Predictors for cause-specific and timing of deaths in patients with COVID-19: a cohort study in Taiwan.

BACKGROUND: This cohort study determines the predictors for cause-specific and timing of deaths in patients with COVID-19 in Taiwan. METHODS: Patients with laboratory-confirmed COVID-19 admitted to Taipei City Hospital from January 1 to July 31, 2022, were recruited in this cohort. All patients were followed up until death, discharge from the hospital, or August 31, 2022. Early deaths within the first 2 weeks were recorded, and the cause of death was confirmed by the death certificate database of Taiwan. Predictors of cause-specific and timing of deaths of patients with COVID-19 were determined using multinomial Cox proportional hazards regression analysis. RESULTS: Of the 195 (8.0%) patients who died during hospitalization, 147 (84.0%) had COVID-19-specific deaths. Moreover, 54.9% of the deceased patients had early death. After controlling for other covariates, patients aged ≥ 65 years had a higher risk of COVID-19-specific, non-COVID-19-specific, early, and late deaths [adjusted hazards ratio (AHR): 3.85, 6.45, 3.33, and 6.57; 95% confidence interval (CI): 1.91-7.78, 1.17-35.68, 1.51-7.36, and 2.18-19.76, respectively]. Fully vaccinated patients had a lower risk of COVID-19-specific (AHR: 0.68; 95% CI: 0.47-0.98) and early deaths (AHR: 0.54; 95% CI: 0.35-0.84), whereas comorbid patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease had a higher risk of non-COVID-19-specific deaths (AHR: 5.43; 95% CI: 1.73-17.03). CONCLUSIONS: This study suggests that prioritizing COVID-19 vaccination and carefully monitoring comorbid patients during hospitalization can reduce the risk of COVID-19-specific and early deaths and non-COVID-19-specific mortalities, respectively.

Use and Cost-Effectiveness of a Telehealth Service at a Centralized COVID-19 Quarantine Center in Taiwan: Cohort Study.

BACKGROUND: Telehealth is a recommended method for monitoring the progression of nonsevere infections in patients with COVID-19. However, telehealth has not been widely implemented to monitor SARS-CoV-2 infection in quarantined individuals. Moreover, studies on the cost-effectiveness of quarantine measures during the COVID-19 pandemic are scarce. OBJECTIVE: In this cohort study, we aimed to use telehealth to monitor COVID-19 infections in 217 quarantined Taiwanese travelers and to analyze the cost-effectiveness of the quarantine program. METHODS: Travelers were quarantined for 14 days at the Taiwan Yangmingshan quarantine center and monitored until they were discharged. The travelers' clinical symptoms were evaluated twice daily. A multidisciplinary medical team used the telehealth system to provide timely assistance for ill travelers. The cost of the mandatory quarantine was calculated according to data from the Ministry of Health and Welfare of Taiwan. RESULTS: All 217 quarantined travelers tested negative for SARS-CoV-2 upon admission to the quarantine center. During the quarantine, 28/217 travelers (12.9%) became ill and were evaluated via telehealth. Three travelers with fever were hospitalized after telehealth assessment, and subsequent tests for COVID-19 were negative for all three patients. The total cost incurred during the quarantine was US $193,938, which equated to US $894 per individual. CONCLUSIONS: Telehealth is an effective instrument for monitoring COVID-19 infection in quarantined travelers and could help provide timely disease management for people who are ill. It is imperative to screen and quarantine international travelers for SARS-CoV-2 infection to reduce the nationwide spread of COVID-19.

Epidemiological profiles and pathogenicity of Vancomycin-resistant Enterococcus faecium clinical isolates in Taiwan.

