Mucus-degrading Bacteroides link carbapenems to aggravated graft-versus-host disease.

The intestinal microbiota is an important modulator of graft-versus-host disease (GVHD), which often complicates allogeneic hematopoietic stem cell transplantation (allo-HSCT). Broad-spectrum antibiotics such as carbapenems increase the risk for intestinal GVHD, but mechanisms are not well understood. In this study, we found that treatment with meropenem, a commonly used carbapenem, aggravates colonic GVHD in mice via the expansion of Bacteroides thetaiotaomicron (BT). BT has a broad ability to degrade dietary polysaccharides and host mucin glycans. BT in meropenem-treated allogeneic mice demonstrated upregulated expression of enzymes involved in the degradation of mucin glycans. These mice also had thinning of the colonic mucus layer and decreased levels of xylose in colonic luminal contents. Interestingly, oral xylose supplementation significantly prevented thinning of the colonic mucus layer in meropenem-treated mice. Specific nutritional supplementation strategies, including xylose supplementation, may combat antibiotic-mediated microbiome injury to reduce the risk for intestinal GVHD in allo-HSCT patients.

Excess glucose alone depress young mesenchymal stromal/stem cell osteogenesis and mitochondria activity within hours/days via NAD+/SIRT1 axis.

BACKGROUND: The impact of global overconsumption of simple sugars on bone health, which peaks in adolescence/early adulthood and correlates with osteoporosis (OP) and fracture risk decades, is unclear. Mesenchymal stromal/stem cells (MSCs) are the progenitors of osteoblasts/bone-forming cells, and known to decrease their osteogenic differentiation capacity with age. Alarmingly, while there is correlative evidence that adolescents consuming greatest amounts of simple sugars have the lowest bone mass, there is no mechanistic understanding on the causality of this correlation. METHODS: Bioinformatics analyses for energetics pathways involved during MSC differentiation using human cell information was performed. In vitro dissection of normal versus high glucose (HG) conditions on osteo-/adipo-lineage commitment and mitochondrial function was assessed using multi-sources of non-senescent human and murine MSCs; for in vivo validation, young mice was fed normal or HG-added water with subsequent analyses of bone marrow CD45- MSCs. RESULTS: Bioinformatics analyses revealed mitochondrial and glucose-related metabolic pathways as integral to MSC osteo-/adipo-lineage commitment. Functionally, in vitro HG alone without differentiation induction decreased both MSC mitochondrial activity and osteogenesis while enhancing adipogenesis by 8 h' time due to depletion of nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NAD+), a vital mitochondrial co-enzyme and co-factor to Sirtuin (SIRT) 1, a longevity gene also involved in osteogenesis. In vivo, HG intake in young mice depleted MSC NAD+, with oral NAD+ precursor supplementation rapidly reversing both mitochondrial decline and osteo-/adipo-commitment in a SIRT1-dependent fashion within 1 ~ 5 days. CONCLUSIONS: We found a surprisingly rapid impact of excessive glucose, a single dietary factor, on MSC SIRT1 function and osteogenesis in youthful settings, and the crucial role of NAD+-a single molecule-on both MSC mitochondrial function and lineage commitment. These findings have strong implications on future global OP and disability risks in light of current worldwide overconsumption of simple sugars.

Psychometrics and measurement invariance: Health Literacy Scale for Vietnamese and Indonesian married immigrants.

