worsening of diarrhea and/or nausea/vomiting.Clinical Trial Registration: NCT02574455 (ASCENT) (ClinicalTrials.gov).

OptimICE-RD: sacituzumab govitecan + pembrolizumab vs pembrolizumab (± capecitabine) for residual triple-negative breast cancer.

Patients with early-stage triple-negative breast cancer (TNBC) with residual invasive disease after neoadjuvant therapy have a high risk of recurrence even with neoadjuvant and adjuvant treatment with pembrolizumab. Sacituzumab govitecan, a Trop-2-directed antibody-drug conjugate with a topoisomerase I inhibitor payload, improved progression-free survival (PFS) and overall survival (OS) versus chemotherapy in patients with pre-treated metastatic TNBC. Moreover, preclinical data suggest that topoisomerase I inhibitors may enhance the effects of immune checkpoint inhibitors through activation of the cGAS-STING pathway. Here we describe the international randomized phase III AFT-65/ASCENT-05/OptimICE-RD trial, which evaluates the efficacy and safety of sacituzumab govitecan plus pembrolizumab versus treatment of physician's choice (pembrolizumab ± capecitabine) among patients with early-stage TNBC with residual invasive disease after neoadjuvant therapy.Clinical Trial Registration: NCT05633654 (ClinicalTrials.gov)Other Study ID Number(s): Gilead Study ID: GS-US-595-6184Registration date: 1 December 2022Study start date: 12 December 2022Recruitment status: Recruiting.

AFT-65/ASCENT-05/OptimICE-RD is an ongoing clinical trial that is testing a new treatment combination for patients with stage II or III triple-negative breast cancer (TNBC). Stage II­III means the cancer is confined to the breast and/or nearby lymph nodes and can be surgically removed. However, there remains a risk that the cancer could recur after surgery. To reduce this risk, patients with stage II­III TNBC receive anti-cancer medication before and after surgery. For some patients, receipt of anti-cancer medication before surgery produces a pathologic complete response (pCR), meaning there is no observable cancer left behind at surgery. Patients with a pCR have a lower risk of recurrence than patients with residual disease.The AFT-65/ASCENT-05/OptimICE-RD trial includes people with stage II-III TNBC who have residual cancer after completing their course of pre-surgery anti-cancer medication. All participants have any remaining cancer in their breast and/or lymph nodes removed surgically, after which they are randomly assigned to receive one of two treatments. The experimental therapy consists of pembrolizumab along with a medication called sacituzumab govitecan, which kills cancer cells directly and may strengthen the anti-cancer immune response. Pembrolizumab strengthens the anti-cancer immune response, so the hypothesis of this trial is that the two medications will be more effective together. The control therapy consists of pembrolizumab, alone or in combination with a chemotherapy medication called capecitabine, which is the current standard of care. To study the effectiveness of each treatment, the researchers are following up with all participants to learn if and when their breast cancer returns.

Asparagine bioavailability governs metastasis in a model of breast cancer.

Using a functional model of breast cancer heterogeneity, we previously showed that clonal sub-populations proficient at generating circulating tumour cells were not all equally capable of forming metastases at secondary sites. A combination of differential expression and focused in vitro and in vivo RNA interference screens revealed candidate drivers of metastasis that discriminated metastatic clones. Among these, asparagine synthetase expression in a patient's primary tumour was most strongly correlated with later metastatic relapse. Here we show that asparagine bioavailability strongly influences metastatic potential. Limiting asparagine by knockdown of asparagine synthetase, treatment with l-asparaginase, or dietary asparagine restriction reduces metastasis without affecting growth of the primary tumour, whereas increased dietary asparagine or enforced asparagine synthetase expression promotes metastatic progression. Altering asparagine availability in vitro strongly influences invasive potential, which is correlated with an effect on proteins that promote the epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition. This provides at least one potential mechanism for how the bioavailability of a single amino acid could regulate metastatic progression.

Erratum: Asparagine bioavailability governs metastasis in a model of breast cancer.

This corrects the article DOI: 10.1038/nature25465.

Aspirin vs Placebo as Adjuvant Therapy for Breast Cancer: The Alliance A011502 Randomized Trial.

