Epidemiological, clinical, and laboratory characteristics of human granulocytic anaplasmosis in North India.

Human granulocytic anaplasmosis (HGA) is an emerging, rickettsial tick-borne disease caused by Anaplasma phagocytophilum. Sero-epidemiological data demonstrate that this pathogen has a worldwide distribution. The diagnosis of HGA requires a high index of clinical suspicion, even in endemic areas. In recent years, HGA has increasingly been reported from Asia and described in China, Japan, and Korea. We serologically and molecularly screened 467 patients with clinical suspicion of Anaplasmosis. The present study describes the epidemiology, clinical, and laboratory details of 6 confirmed and 43 probable cases of human granulocytic anaplasmosis. One of the HGA patients developed secondary invasive opportunistic Aspergillus fumigatus and Acinetobacter baumanii infection during the illness, which resulted in a fatal infection. The HGA patients without severe complications had excellent treatment responses to doxycycline. The emergence of this newly recognized tick-borne zoonotic HGA in North India is a significant concern for public health and is likely underdiagnosed, underreported, and untreated. Hence, it is also essential to establish a well-coordinated system for actively conducting tick surveillance, especially in the forested areas of the country.IMPORTANCEThe results of the present study show the clinical and laboratory evidence of autochthonous cases of Anaplasma phagocytophilum in North India. The results suggest the possibility of underdiagnosis of HGA in this geographical area. One of the HGA patients developed secondary invasive opportunistic Aspergillus fumigatus and Acinetobacter baumanii infection during the illness, which resulted in a fatal infection.

Corrigendum: A randomized synbiotic trial to prevent sepsis among infants in rural India.

This corrects the article DOI: 10.1038/nature23480.

Tick-tock, beat the clock: comparative analysis of disc diffusion testing with 6-, 10-, and 24-h growth for accelerated antimicrobial susceptibility testing and antimicrobial stewardship.

Disc diffusion testing by Kirby-Bauer technique is the most used method for determining antimicrobial susceptibility in microbiological laboratories. The current guidelines by The Clinical and Laboratory Standards Institute (CLSI) 2022 specify using an 18- to 24-h growth for testing by disc diffusion. We aim to determine if using an early growth (6 h and 10 h) would produce comparable results, thus ultimately leading to reduced turnaround time. Six-hour, 10-h, and 24-h growths of 20 quality control strains and 6-h and 24-h growths of 48 clinical samples were used to perform disc diffusion testing using a panel of appropriate antimicrobial agents. Disc diffusion zone sizes were interpreted for all and comparative analyses were performed to determine categorical agreement, minor errors (mE), major errors (ME), and very major errors (VME) according to CLSI guidelines. On comparing with the standard 24 h of incubation, disc diffusion from 6-h and 10-h growths of quality control strains showed 94.38% categorical agreement, 5.10% mE, 0.69% MEs, and no VMEs. Disc diffusion testing for the additional 40 clinical samples yielded a similarly high level of categorical agreement (98.15%) and mE, ME, and VME of 1.29%, 1.22%, and 0% respectively. Disc diffusion testing using early growth is a simple and accurate method for susceptibility testing that can reduce turnaround time and may prove to be critical for timely patient management.

A randomized synbiotic trial to prevent sepsis among infants in rural India.

Sepsis in early infancy results in one million annual deaths worldwide, most of them in developing countries. No efficient means of prevention is currently available. Here we report on a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial of an oral synbiotic preparation (Lactobacillus plantarum plus fructooligosaccharide) in rural Indian newborns. We enrolled 4,556 infants that were at least 2,000 g at birth, at least 35 weeks of gestation, and with no signs of sepsis or other morbidity, and monitored them for 60 days. We show a significant reduction in the primary outcome (combination of sepsis and death) in the treatment arm (risk ratio 0.60, 95% confidence interval 0.48-0.74), with few deaths (4 placebo, 6 synbiotic). Significant reductions were also observed for culture-positive and culture-negative sepsis and lower respiratory tract infections. These findings suggest that a large proportion of neonatal sepsis in developing countries could be effectively prevented using a synbiotic containing L. plantarum ATCC-202195.

Bacteriophages as therapeutic & disinfectant agents to tackle multidrug-resistant Acinetobacter baumannii.