The emerging Vancomycin-resistant Enterococcus faecium (VRE-fm) is an opportunistic pathogen causing nosocomial infections. The identification of VRE-fm is important for successful prevention and control in healthcare settings. VRE-fm clinical isolates obtained from regional hospitals in northern Taiwan were characterized for antimicrobial susceptibility, virulence genes and biofilm production. Most isolates exhibited multi-drug resistance and carried the virulence genes, esp and hyl. While all isolates produce biofilms, those isolates that carried esp exhibited greater biofilm production. Isolates with different virulence gene carriages were examined for pathogenicity by using a nematode model, Caenorhabditis elegans, for determining microbial-host interactions. The survival assay showed that C. elegans was susceptible to Linezolid-resistant VRE-fm isolates with hyl. Combining the molecular epidemiological profiles regarding pathogenesis in C. elegans can serve as a guide for physicians in limiting opportunistic infections caused by VRE-fm.

Predictors for Early and Late Death in Adult Patients with COVID-19: A Cohort Study.

The timing of death in patients with coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) varied by their comorbidities and severity of illness. However, few studies have determined predictors of mortality with respect to the timing of death in infectious patients. This cohort study aimed to identify the factors associated with early and late death in hospitalized COVID-19 patients. From 14 May to 31 July 2021, this study consecutively recruited laboratory-confirmed COVID-19 patients admitted to Taipei City Hospital. All patients with COVID-19 were followed up until death or discharge from the hospital or till 13 August 2021. Mortality in such patients was categorized as early death (death within the first two weeks of hospitalization) or late death (mortality later than two weeks after hospitalization), based on the timing of death. Multinomial logistic regression was used to determine the factors associated with early and late death among such patients. Of 831 recruited patients, the overall mean age was 59.3 years, and 12.2% died during hospitalization. Of the 101 deceased, 66 (65.3%) and 35 (34.7%) died early and late, respectively. After adjusting for demographics and comorbidities, independent predictors for early death included age ≥ 65 years (adjusted odds ratio (AOR) = 5.27; 95% confidence interval (CI): 2.88-9.65), heart failure (AOR = 10.32; 95% CI: 2.28-46.65), and end-stage renal disease (AOR = 11.97; 95% CI: 3.53-40.55). This study found that two thirds of COVID-19 deaths occurred within two weeks of hospitalization. It suggests that hospitalized patients with COVID-19 should be treated carefully and monitored closely for the progression of clinical conditions during treatment, particularly in older patients and in those with comorbidities.

Reducing Medication Problems among Minority Individuals with Low Socioeconomic Status through Pharmacist Home Visits.

Introduction: In this study, pharmacists conducted home visits for individuals of medically underserved populations in Taiwan (i.e., socioeconomically disadvantaged individuals, middle-aged or older adults, and individuals living alone, with dementia, or with disabilities) to understand their medication habits. We quantified medication problems among various groups and investigated whether the pharmacist home visits helped to reduce the medication problems. Materials and Methods: From April 2016 to March 2019, pharmacists visited the homes of the aforementioned medically underserved individuals in Taipei to evaluate their drug-related problems and medication problems. Age, living alone, diagnoses of dementia or disabilities, and socioeconomic disadvantages contributed significantly to inadequate disease and medical treatment knowledge and self-care skills as well as lifestyle inappropriateness among patients. The patients who were living alone and socioeconomically disadvantaged stored their drugs in inappropriate environments. Results: After the pharmacists visited the patients' homes twice, the patients improved considerably in their disease and medical treatment knowledge, self-care skills, and lifestyles (p < 0.001). Problems related to the uninstructed reduction or discontinuation of drug use (p < 0.05) and use of expired drugs (p < 0.001) were also mitigated substantially. Discussion and conclusion: Through the home visits, the pharmacists came to fully understand the medicine (including Chinese medicine) and health food usage behaviors of the patients and their lifestyles, enabling them to provide thorough health education. After the pharmacists' home visits, the patients' drug-related problems were mitigated, and their knowledge of diseases, drug compliance, and drug storage methods and environments improved, reducing drug waste. Our findings can help policymakers address the medication problems of various medically underserved groups, thereby improving the utilization of limited medical resources.

Is there lower utilisation of hospice care services during end-of-life care for people living with HIV? A population-based cohort study.