Importance: Observational studies of survivors of breast cancer and prospective trials of aspirin for cardiovascular disease suggest improved breast cancer survival among aspirin users, but prospective studies of aspirin to prevent breast cancer recurrence are lacking. Objective: To determine whether aspirin decreases the risk of invasive cancer events among survivors of breast cancer. Design, Setting, and Participants: A011502, a phase 3, randomized, placebo-controlled, double-blind trial conducted in the United States and Canada with 3020 participants who had high-risk nonmetastatic breast cancer, enrolled participants from 534 sites from January 6, 2017, through December 4, 2020, with follow-up to March 4, 2023. Interventions: Participants were randomized (stratified for hormone receptor status [positive vs negative], body mass index [≤30 vs >30], stage II vs III, and time since diagnosis [<18 vs ≥18 months]) to receive 300 mg of aspirin (n = 1510) or placebo once daily (n = 1510) for 5 years. Main Outcomes and Measures: The primary outcome was invasive disease-free survival. Overall survival was a key secondary outcome. Results: A total of 3020 participants were randomized when the data and safety monitoring committee recommended suspending the study at the first interim analysis because the hazard ratio had crossed the prespecified futility bound. By median follow-up of 33.8 months (range, 0.1-72.6 months), 253 invasive disease-free survival events were observed (141 in the aspirin group and 112 in the placebo group), yielding a hazard ratio of 1.27 (95% CI, 0.99-1.63; P = .06). All invasive disease-free survival events, including death, invasive progression (both distant and locoregional), and new primary events, were numerically higher in the aspirin group, although the differences were not statistically significant. There was no difference in overall survival (hazard ratio, 1.19; 95% CI, 0.82-1.72). Rates of grades 3 and 4 adverse events were similar in both groups. Conclusion and Relevance: Among participants with high-risk nonmetastatic breast cancer, daily aspirin therapy did not improve risk of breast cancer recurrence or survival in early follow-up. Despite its promise and wide availability, aspirin should not be recommended as an adjuvant breast cancer treatment. Trial Registration: ClinicalTrials.gov Identifier: NCT02927249.

Adjuvant paclitaxel and trastuzumab for node-negative, HER2-positive breast cancer: final 10-year analysis of the open-label, single-arm, phase 2 APT trial.

BACKGROUND: We aimed to report on long-term outcomes of patients with small, node-negative, HER2-positive breast cancer treated with adjuvant paclitaxel and trastuzumab and to establish potential biomarkers to predict prognosis. METHODS: In this open-label, single-arm, phase 2 study, patients aged 18 years or older, with small (≤3 cm), node-negative, HER2-positive breast cancer, and an Eastern Cooperative Oncology Group performance status of 0-1, were recruited from 16 institutions in 13 cities in the USA. Eligible patients were given intravenous paclitaxel (80 mg/m2) with intravenous trastuzumab (loading dose of 4 mg/kg, subsequent doses 2 mg/kg) weekly for 12 weeks, followed by trastuzumab (weekly at 2 mg/kg or once every 3 weeks at 6 mg/kg) for 40 weeks to complete a full year of trastuzumab. The primary endpoint was 3-year invasive disease-free survival. Here, we report 10-year survival outcomes, assessed in all participants who received protocol-defined treatment, with exploratory analyses using the HER2DX genomic tool. This study is registered on ClinicalTrials.gov, NCT00542451, and is closed to accrual. FINDINGS: Between Oct 29, 2007, and Sept 3, 2010, 410 patients were enrolled and 406 were given adjuvant paclitaxel and trastuzumab and included in the analysis. Mean age at enrolment was 55 years (SD 10·5), 405 (99·8%) of 406 patients were female and one (0·2%) was male, 350 (86·2%) were White, 28 (6·9%) were Black or African American, and 272 (67·0%) had hormone receptor-positive disease. After a median follow-up of 10·8 years (IQR 7·1-11·4), among 406 patients included in the analysis population, we observed 31 invasive disease-free survival events, of which six (19·4%) were locoregional ipsilateral recurrences, nine (29·0%) were new contralateral breast cancers, six (19·4%) were distant recurrences, and ten (32·3%) were all-cause deaths. 10-year invasive disease-free survival was 91·3% (95% CI 88·3-94·4), 10-year recurrence-free interval was 96·3% (95% CI 94·3-98·3), 10-year overall survival was 94·3% (95% CI 91·8-96·8), and 10-year breast cancer-specific survival was 98·8% (95% CI 97·6-100). HER2DX risk score as a continuous variable was significantly associated with invasive disease-free survival (hazard ratio [HR] per 10-unit increment 1·24 [95% CI 1·00-1·52]; p=0·047) and recurrence-free interval (1·45 [1·09-1·93]; p=0·011). INTERPRETATION: Adjuvant paclitaxel and trastuzumab is a reasonable treatment standard for patients with small, node-negative, HER2-positive breast cancer. The HER2DX genomic tool might help to refine the prognosis for this population. FUNDING: Genentech.