Background & objectives: Multidrug-resistant (MDR) Acinetobacter baumannii is a serious threat for human health worldwide. The studies on agents targeting A. baumannii are imperative due to identified A. baumannii co-infections in COVID-19. Bacteriophages are promising antibacterial agents against drug-resistant bacteria. This study intended to isolate bacteriophages against MDR A. baumannii from the water of river Ganga, to be used potentially as therapeutic and disinfectant particles. Methods: Acinetobacter phages were isolated from the Ganga water collected from Kanpur and further tested on 50 MDR A. baumannii isolates to determine host range. The phages were morphologically characterized by transmission electron microscopy. The disinfectant property of the isolated phages was tested by spraying of bacteriophage cocktail on MDR A. baumannii contaminated plastic surface, analyzed by colony-forming unit (CFU) and bioluminescence assay (adenosine triphosphate monitoring). Results: A total of seven bacteriophages were isolated against MDR A. baumannii. The bacteriophages lysed three MDR A. baumannii isolates out of 50 tested, showing narrow host range. Electron microscopy revealed hexagonal heads and long tails of bacteriophages, belonging to order Caudovirales. The bacteriophage cocktail reduced the MDR A. baumannii load efficiently on plastic surface, evidenced by reduction in CFUs and bioluminescence. Interpretation & conclusions: The findings of this study suggest that the isolated bacteriophages are potential lytic agents for MDR A. baumannii clinical isolates, and may be used as potential therapeutic agents as well as disinfectant to combat MDR A. baumannii with due consideration to phage host specificity, with further characterization.

A pattern of microbiological colonization of orthodontic miniscrew implants.

INTRODUCTION: Current orthodontic literature reveals a lack of studies on bacterial colonization of orthodontic miniscrew implants (MSI) and their role in the stability of MSI. This study aimed to determine the pattern of microbiological colonization of miniscrew implants in 2 major age groups, to compare it with the microbial flora of gingival sulci in the same group of patients and to compare microbial flora in successful and failed miniscrews. METHODS: The study involved 102 MSI placed in 32 orthodontic subjects in 2 age groups: (1) aged ≤14 years and (2) aged >14 years. Gingival and peri-mini implant crevicular fluid samples were collected using sterile paper points (International Organization for Standardization no. 35) >3 months and processed by conventional microbiologic culture and biochemical techniques. A microbiologist characterized and identified the bacteria, and the results were subjected to statistical analysis. RESULTS: Initial colonization was reported within 24 hours, with Streptococci being the dominant colonizer. The relative proportion of anaerobic bacteria over aerobic bacteria increased over time in peri-mini implant crevicular fluid. Group 1 had greater Citrobacter (P = 0.036) and Parvimonas micra (P = 0.016) colonizing MSI than group 2. Failed MSI showed a significantly higher presence of Parvimonas micra (P = 0.008) in group 1 and Staphylococci (P = 0.008), Enterococci (P = 0.011), and Parvimonas micra (P <0.001) in group 2. CONCLUSIONS: Microbial colonization around MSI is established within 24 hours. Compared to gingival crevicular fluid, peri-mini implant crevicular fluid is colonized by a higher proportion of Staphylococci, facultative enteric commensals and anaerobic cocci. The failed miniscrews showed a higher proportion of Staphylococci, Enterobacter, and Parvimonas micra, suggesting their possible role in the stability of MSI. The bacterial profile of MSI varies with age.

Atypical bacterial co-infections among patients with COVID-19: A study from India.

Emerging evidence shows co-infection with atypical bacteria in coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) patients. Respiratory illness caused by atypical bacteria such as Mycoplasma pneumoniae, Chlamydia pneumoniae, and Legionella pneumophila may show overlapping manifestations and imaging features with COVID-19 causing clinical and laboratory diagnostic issues. We conducted a prospective study to identify co-infections with SARS-CoV-2 and atypical bacteria in an Indian tertiary hospital. From June 2020 to January 2021, a total of 194 patients with laboratory-confirmed COVID-19 were also tested for atypical bacterial pathogens. For diagnosing M. pneumoniae, a real-time polymerase chain reaction (PCR) assay and serology (IgM ELISA) were performed. C. pneumoniae diagnosis was made based on IgM serology. L. pneumophila diagnosis was based on PCR or urinary antigen testing. Clinical and epidemiological features of SARS-CoV-2 and atypical bacteria-positive and -negative patient groups were compared. Of the 194 patients admitted with COVID-19, 17 (8.8%) were also diagnosed with M. pneumoniae (n = 10) or C. pneumoniae infection (n = 7). Confusion, headache, and bilateral infiltrate were found more frequently in the SARS CoV-2 and atypical bacteria co-infection group. Patients in the M. pneumoniae or C. pneumoniae co-infection group were more likely to develop ARDS, required ventilatory support, had a longer hospital length of stay, and higher fatality rate compared to patients with only SARS-CoV-2. Our report highlights co-infection with bacteria causing atypical pneumonia should be considered in patients with SARS-CoV-2 depending on the clinical context. Timely identification of co-existing pathogens can provide pathogen-targeted treatment and prevent fatal outcomes of patients infected with SARS-CoV-2 during the current pandemic.