OBJECTIVE: Hospice care could improve the quality of life among advanced HIV patients during end-of-life (EOL) treatment. However, providing hospice care services for people living with HIV (PLWH) is challenging due to HIV-related stigma. This nationwide cohort study aims to determine the utilisation of hospice care services among PLWH and HIV-negative individuals during EOL treatment. DESIGN: A retrospective cohort study. SETTING: From 2000 to 2018, we identified adult PLWH from the Taiwan centres for disease control HIV Surveillance System. Individuals who had positive HIV-1 western blots were regarded as HIV-infected. Age-matched and sex-matched controls without HIV infection were selected from the Taiwan National Health Insurance Research Database for comparison. All PLWH and controls were followed until death or 31 December 2018. PARTICIPANTS: 32 647 PLWH and 326 470 HIV-negative controls were analysed. PRIMARY OUTCOME MEASURES: Utilisation of hospice care services during the last year of life among PLWH and HIV-negative individuals. RESULTS: A total of 20 413 subjects died during the 3 434 699 person-years of follow-up. Of the deceased patients, 2139 (10.5%) utilised hospice care services during their last year of life, including 328 (5.76%) PLWH and 1811 (12.30%) controls. Adjusting for demographics and comorbidities, PLWH were less likely to receive hospice care services during the last year of life, compared with HIV-negative individuals (adjusted OR: 0.66; 95% CI: 0.57 to 0.75). CONCLUSIONS: PLWH had significantly lower utilisation of hospice care services during the last year of life. Our results suggest that future hospice care programmes should particularly target PLWH to increase the optimal utilisation of hospice care services during EOL treatment.

End-of-life discussions reduce the utilization of life-sustaining treatments during the last three months of life in cancer patients.

Studies to examine the impact of end-of-life (EOL) discussions on the utilization of life-sustaining treatments near death are limited and have inconsistent findings. This nationwide population-based cohort study determined the impact of EOL discussions on the utilization of life-sustaining treatments in the last three months of life in Taiwanese cancer patients. From 2012 to 2018, this cohort study included adult cancer patients, which were confirmed by pathohistological reports. Life-sustaining treatments during the last three months of life included cardiopulmonary resuscitation, intubation, and defibrillation. EOL discussions in cancer patients were confirmed by their medical records. Association of EOL discussions with utilization of life-sustaining treatments were assessed using multiple logistic regression. Of 381,207 patients, the mean age was 70.5 years and 19.4% of the subjects received life-sustaining treatments during the last three months of life. After adjusting for other covariates, those who underwent EOL discussions were less likely to receive life-sustaining treatments during the last three months of life compared to those who did not (Adjusted odds ratio [AOR] 0.87; 95% confidence interval [CI] 0.85-0.89). Considering the type of treatments, EOL discussions correlated with a lower likelihood of receiving cardiopulmonary resuscitation (AOR = 0.45, 95% CI 0.43-0.47), endotracheal intubation (AOR = 0.92, 95%CI 0.90-0.95), and defibrillation (AOR = 0.54, 95%CI 0.49-0.59). Since EOL discussions are associated with less aggressive care, our study supports the importance of providing these discussions to cancer patients during the EOL treatment.

Out-of-hospital cardiac arrest and in-hospital mortality among COVID-19 patients: A population-based retrospective cohort study.

BACKGROUND/PURPOSE: Predictors for out-of-hospital cardiac arrest (OHCA) in COVID-19 patients remain unclear. We identified the predictors for OHCA and in-hospital mortality among such patients in community isolation centers. METHODS: From May 15 to June 20, 2021, this cohort study recruited 2555 laboratory-confirmed COVID-19 patients admitted to isolation centers in Taiwan. All patients were followed up until death, discharge from the isolation center or hospital, or July 16, 2021. OHCA was defined as cardiac arrest confirmed by the absence of circulation signs and occurring outside the hospital. Multinomial logistic regressions were used to determine factors associated with OHCA and in-hospital mortality. RESULTS: Of the 37 deceased patients, 7 (18.9%) had OHCA and 30 (81.1%) showed in-hospital mortality. The mean (SD) time to OHCA was 6.6 (3.3) days from the symptom onset. After adjusting for demographics and comorbidities, independent predictors for OHCA included age ≥65 years (adjusted odds ratio [AOR]: 13.24, 95% confidence interval [CI]: 1.85-94.82), fever on admission to the isolation center (AOR: 12.53, 95% CI: 1.68-93.34), and hypoxemia (an oxygen saturation level below 95% on room air) (AOR: 26.54, 95% CI: 3.18-221.73). Predictors for in-hospital mortality included age ≥65 years (AOR: 10.28, 95% CI: 2.95-35.90), fever on admission to the isolation centers (AOR: 7.27, 95% CI: 1.90-27.83), and hypoxemia (AOR: 29.87, 95% CI: 10.17-87.76). CONCLUSIONS: Time to OHCA occurrence is rapid in COVID-19 patients. Close monitoring of patients' vital signs and disease severity during isolation is important, particularly for those with older age, fever, and hypoxemia.