AIMS: To examine the psychometrics and measurement invariance of the Short-Form Health Literacy 12-item questionnaire (HL-SF12) among Vietnamese and Indonesian married immigrants. DESIGN: A cross-sectional survey design. METHODS: In total, 1171 Vietnamese and Indonesian married immigrants were enrolled between September 2019 and December 2019. An exploratory factor analysis (EFA) and confirmatory factor analysis (CFA) were used to verify the structural validity of the suggested factor structure. The multiple-group CFA (MGCFA) used a series of hierarchical nested-in models as a measurement invariance test which confirmed the adequacy of the model fit at each stage. RESULTS/FINDINGS: The Kaiser-Meyer-Olkin coefficient was 0.898, and the Bartlett test of sphericity was statistically significant (χ2 [66] = 1965.97, p < 0.01). According to a scree plot and Kaiser's criterion for eigenvalues of >1, the EFA explained 61.6% of the total variance and confirmed three theoretically supported factors of health care, disease prevention and health promotion. The 12 items showed factor loadings of >0.4 and four items were in each subscale. The CFA showed adequate structural validity, including a relative chi-squared/degrees of freedom (X2 /df) of 2.01, a comparative fit index (CFI) of 0.98 and a root mean square error of approximation (RMSEA) of 0.04 (95% confidence interval [0.03, 0.05]) in married immigrants. For the measurement invariance, a change in the goodness-of-fit measures did not exceed 0.02 for the RMSEA or 0.01 for the CFI. The results indicated Cronbach's α values of 0.87 for the HL-SF12 scale in Vietnamese and Indonesian combined samples (n = 1171). A t-test showed that the HL-SF12 and its three subscales were unable to significantly differentiate between Vietnamese and Indonesian groups (all p > 0.05). CONCLUSIONS: The HL-SF12 scale showed acceptable theoretically supported structural validity, equivalent measurement invariance and reliable internal consistency among Vietnamese and Indonesian married immigrants. Measurements of immigrants' HL using the HL-SF12 could be integrated into future immigrant health policies. IMPACT: As the first study of the measurement invariance of the HL-SF12 instrument among immigrants. Related factors of immigrants' HL can be further explored to increase immigrants' health and empowerment.

A nurse-led multicentre randomized controlled trial on effectiveness and cost-effectiveness of Chinese iSupport for dementia program: A study protocol.

AIMS: To describe a nurse-led multicentre randomized controlled trial protocol developed to evaluate the effectiveness and cost-effectiveness of a Chinese iSupport for Dementia program in Australia and Greater China including mainland China, Taiwan, Hong Kong and Macau. DESIGN: A multicentre randomized controlled trial following the SPIRIT checklist. METHODS: Participants in the study will be recruited from Australia and Greater China and will be randomly assigned to the intervention group or the usual care group. Interventions will include self-learning of the iSupport program, virtual peer support and nurse program facilitator support for 6 months. Primary outcome measures will be the 12-Item Short-Form Health Survey. Secondary outcome measures will include: Revised Scale for Caregiving Self-efficacy; Quality of Social Support Scale; Revised Memory and Behaviour Problem Checklist; the Quality of Life in Alzheimer's Disease-Proxy; usages of care services; and cost-effectiveness of the intervention. Outcomes will be measured at baseline, 6 months and 9 months from the baseline. Caregivers' experiences of the peer support will be explored. This project was funded by the National Foundation for Australia-China Relations, Australian Government (Project ID: NFACR216). The total amount is $440,000 Australian dollars (or £ 236,231). DISCUSSION: Approximately, 20% of people living with dementia in the world live in Australia and Greater China. Older Chinese are usually cared for by family caregivers at home due to the influence of Confucianism. However, free and online psychoeducation programs for this large cohort of caregivers are not available or accessible. The World Health Organization iSupport for Dementia is an evidence-based online psychoeducation program for caregivers. Implementing a culturally adapted Chinese iSupport program will address this gap in supporting caregivers. IMPACT: This study will provide research evidence on effectiveness and cost-effectiveness of an online psychoeducation program for caregivers. Findings will inform policy and practice development.

Gender differences in the association between oral health literacy and oral health-related quality of life in older adults.