Tucatinib, Trastuzumab, and Capecitabine for HER2-Positive Metastatic Breast Cancer.

BACKGROUND: Patients with human epidermal growth factor receptor 2 (HER2)-positive metastatic breast cancer who have disease progression after therapy with multiple HER2-targeted agents have limited treatment options. Tucatinib is an investigational, oral, highly selective inhibitor of the HER2 tyrosine kinase. METHODS: We randomly assigned patients with HER2-positive metastatic breast cancer previously treated with trastuzumab, pertuzumab, and trastuzumab emtansine, who had or did not have brain metastases, to receive either tucatinib or placebo, in combination with trastuzumab and capecitabine. The primary end point was progression-free survival among the first 480 patients who underwent randomization. Secondary end points, assessed in the total population (612 patients), included overall survival, progression-free survival among patients with brain metastases, confirmed objective response rate, and safety. RESULTS: Progression-free survival at 1 year was 33.1% in the tucatinib-combination group and 12.3% in the placebo-combination group (hazard ratio for disease progression or death, 0.54; 95% confidence interval [CI], 0.42 to 0.71; P<0.001), and the median duration of progression-free survival was 7.8 months and 5.6 months, respectively. Overall survival at 2 years was 44.9% in the tucatinib-combination group and 26.6% in the placebo-combination group (hazard ratio for death, 0.66; 95% CI, 0.50 to 0.88; P = 0.005), and the median overall survival was 21.9 months and 17.4 months, respectively. Among the patients with brain metastases, progression-free survival at 1 year was 24.9% in the tucatinib-combination group and 0% in the placebo-combination group (hazard ratio, 0.48; 95% CI, 0.34 to 0.69; P<0.001), and the median progression-free survival was 7.6 months and 5.4 months, respectively. Common adverse events in the tucatinib group included diarrhea, palmar-plantar erythrodysesthesia syndrome, nausea, fatigue, and vomiting. Diarrhea and elevated aminotransferase levels of grade 3 or higher were more common in the tucatinib-combination group than in the placebo-combination group. CONCLUSIONS: In heavily pretreated patients with HER2-positive metastatic breast cancer, including those with brain metastases, adding tucatinib to trastuzumab and capecitabine resulted in better progression-free survival and overall survival outcomes than adding placebo; the risks of diarrhea and elevated aminotransferase levels were higher with tucatinib. (Funded by Seattle Genetics; HER2CLIMB ClinicalTrials.gov number, NCT02614794.).

Burden of lymphedema in long-term breast cancer survivors by race and age.

BACKGROUND: Risk assessment for breast cancer-related lymphedema has emphasized upper-limb symptoms and treatment-related risk factors. This article examined breast cancer-related lymphedema after surgery, overall and in association with broader demographic and clinical features. METHODS: The Carolina Breast Cancer Study phase 3 followed participants for breast cancer-related lymphedema from baseline (on average, 5 months after breast cancer diagnosis) to 7 years after diagnosis. Among 2645 participants, 552 self-reported lymphedema cases were identified. Time-to-lymphedema curves and inverse probability weighted conditional Cox proportional hazards model were used to evaluate whether demographics and clinical features were associated with breast cancer-related lymphedema. RESULTS: Point prevalence of breast cancer-related lymphedema was 6.8% at baseline, and 19.9% and 23.8% at 2 and 7 years after diagnosis, respectively. Most cases had lymphedema in the arm (88%-93%), whereas 14% to 27% presented in the trunk and/or breast. Beginning approximately 10 months after diagnosis, younger Black women had the highest risk of breast cancer-related lymphedema and older non-Black women had the lowest risk. Positive lymph node status, larger tumor size (>5 cm), and estrogen receptor-negative breast cancer, as well as established risk factors such as higher body mass index, removal of more than five lymph nodes, mastectomy, chemotherapy, and radiation therapy, were significantly associated with increased hazard (1.5- to 3.5-fold) of lymphedema. CONCLUSIONS: Findings highlight that hazard of breast cancer-related lymphedema differs by demographic characteristics and clinical features. These factors could be used to identify those at greatest need of lymphedema prevention and early intervention. LAY SUMMARY: In this study, the aim was to investigate breast cancer-related lymphedema (BCRL) burden. This study found that risk of BCRL differs by race, age, and other characteristics.

Clinical subtype, treatment response, and survival in De Novo and recurrent metastatic breast cancer.

