Hormonal response to perceived emotional distress in incarcerated men with sexual sadism.

Sexual sadists derive pleasure from humiliation, domination and infliction of pain on victims. They display increased penile arousal and activation of brain regions involved in sexual arousal and emotional states when viewing stimuli depicting individuals in physical distress. Neuroactive hormones modulate these regions, but it is unknown if sexual sadists also have endocrine responses to depictions of individuals in distress. The present study examined endocrine responses, elicited by viewing a video depicting an individual in extreme emotional distress, in incarcerated adult male sexual offenders (n = 23) with varying levels of sadistic traits. Sadism, was measured by the Severe Sexual Sadism Scale (SeSaS). Testosterone (T), adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH), and oxytocin (OT) were assayed before and after participants watched a video depicting an individual in emotional distress. T responses to the video were significantly and positively associated with SeSaS scores. There were no significant associations between sexual sadism and OT or ACTH. Our findings provide physiological evidence of atypical processing of distress cues in sadism consistent with the role of testosterone in sexual arousal and aggressive behaviors. These findings have implications for the evaluation and treatment of sexual sadists.

Neural Correlates of Moral Judgment in Criminal Offenders with Sadistic Traits.

Sexual sadism is a paraphilia that focuses on domination, humiliation, and infliction of pain on a victim to stimulate sexual arousal. Although extensively described in psychology and forensic sciences, less is known about whether the harmful acts committed by sexual sadists are accompanied by deficits in moral judgment. A limited amount of behavioral research suggests moral insensitivity in sexual sadists; however, the neural networks underlying moral judgment in sadists have not been studied. In this pilot study, 21 incarcerated male sexual offenders with (n = 11) and without (n = 10) sexual sadism were scanned with functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) while they viewed pictures that did or did not depict situations considered by most individuals to represent moral transgressions, and rated their degree of moral transgression severity. Results indicated primarily overlapping neural systems underlying moral judgment in sadists and non-sadists. However, non-sadists but not sadists showed a positive correlation between moral transgression severity ratings and activity in the anterior temporal cortex (ATC). This lack of ATC engagement in sadists might be a biomarker of altered moral judgment.

Brain responses to pictures of children in men with pedophilic disorder: a functional magnetic resonance imaging study.

Structural and functional neuroimaging techniques have recently been used to investigate the mechanisms of sexual attraction to children, a hallmark of pedophilic disorder, and have reported many contradictory or non-replicated findings. Here, our purpose was to identify through functional magnetic resonance imaging the brain responses of 25 male outpatients with pedophilic disorder to visual stimuli depicting children (VSc) and to compare them with 24 male healthy controls matched on sexual orientation (to female or male adults), age, and handedness. No region was differentially activated across the two groups in response to VSc. However, as shown by a random-effects statistical analysis (cluster-level pFWE-corrected < 0.05), in patients with pedophilia, but not in controls, the presentation of VSc induced a bilateral activation in the lateral occipital and temporal cortices, in particular in the right inferior temporal gyrus, as well as an activation in the declive of the cerebellar vermis. In addition, in patients the level of bilateral activation in the above-mentioned regions was positively correlated with ratings of perceived sexual arousal elicited by VSc. These results implicate these regions as possible candidate areas mediating sexual arousal in patients with pedophilic disorder.

Emotional intelligence in incarcerated sexual offenders with sexual sadism.

Emotional intelligence (EI) is defined by the ability to perceive, manage, and reason about emotions in oneself and others. Studies have reported deficits in EI abilities among certain antisocial populations such as individuals with psychopathy, and enhanced performance among sexual offenders. Despite EI's relevance to offending behaviour, the association between EI and paraphilic offending has been under-studied. We examined the association between EI, sexual offending, and sexual sadism in 80 incarcerated men with sexual offenses and 207 incarcerated men with non-sexual offences. EI was assessed using the Mayer-Salovey-Caruso Emotional Intelligence Test (MSCEIT). Sadism was measured using the Severe Sexual Sadism Scale (SeSaS). Results showed that SeSaS scores were positively associated with Strategic EI (the ability to understand and manage emotions), but were not significantly related to Experiential EI. This may reflect core characteristics of sexual sadism including domination and manipulation, challenging the prevalent notion that higher EI is invariably positive.

Correlates of childhood trauma in children and adolescents with bipolar disorder spectrum: A preliminary study.