BACKGROUND: Poor oral health affects quality of life; oral health literacy studies are increasing as it plays an essential role in promoting oral health. However, little is known regarding the gender differences in oral health literacy and oral health-related quality of life (OHRQoL) among older adults. This study aimed to explore the gender differences in oral health literacy and OHRQoL among community-dwelling older adults in Taiwan. METHODS: A cross-sectional study design with convenience sampling was undertaken to recruit participants at two community service centres. Data were collected using a structured survey consisted of the demographic characteristics, instrumental activities of daily living, nutrition assessment, oral health literacy and OHRQoL. The logistic regression was used to examine the gender differences in the relationship between oral health literacy and OHRQoL. RESULTS: A total of 202 participants completed the survey. Of which 56.4% (n = 114) were female. Logistic regression analyses showed that after controlling for age, instrumental activities of daily living, nutrition, education level, and average monthly income, better oral health literacy was associated with better oral health quality of life (p = 0.006) in men. CONCLUSIONS: The relationship between oral health literacy and OHRQoL was only significant for men. No significant relationship between women's oral health literacy and their OHRQoL. However, good OHRQoL is an integral part of overall health, but it is affected by differences in oral health and the accessibility of healthcare services. We suggest that gender-specific oral health literacy education should be offered through community health-education programs.

Strategies for supplying face masks to the population of Taiwan during the COVID-19 pandemic.

BACKGROUND: The use of face masks has become ubiquitous in Taiwan during the early COVID-19 pandemic. A name-based rationing system was established to enable the population of Taiwan to purchase face masks. This study is to assess the extent and fairness of face mask supply to the public in Taiwan. METHODS: The weekly face marks supplies were collected from name-based rationing system administrative statistics included national health insurance card and e-Mask selling record. National registered population statistics by age, gender, and district were collected from department of statistics ministry of the interior. The number of COVID-19 non-imported cases of Taiwan was collected from Taiwan centers of disease control. RESULTS: A total of 146,831,844 person times purchase records from February 6, 2020, to July 19, 2020, the weekly average face mask supply is 0.5 mask (per person) at the start of name-based rationing system, and gradually expanded to the maximum 5.1 masks (per person). Comparing the highest weekly total face mask supply (from Apr 9, 2020, to Apr 15, 2020) in aged 0-9 -, 10-19 -, 20-29 -, 30-39 -, 40-49 -, 50-59 -, 60-69 -,70-79 -, 80-89 -, 90-99, and > 100 years to the register population showed similar distribution between mask supplied people and total population (all standardized difference < 0.1). CONCLUSION: The masks supply strategies has gradually escalated the number of face masks for the public, it not only has dominant decreased the barrier of acquiring face mask, but a fair supply for total population use of Taiwan.

[A Postoperative Nursing Experience Applying Swanson`s Caring Theory in a Teenager With Pectus Excavatum].

A nursing experience applying Swanson`s caring theory in the care of a teenage patient who received Nuss procedure for his pectus excavatum is described in this article. After the operation, the patient suffered from postoperative pain, lack of knowledge, and body-image disturbance. These symptoms influenced the patient`s physical and mental health, and prompted the author to do an in-depth investigation and discussion of this case. The nursing period lasted from July 3rd to 10th, 2019. The author conducted a comprehensive nursing assessment using observation, interviews, listening, and telephone interviews. The major problems identified were acute pain, lack of knowledge, and body-image disturbance. During the nursing period, the author established a good therapeutic relationship with the patient. The author applied Swanson`s caring theory to understand the patient`s healthcare needs and provide appropriate care. The author discussed the treatment direction with the patient, applied cognitive-behavioral strategies to relieve pain, educated the patient on developing and implementing individualized rehabilitation plans to establish correct posture in daily activities, and helped the patient adapt to post-operative changes in appearance and maintain a positive attitude toward the future. The age gap between the author and the patient required that the author spend additional time communicating with the patient to encourage him to open up his mind. It is recommended that hospitals offer youth communication skills lessons for nurses to enhance their communication and care skills with people of different age groups. In sharing this nursing experience, we hope to provide medical staff with a reference for caring for adolescent patients with disease-related body-image disturbance.

[Driving Cessation and Mental Health in Persons With Dementia: A Preliminary Study].