PURPOSE: This study evaluated whether patients with de novo metastatic breast cancer (MBC) have superior outcomes compared to those with recurrent MBC in a contemporary treatment era and examined factors related to outcome differentials. METHODS: Using an institutional database, we examined patient and tumor characteristics, treatment response, and outcome among 232 patients with de novo and 612 patients with recurrent MBC diagnosed between 2011 and 2017. RESULTS: De novo MBC had 9-month (m) longer overall survival (OS) than recurrent MBC (36.4 vs 27.4 m, p < 0.001). Contributions to this difference included nearly twofold more HER2-positive (29.3% vs 15.2%) and significantly fewer triple-negative breast cancers (20.3% vs 32.4%, both p < 0.001) in de novo compared with recurrent MBC cohorts. Stratified by clinical subtype, progression-free survival (PFS) on first-line therapy was significantly longer in de novo MBC in all but the triple-negative subtype, 25.5 vs 11.6 m (p < 0.001) among 390 patients with hormone receptor-positive, HER2-negative, 11.4 vs 5.4 m (p = 0.002) among 142 patients with HER2-positive, and 4.0 vs 3.0 m (p = 0.121) among 162 with triple-negative MBC. In multivariable analysis, de novo status remained independently associated with improved OS (hazard ratio 0.63, 95% CI 0.49-0.80), regardless of subtype and other features. CONCLUSION: Patients with de novo MBC have better outcomes than those with recurrent MBC. Differences in clinical subtype and response to therapy in the metastatic setting contribute to, but do not fully explain, this difference. Longer PFS to first-line therapy in de novo MBC suggests biologic differences compared to recurrent MBC, which may be intrinsic or due to acquired resistance from treatment for prior localized breast cancer in recurrent disease.

Obesity, comorbidities, and treatment selection in Black and White women with early breast cancer.

BACKGROUND: This study investigates obesity and comorbidity in Black and White women with early breast cancer (stages I-III) and their potential impact on treatment decisions for patients with hormone receptor-positive (HR+)/human epidermal growth factor receptor 2-negative (HER2-) tumors. METHODS: In this retrospective chart review, comparisons of frequencies for Black and White patients were calculated with the Fisher exact test. Log binomial regression was used to estimate prevalence ratios (PRs) with 95% confidence intervals for total and individual comorbidities, and multivariable modeling was used to estimate PRs adjusted for age and body mass index (BMI). RESULTS: In a sample of 548 patients, 26% were Black, and 74% were White. Sixty-two percent of Black patients and 32% of White patients were obese (BMI ≥ 30 kg/m2 ; P < .0001). Seventy-five percent of Black patients and 87% of White patients had HR+ tumors (P = .001). Significant intergroup differences were seen for 2 or more total comorbidities (62% of Blacks vs 47% of Whites; P = .001), 2 or more obesity-related comorbidities (33% vs 10%; P < .0001), hypertension (60% vs 32%; P < .0001), diabetes mellitus (23% vs 6%; P < .0001), hypercholesterolemia or hyperlipidemia (28% vs 18%; P = .02), and hypothyroidism (4% vs 11%; P = .012). In women with HR+/HER2- tumors, there were no intergroup differences in treatment decisions regarding the type of surgery, chemotherapy regimen, radiation, or endocrine treatment despite significant differences in the prevalence of obesity and comorbidities. CONCLUSIONS: This study documents significant disparities between Black and White women with early breast cancer with regard to high rates of obesity, overall comorbidities, and obesity-related comorbidities, and it highlights the prevalence of competing risks that may complicate outcomes in breast cancer.

Patient-reported symptom severity, interference with daily activities, and adverse events in older and younger women receiving chemotherapy for early breast cancer.