Hospice Care Services Associated With a Lower Utilization of Life-Sustaining Treatments During End-Of-Life Care Among People Living With HIV/AIDS: A Population-Based Cohort Study.

Background: Hospice care involves improving quality of end-of-life (EOL) care and respecting patients' preferences regarding EOL treatment. However, the impact of hospice care services on the utilization of life-sustaining treatments during EOL care in patients with life-limiting diseases has not been extensively studied. Objectives: This nationwide cohort study aimed to determine the impact of hospice care services on the utilization of life-sustaining treatments during the last 3 months of life among people living with HIV/AIDS (PLWHA) in Taiwan. Methods: From 2000 to 2018, we identified adult PLWHA from Taiwan centers for disease control HIV Surveillance System. HIV-infected individuals were defined as positive HIV-1 Western blot. Life-sustaining treatments included cardiopulmonary resuscitation, intubation, mechanical ventilation support, and defibrillation. The association of hospice care services with the utilization of life-sustaining treatments was determined using multiple logistic regression. Results: Of 5691 PLWHA, 2595 (45.9%) subjects utilized life-sustaining treatments during the last 3 months of life. After adjusting for other covariates, PLWHA with hospice care services were less likely to receive life-sustaining treatments during the last 3 months of life than those without the services (adjusted odds ratio [AOR] = .50, 95% confidence interval [CI]: .37-.66). Considering the type of life-sustaining treatments, hospice care services were associated with lower likelihood of receiving cardiopulmonary resuscitation (AOR = .22, 95% CI: .13-.39), endotracheal intubation (AOR = .48, 95% CI: .35-.65), and mechanical ventilation support (AOR = .56, 95% CI: .42-.75). Conclusion: Hospice care services were associated with a lower utilization of life-sustaining treatments during the last 3 months of life among PLWHA.

Association of depression and antidepressant therapy with antiretroviral therapy adherence and health-related quality of life in men who have sex with men.

UNAIDS' HIV treatment targets require that 90% of people living with HIV/AIDS (PLWHA) receiving antiretroviral treatment (ART) achieve viral suppression and 90% of people with viral suppression have good health-related quality of life (HRQOL). This study aimed to examine the association of depression and antidepressant therapy with ART adherence and HRQOL in HIV-infected men who have sex with men (MSM). From 2018 through 2020, HIV-infected MSMs were consecutively recruited (N = 565) for the evaluation of ART adherence and HRQOL at Taipei City Hospital HIV clinics. Non-adherence to ART was defined as a Medication Adherence Report Scale score of < 23. HRQOL in PLWHHA was evaluated using WHOQOL-BREF, Taiwan version. Overall, 14.0% had depression and 12.4% exhibited non-adherence to ART. The nonadherence proportion was 21.8% and 10.5% in depressed and nondepressed HIV-infected MSM, respectively. After adjusting for other covariates, depression was associated with a higher risk of nonadherence to ART (adjusted odds ratio = 2.02; 95% confidence interval: 1.02-4.00). Physical, psychological, social, and environmental HRQOL were significantly negatively associated with depression. Considering antidepressant therapy, ART nonadherence was significantly associated with depression without antidepressant therapy but not with antidepressant therapy. The depressed HIV-infected MSM without antidepressant therapy had worse psychological, social, and environmental HRQOL than those with antidepressant therapy. Our study suggests that depression is associated with poor ART adherence and HRQOL, particularly in those without antidepressant therapy. Adequate diagnosis and treatment of depression should be provided for PLWHA to improve their ART adherence and HRQOL.