OBJECTIVE: Histories of childhood trauma (CT) are risk factors for affect dysregulation and poor clinical outcomes in women with bipolar disorder (BD). While much is known about the link between BD and CT in adult patients, there is limited data on this research topic in pediatric BD (PBD). The present study aims to investigate the impact of CT on irritability, aggressive and suicidal behaviors in PBD patients across gender types. METHODS: From 2013 to 2015, 59 PBD patients Aged 6-17 (30 female) were administered the Childhood Trauma Questionnaire (CTQ) along with scales assessing irritability (Affective Reactivity Index), aggression (Modified Overt Aggression Scale) and suicidal thoughts and behaviors (Columbia-Suicide Severity Rating Scale). We examined the severity of these behaviors across types of CT and gender using univariate regression analyses. Findings were adjusted for age, number of traumas, and CTQ denial score. RESULTS: In PBD patients, analyses showed that the effect of physical abuse depended on gender, whereby females were more likely than males to engage in suicidal thoughts and behaviors (p < 0.05). Male gender and CT were strong determinants of irritability (p < 0.05). Violence against property and people was found to be reduced in females, and increased in males with a history of emotional and sexual abuse, respectively (p < 0.05). CONCLUSION: These preliminary findings highlight the significant impact of CT in PBD and suggest that gender may predict the risk for dysfunctional behaviors in PBD patients with CT. Future large scale, longitudinal, investigations focusing on fear processing and extinction may provide a deeper understanding of these gender differences, and their role in the course of BD.

Changes in amygdala, cerebellum, and nucleus accumbens volumes in bipolar patients treated with lamotrigine.

The neural mechanisms underlying the therapeutic effects of lamotrigine in bipolar depression are still unexplored. This preliminary study compares the effects of a 12-week treatment with lamotrigine on brain volumes in adults with bipolar disorder (BD).12 BD type II patients (age: 49.33 ± 9.95 years, 3 males, 9 females) and 12 age and gender-matched healthy controls (HC) (HC; age: 41 ± 8.60 years, 3 males, 9 females). BD patients were initially administered 25 mg/day of lamotrigine, which was progressively escalated to 200 mg/d. BD participants underwent brain imaging prior to and following lamotrigine treatment. A 50% reduction in depressive scores indicated "remission". Bayesian general linear models controlled for age, gender and intracranial volume were used to examine changes in relevant brain region following treatment. A posterior probability > 0.90 indicated evidence that there was an effect of diagnosis or remission on brain volumes. Probability distributions of interaction effects between remission and time indicated that BD responders displayed decreased amygdala, cerebellum and nucleus accumbens volumes following lamotrigine treatment. No serious adverse side effects were reported. The antidepressant effects of lamotrigine may be linked to volumetric changes in brain regions involved in mood and emotional regulation. These findings are preliminary and replication in a larger sample is warranted.

Effects of valproate on brain volumes in pediatric bipolar disorder: A preliminary study.

Sodium valproate (VPA) has well-established neuroprotective effects and is recommended as treatment in bipolar disorder patients. The neural effects of VPA in pediatric bipolar disorder (PBD) have yet to be established. This preliminary study explored the effects of VPA on brain structure in PBD. Fourteen PBD patients (10 males; mean = 13.43 ± 3.05 years old) underwent a structural MRI before and after a 6-week VPA treatment period. Bayesian linear mixed modeling explored seven brain region volumes as a function of dichotomous pre/post time. Results showed a decrease in amygdala volume over time. These findings need to be confirmed by large-scale, longitudinal studies.

The cortical sensory representation of genitalia in women and men: a systematic review.

Background : Although genital sensations are an essential aspect of sexual behavior, the cortical somatosensory representation of genitalia in women and men remain poorly known and contradictory results have been reported. Objective : To conduct a systematic review of studies based on electrophysiological and functional neuroimaging studies, with the aim to identify insights brought by modern methods since the early descriptions of the sensory homunculus in the primary somatosensory cortex (SI). Results : The review supports the interpretation that there are two distinct representations of genital sensations in SI, one on the medial surface and the other on the lateral surface. In addition, the review suggests that the secondary somatosensory cortex and the posterior insula support a representation of the affective aspects of genital sensation. Conclusion : In view of the erogenous character of sensations originating in the genitalia, future studies on this topic should systematically assess qualitatively as well as quantitatively the sexually stimulating and/or sexually pleasurable characteristics of sensations felt by subjects in response to experimental stimuli.