BACKGROUND: The driving safety of persons with dementia (PwD) is an important public-health issue worldwide. Driving is closely related to personal autonomy, self-esteem, and independence. When PwD lose their driving privileges, this may lead to negative effects on mental health. PURPOSE: The purpose of this study was to evaluate the relationship between driving cessation and mental health in PwD. METHODS: A cross-sectional design with convenient sampling was used, Data were collected using structured questionnaires. Participants were all PwDs who were recruited from a medical center in northern Taiwan. RESULTS: A total of 78 PwD were recruited. Two-fifths (41%) of the participants were still driving, with motorcycle the most common vehicle used. The participants who had retired from driving were older, and most did not have a spouse, were less socially active, had a lower mean level of functional ability, and perceived a lower association between driving and quality of life. Driving cessation was found to be positively correlated with age and the instrumental activities of daily living. Depression and anxiety levels in former drivers were higher than in current drivers, although the differences were not significant. CONCLUSIONS / IMPLICATIONS FOR PRACTICE: Among PwD, depression and anxiety is higher in former drivers. It is suggested that a prospective study should be conducted, that driving safety issues for PwD should be addressed in public health education, and that standards of driving safety for PwD should be developed and enacted.

Fatty-Acid-Binding Protein 4 as a Novel Contributor to Mononuclear Cell Activation and Endothelial Cell Dysfunction in Atherosclerosis.

Background-Elevated circulating fatty-acid-binding protein 4 (FABP4) levels may be linked with cardiovascular events. This study aimed to investigate the mechanistic role of FABP4 in atherosclerosis. Methods-We recruited 22 patients with angiographically proven coronary artery disease (CAD) and 40 control subjects. Mononuclear cells (MNCs) and human coronary endothelial cells (HCAECs) were used for in vitro study. Results-Patients with CAD were predominantly male with an enhanced prevalence of hypertension, diabetes, and smoking history. FABP4 concentrations were up-regulated in culture supernatants of MNCs from CAD patients, which were positively correlated with the patients' age, waist-hip ratio, body mass index, serum creatinine, type 2 diabetes, and the presence of hypertension. The adhesiveness of HCAECs to monocytic cells can be activated by FABP4, which was reversed by an FABP4 antibody. FABP4 blockade attenuated the oxidized low-density lipoprotein (oxLDL)-induced expression of ICAM-1, VCAM-1, and P-selectin. FABP4 impaired the tube formation and migration via the ERK/JNK/STAT-1 signaling pathway. FABP4 suppressed phosphorylation of eNOS and expression of SDF-1 protein, both of which can be reversed by treatment with VEGF. Blockade of FABP4 also improved the oxLDL-impaired cell function. Conclusion-We discovered a novel pathogenic role of FABP4 in MNC activation and endothelial dysfunction in atherosclerosis. FABP4 may be a therapeutic target for modulating atherosclerosis.

Validation and evaluation of the Mandarin version of the oral health literacy adult questionnaire in Taiwan.

OBJECTIVES: This study aimed to translate the Oral Health Literacy Adult Questionnaire into a Mandarin version (MOHL-AQ) and to examine its psychometric properties. METHODS: A methodological research using psychometric testing and evaluation of a translated instrument. A convenience sample of 402 participants from northern Taiwan were recruited for the validation of the MOHL-AQ. Internal consistency reliability, split-half reliability, inter-rater reliability, face validity, content validity, and construct validity were evaluated. RESULTS: The value of internal consistency and split-half reliability of the MOHL-AQ were 0.77 and 0.78, respectively. Content validity reported a high content validity index (CVI = 95%). Exploratory factor analysis (EFA) and parallel analysis (PA) were used to determine a unidimensional model and confirmatory factor analysis (CFA) was employed to confirm the model. The indices of good fit model were achieved at GFI = 0.93, AGFI = 0.92, RMSEA = 0.04, CFI = 0.90, PGFI = 0.73, χ2 /df = 1.86 (p < .001). Most of the item-total correlations indicated adequate and acceptable convergent validity (r > .30). CONCLUSION: MOHL-AQ demonstrates adequate psychometric properties for measuring the oral health literacy in Mandarin-speaking population. Public health nurses can use MOHL-AQ to assess oral health literacy in the community settings and further screen potential population with inadequate oral health literacy.