BACKGROUND: To the authors' knowledge, it is unknown whether patient-reported symptom severity and symptom interference with daily activities differ between younger (aged <65 years) and older (aged ≥65 years) women receiving similar chemotherapy regimens for early breast cancer (EBC). METHODS: Study participants rated 17 side effects of chemotherapy regimens currently in use in clinical practice (2014-2019). RESULTS: Of 284 women with EBC (stage I-III), approximately 57% were aged <65 years and 43% were aged ≥65 years. For anthracycline-based regimens, a higher percentage of younger women reported moderate, severe, or very severe (MSVS) hot flashes (49% vs 18%) (P < .001). For nonanthracycline regimens, a higher percentage of younger women reported MSVS hot flashes (38% vs 19%) (P = .009) and a lower percentage reported MSVS arthralgia (28% vs 49%) (P = .005). With regard to symptom interference with daily activities, a higher percentage of younger women being treated with anthracycline-based regimens reported MSVS hot flashes (32% vs 7%) (P = .001) and myalgia (38% vs 18%) (P = .02). For nonanthracycline chemotherapy, a higher percentage of younger women reported MSVS interference for hot flashes (26% vs 9%) (P = .006) and lower percentages reported abdominal pain (13% vs 28%) (P = .02). Overall, there were no significant differences noted among younger versus older patients with regard to hospitalizations (19% vs 12%; P = .19), dose reductions (34% vs 31%; P = .50), dose delays (22% vs 25%; P = .59), or early treatment discontinuation (16% vs 16%; P = .9546). CONCLUSIONS: Older and younger women with EBC who were treated with identical chemotherapy regimens generally experienced similar levels of symptom severity, symptom-related interference with daily activities, and adverse events. LAY SUMMARY: In this study, women receiving chemotherapy for early breast cancer rated the severity of 17 symptoms and symptom interference with their activities of daily living. Older (aged ≥65 years) and younger (aged <65 years) women who received identical chemotherapy regimens generally experienced similar levels of symptom severity, symptom-related interference with daily activities, and adverse events.

Race and smoking status associated with paclitaxel drug response in patient-derived lymphoblastoid cell lines.

The use of ex-vivo model systems to provide a level of forecasting for in-vivo characteristics remains an important need for cancer therapeutics. The use of lymphoblastoid cell lines (LCLs) is an attractive approach for pharmacogenomics and toxicogenomics, due to their scalability, efficiency, and cost-effectiveness. There is little data on the impact of demographic or clinical covariates on LCL response to chemotherapy. Paclitaxel sensitivity was determined in LCLs from 93 breast cancer patients from the University of North Carolina Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center Breast Cancer Database to test for potential associations and/or confounders in paclitaxel dose-response assays. Measures of paclitaxel cell viability were associated with patient data included treatment regimens, cancer status, demographic and environmental variables, and clinical outcomes. We used multivariate analysis of variance to identify the in-vivo variables associated with ex-vivo dose-response. In this unique dataset that includes both in-vivo and ex-vivo data from breast cancer patients, race (P = 0.0049) and smoking status (P = 0.0050) were found to be significantly associated with ex-vivo dose-response in LCLs. Racial differences in clinical dose-response have been previously described, but the smoking association has not been reported. Our results indicate that in-vivo smoking status can influence ex-vivo dose-response in LCLs, and more precise measures of covariates may allow for more precise forecasting of clinical effect. In addition, understanding the mechanism by which exposure to smoking in-vivo effects ex-vivo dose-response in LCLs may open up new avenues in the quest for better therapeutic prediction.

Factors Associated with Nodal Pathologic Complete Response Among Breast Cancer Patients Treated with Neoadjuvant Chemotherapy: Results of CALGB 40601 (HER2+) and 40603 (Triple-Negative) (Alliance).

BACKGROUND: De-escalation of axillary surgery after neoadjuvant chemotherapy (NAC) requires careful patient selection. We seek to determine predictors of nodal pathologic complete response (ypN0) among patients treated on CALGB 40601 or 40603, which tested NAC regimens in HER2+ and triple-negative breast cancer (TNBC), respectively. PATIENTS AND METHODS: A total of 760 patients with stage II-III HER2+ or TNBC were analyzed. Those who had axillary surgery before NAC (N = 122), or who had missing pretreatment clinical nodal status (cN) (N = 58) or ypN status (N = 41) were excluded. The proportion of patients with ypN0 disease was estimated for those with and without breast pathologic complete response (pCR) according to pretreatment nodal status. RESULTS: In 539 patients, the overall ypN0 rate was 76.3% (411/539) to 93.2% (245/263) in patients with breast pCR and 60.1% (166/276) with residual breast disease (RD) (P < 0.0001). For patients who were cN0 pretreatment, the ypN0 rate was 88.8% (214/241), 96.3% (104/108) with breast pCR, and 82.7% (110/133) with RD. For patients who were cN1, 66.2% (157/237) converted to ypN0, 91.7% (111/121) with breast pCR and 39.7% (46/116) with RD. For patients who were cN2/3, 65.6% (40/61) converted to ypN0, 88.2% (30/34) with breast pCR and 37.0% (10/27) with RD. On multivariable analysis, only pretreatment clinical nodal status and breast pCR/RD were associated with ypN0 status (both P < 0.0001). CONCLUSIONS: Breast pCR and pretreatment nodal status are predictive of ypN0 axillary nodal involvement, with < 5% residual nodal disease among cN0 patients who experience breast pCR. These findings support the incorporation of axillary surgery de-escalation strategies into NAC trials.