Olfactory disorder in patients infected with SARS-CoV-2.

Three (60%) of five patients with coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) had olfactory disorder. Two exhibited anosmia at the onset of COVID-19, while one had hyposmia 4 days after the onset of COVID-19. All patients with olfactory disorder were completely recovered with a mean recovery length of 11.3 days.

Factors predicting a home death among home palliative care recipients.

Awareness of factors affecting the place of death could improve communication between healthcare providers and patients and their families regarding patient preferences and the feasibility of dying in the preferred place.This study aimed to evaluate factors predicting home death among home palliative care recipients.This is a population-based study using a national representative sample retrieved from the National Health Insurance Research Database. Subjects receiving home palliative care, from 2010 to 2012, were analyzed to evaluate the association between a home death and various characteristics related to illness, individual, and health care utilization. A multiple-logistic regression model was used to assess the independent effect of various characteristics on the likelihood of a home death.The overall rate of a home death for home palliative care recipients was 43.6%. Age; gender; urbanization of the area where the patients lived; illness; the total number of home visits by all health care professionals; the number of home visits by nurses; utilization of nasogastric tube, endotracheal tube, or indwelling urinary catheter; the number of emergency department visits; and admission to intensive care unit in previous 1 year were not significantly associated with the risk of a home death. Physician home visits increased the likelihood of a home death. Compared with subjects without physician home visits (31.4%) those with 1 physician home visit (53.0%, adjusted odds ratio [AOR]: 3.23, 95% confidence interval [CI]: 1.93-5.42) and those with ≥2 physician home visits (43.9%, AOR: 2.23, 95% CI: 1.06-4.70) had higher likelihood of a home death. Compared with subjects with hospitalization 0 to 6 times in previous 1 year, those with hospitalization ≥7 times in previous 1 year (AOR: 0.57, 95% CI: 0.34-0.95) had lower likelihood of a home death.Among home palliative care recipients, physician home visits increased the likelihood of a home death. Hospitalizations ≥7 times in previous 1 year decreased the likelihood of a home death.

Effects of DPP-4 inhibitors on cardiovascular outcomes in patients with type 2 diabetes and end-stage renal disease.

BACKGROUND: Recent clinical trials have evaluated the cardiovascular outcomes of dipeptidyl peptidase-4 (DPP-4) inhibitors in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM), but those with end-stage renal disease (ESRD) were ineligible for participation in these trials. We aimed to characterize the impact of DPP-4 inhibitors on major adverse cardiovascular events (MACEs) in patients with T2DM and ESRD undergoing chronic dialysis. METHODS: This nationwide observational study utilized data from 3556 patients aged ≥20years with T2DM and ESRD who initiated treatment with DPP-4 inhibitors between 1 March 2009 and 31 June 2013, retrieved from Taiwan's National Health Insurance Research Database. Each DPP-4 inhibitor user was matched to a non-user control subject using propensity scores. The primary outcomes were all-cause mortality and MACEs (ischemic stroke and myocardial infarction). The secondary outcomes were hospitalization for heart failure and hypoglycemia. All subjects were followed until death or 31 December 2013. RESULTS: Compared with non-users, DPP-4 inhibitor users had lower risks of all-cause mortality (hazard ratio [HR] 0.43, 95% confidence interval [CI] 0.39-0.47), MACEs (HR 0.76, 95% CI 0.65-0.90), and ischemic stroke (HR 0.77, 95% CI 0.61-0.97); the risks of myocardial infarction and hospitalization for heart failure and hypoglycemia did not differ. This treatment effect remained consistent in subgroup analyses according to age, sex, comorbidities, dialysis modality, and insulin use. CONCLUSIONS: In this nationwide ESRD cohort, DPP-4 inhibitor use was associated with reduced risks of all-cause mortality and ischemic stroke.