Diagnostic Performance of Delirium Assessment Tools in Critically Ill Patients: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis.

BACKGROUND: Critical care nurses are in the best position to detect and monitor delirium in critically ill patients. Therefore, an optimum delirium assessment tool with strong evidence should be identified with critical care nurses to perform in the daily assessment. AIM: To evaluate and compare the diagnostic performance of delirium assessment tools in diagnosing delirium in critically ill patients. METHODS: We searched five electronic databases including the Cochrane Library, PubMed, Embase, CINAHL, and a Chinese database for eligible diagnostic studies published in English or Mandarin up to December 2018. This diagnostic test accuracy meta-analysis was limited to studies in intensive care unit (ICU) settings, using the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM) as a standard reference to test the accuracy of delirium assessment tools. Eligible studies were critically appraised by two investigators independently. The summary of evidence was conducted for pooling and comparing diagnostic accuracy by a bivariate random effects meta-analysis model. The pooled sensitivities and specificities, summary receiver operating characteristic curve (sROC), the area under the curve (AUC), and diagnostic odds ratio (DOR) were calculated and plotted. The possibility of publication bias was assessed by Deeks' funnel plot. DATA SYNTHESIS: We identified and evaluated 23 and 8 articles focused on CAM-ICU and ICDSC, respectively. The summary sensitivities of 0.85 and 0.87, and summary specificities of 0.95 and 0.91 were found for CAM-ICU and ICDSC, respectively. The AUC of the CAM-ICU was 0.96 (95% CI, 0.94-0.98), with DOR at 99 (95% CI, 55-177). The AUC of the ICDSC was 0.95 (95% CI, 0.92-0.96), and the DOR was 65 (95% CI, 27-153). LINKING EVIDENCE TO ACTION: CAM-ICU demonstrated higher diagnostic test accuracy and is recommended as the optimal delirium assessment tool. However, the results should be interpreted with caution due to the between-study heterogeneity of this diagnostic test accuracy meta-analysis.

Differentiation of Mesenchymal Stem Cells from Human Induced Pluripotent Stem Cells Results in Downregulation of c-Myc and DNA Replication Pathways with Immunomodulation Toward CD4 and CD8 Cells.

Multilineage tissue-source mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) possess strong immunomodulatory properties and are excellent therapeutic agents, but require constant isolation from donors to combat replicative senescence. The differentiation of human induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs) into MSCs offers a renewable source of MSCs; however, reports on their immunomodulatory capacity have been discrepant. Using MSCs differentiated from iPSCs reprogrammed using diverse cell types and protocols, and in comparison to human embryonic stem cell (ESC)-MSCs and bone marrow (BM)-MSCs, we performed transcriptome analyses and assessed for functional immunomodulatory properties. Differentiation of MSCs from iPSCs results in decreased c-Myc expression and its downstream pathway along with a concomitant downregulation in the DNA replication pathway. All four lines of iPSC-MSCs can significantly suppress in vitro activated human peripheral blood mononuclear cell (PBMC) proliferation to a similar degree as ESC-MSCs and BM-MSCs, and modulate CD4 T lymphocyte fate from a type 1 helper T cell (Th1) and IL-17A-expressing (Th17) cell fate to a regulatory T cell (Treg) phenotype. Moreover, iPSC-MSCs significantly suppress cytotoxic CD8 T proliferation, activation, and differentiation into type 1 cytotoxic T (Tc1) and IL-17-expressing CD8 T (Tc17) cells. Coculture of activated PBMCs with human iPSC-MSCs results in an overall shift of secreted cytokine profile from a pro-inflammatory environment to a more immunotolerant milieu. iPSC-MSC immunomodulation was also validated in vivo in a mouse model of induced inflammation. These findings support that iPSC-MSCs possess low oncogenicity and strong immunomodulatory properties regardless of cell-of-origin or reprogramming method and are good potential candidates for therapeutic use. Stem Cells 2018;36:903-914.

Virtual reality among the elderly: a usefulness and acceptance study from Taiwan.

BACKGROUND: Virtual reality (VR) has several applications in the medical domain and also generates a secure environment to carry out activities. Evaluation of the effectiveness of VR among older populations revealed positive effects of VR as a tool to reduce risks of falls and also improve the social and emotional well-being of older adults. The decline in physical and mental health, the loss of functional capabilities, and a weakening of social ties represent obstacles towards active aging among older adults and indicate a need for support. Existing research focused on the effects of VR among older populations, and its uses and benefits. Our study investigated the acceptance and use of VR by the elderly. METHODS: This pilot study was conducted on 30 older adults who voluntarily participated during March to May 2018. Nine VR applications that promote physical activities, motivate users, and provide entertainment were chosen for this study. Participants were asked to use any one of the applications of their choice for 15 min twice a week for 6 weeks. At the end of 6 weeks, participants were asked to fill out a questionnaire based on the Technology Acceptance Model and a literature review, to evaluate their acceptance of VR technology. Cronbach's alpha reliability analysis was used to test the internal consistency of the questionnaire items. Pearson's product moment correlation was used to examine the validity of the questionnaire. A linear regression and mediation analysis were utilized to identify relationships among the variables of the questionnaire. RESULTS: In total, six male and 24 female participants aged 60~95 years volunteered to participate in the study. Perceived usefulness, perceived ease of use, social norms, and perceived enjoyment were seen to have had significant effects on the intention to use VR. Participants agreed to a large extent regarding the perceived usefulness, perceived enjoyment, and their experience of using VR. Thus, VR was seen to have high acceptance among this elderly population. CONCLUSIONS: Older people have positive perceptions towards accepting and using VR to support active aging. They perceived VR to be useful, easy to use, and an enjoyable experience, implying positive attitudes toward adopting this new technology.

Application of the Integrated Behavioral Model to oral self-care behavior of community-dwelling middle-aged and older people in Taiwan.

OBJECTIVES: This study evaluated the Integrated Behavioral Model and examined oral self-care behavior of community-dwelling middle-aged and older people. DESIGN: A cross-sectional design was used. SAMPLE: Purposive sampling was employed to recruit middle and older age community-dwelling individuals, with research locations in public health centers in northern Taiwan. MEASUREMENTS: Structured questionnaires comprised: participant demographics, oral health literacy, oral self-care attitude, self-efficacy, intention, and behavior, and significant others' perceptions and beliefs as well as environmental constraints. The Model verification was evaluated by path analysis. RESULTS: Two hundred and sixty-three participants (N = 263) completed the questionnaire survey. Results identified significant direct effects of the independent variables of oral health care literacy, intention of oral self-care, and perception of environmental constraints on the dependent variable of oral self-care behavior; and significant indirect effects on attitude of oral self-care, perception of significant other beliefs, self-efficacy of oral self-care. CONCLUSION: Public health nurses work with the whole community and can potentially improve the oral self-care behavior of middle-aged and older adults by enhancing their oral health knowledge, maintaining their positive attitudes, assisting acceptance of recognition and support from others, increasing their ability to perform oral self-care, reducing environmental constraints, and thereby enhancing their oral self-care awareness.

Predictors of Emergency Department Use Among Community-Dwelling Older Adults.

A cross-sectional research study was conducted to explore factors associated with and predictors of emergency department (ED) use among community-dwelling older adults. Data were collected using questionnaires regarding demographic characteristics, health literacy, comprehensive assessment instruments, and ED use. Age, fall frequency, number of diseases, number of medications, health literacy, nutritional status, cognitive function, and activities of daily living were associated with ED use. Age (adjusted odds ratio [aOR] = 1.04, 95% confidence interval [CI] [1.00, 1.07]), health literacy (aOR = 0.89, 95% CI [0.79, 0.99]), number of diseases (aOR = 1.34, 95% CI [1.01, 1.78]), and cognitive function (aOR = 0.73, 95% CI [0.55, 0.96]) were significant predictors of ED use. Health care professionals, researchers, and education providers need to assess patients' health literacy, number of diseases, and cognitive function and take approaches to improve health literacy in older adults to maintain their health as well as reduce ED use. [Journal of Gerontological Nursing, 45(5), 31-38.].

[A Preliminary Study on the Oral Health Literacy and Related Factors of Community Mid-Aged and Older Adults].

BACKGROUND: Oral health literacy is one of the factors known to affect oral health. The results of prior studies indicate that Taiwanese lack accurate oral health knowledge and skills. Assessing the understanding of Taiwanese of the various aspects of oral health literacy is necessary to explore their ability to access, process, and understand basic oral health information and to make informed health decisions. PURPOSE: To understand the oral health literacy of mid-aged and older adults living in the community and to identify the related factors that significantly affect their oral health literacy. METHODS: This cross-sectional study was conducted on a convenience sample of 263 mid-aged and older adults living in the community. Each participant completed a demographics datasheet and the Oral Health Literacy-Adult Questionnaire. The survey data were analyzed using descriptive statistics, independent t test, one-way analysis of variance test, and Pearson's correlation. RESULTS: The reading comprehension domain earned the lowest average score, indicating that reading comprehension of oral-health-related information should be strengthened in the mid-age/older population. Age was negatively associated with oral health literacy, while educational level and financial status was positively associated with oral health literacy. Furthermore, the participants who scored higher in oral health literacy were better able to accurately choose the oral hygiene tools that best suited their needs. CONCLUSIONS: The results of this study suggest that strategies aiming to promote oral health literacy among community-dwelling mid-aged and older adults should focus particularly on strengthening reading comprehension abilities and on those of older age, lower education level, and lower financial status.

Palliative care for advanced dementia: Knowledge and attitudes of long-term care staff.

AIMS AND OBJECTIVES: To investigate the knowledge of and attitudes towards palliative care for advanced dementia and their associations with demographics among nursing staff, including nurses and nursing assistants, in long-term care settings. BACKGROUND: Nursing facilities are places where persons with dementia die; therefore, providing quality end-of-life care to residents with advanced dementia is crucial. To date, little attention has been paid to palliative care practice for patients with advanced dementia. DESIGN: A descriptive, cross-sectional, survey design was used. METHODS: In total, a sample of 300 nurses (n = 125) and nursing assistants (n = 175) working in long-term care settings in Taiwan participated in this study. Two instruments were administered: demographic characteristics and responses to the Questionnaire of Palliative Care for Advanced Dementia. Descriptive statistics and multiple regression were used for data analysis. RESULTS: Overall, the nurses and nursing assistants had moderate mean scores for both knowledge of and attitudes regarding palliative care for advanced dementia. Additionally, nursing staff who were nurses with greater work experience and those who had received palliative care and hospice training had greater knowledge of palliative care. In addition, nursing staff who had received dementia care training and who had worked in nursing homes had higher levels of positive attitudes towards palliative care. CONCLUSIONS: This study indicates the need to provide nurses and nursing assistants with more information about palliative care practice for people with advanced dementia. Particularly, providing education to those who are nursing assistants, who have less working experience, who have not received palliative and dementia care training, and who have not worked in nursing homes can improve overall nursing staff knowledge of and attitudes towards palliative care. RELEVANCE TO CLINICAL PRACTICE: Continuing education in principles of palliative care for advanced dementia is necessary for currently practicing nursing staff and should be developed according to their educational background and needs.