Variants of concern responsible for SARS-CoV-2 vaccine breakthrough infections from India.

Emerging reports of SARS-CoV-2 breakthrough infections entail methodical genomic surveillance for determining the efficacy of vaccines. This study elaborates genomic analysis of isolates from breakthrough infections following vaccination with AZD1222/Covishield and BBV152/Covaxin. Variants of concern B.1.617.2 and B.1.1.7 responsible for cases surge in April-May 2021 in Delhi, were the predominant lineages among breakthrough infections.

An insight into the therapeutic potential of a novel lytic Pseudomonas phage isolated from the river Ganga.

AIM: Bacteriophages are effective natural antimicrobial agents against drug-resistant pathogens. Therefore, identification and detailed characterization of bacteriophages become essential to explore their therapeutic potential. This study aims to isolate and characterize a lytic bacteriophage against drug-resistant Pseudomonas aeruginosa. METHODS AND RESULTS: The Pseudomonas phage AIIMS-Pa-A1, isolated from the river Ganga water against drug-resistant P. aeruginosa, showed a clear lytic zone on spot assay. The phage revealed an icosahedral head (58.20 nm diameter) and a small tail (6.83 nm) under a transmission electron microscope. The growth kinetics showed an adsorption constant of 1.5 × 10-9 phage particles cell-1 ml-1 min-1 and a latent period of approximately 15 min with the burst size of 27 phages per infected cell. The whole-genome sequencing depicted a GC-rich genome of 40.97 kb having a lysis cassette of holin, endolysin and Rz protein, with features of the family Autographiviridae. The comparative genome analysis, Ortho-average nucleotide identity value, and phylogenetic analysis indicated the novelty of the phage AIIMS-Pa-A1. CONCLUSIONS: The study concludes that the Pseudomonas phage AIIMS-Pa-A1 is a novel member of the Autographiviridae family, truly lytic in nature for drug-resistant P. aeruginosa. SIGNIFICANCE AND IMPACT OF THE STUDY: The Pseudomonas phage AIIMS-Pa-A1 is having promising potential for future therapeutic intervention to treat drug-resistant P. aeruginosa infections.

Outcome and Determinants of Neutropenic Enterocolitis in Pediatric Cancer Patients.

BACKGROUND: Neutropenic enterocolitis (NEC) is a dreaded complication of chemotherapy. There is scant literature regarding incidence, clinical features, and determinants. The understanding of gut dysbiosis in NEC and pediatric cancer is evolving. METHODS: Pediatric cancer patients with neutropenia and gastrointestinal symptoms were evaluated for NEC with contrast-enhanced computed tomography abdomen. Clinical, imaging, and laboratory features were analyzed. Fecal samples were analyzed for fecal calprotectin by sandwich enzyme-linked immunoassay and gut microbiota by conventional culture and compared with healthy controls and children without NEC. RESULTS: NEC was diagnosed in 44 children based on clinical and imaging features with incidence of 7.4% (4 had recurrent episodes). Common manifestations included fever (98%), pain abdomen (88%), and diarrhea (83%). Hypoalbuminemia was observed in 78% of patients. Large bowel involvement (94%) with diffuse bowel involvement (63%) and pancolitis (64%) were common. Fecal calprotectin was significantly elevated in NEC group than non-NEC group and healthy controls (median: 87, 53, and 42 µg/g, respectively). A higher degree of gut dysbiosis was observed in children with NEC with higher isolation of Bacteroides and infrequent isolation of Lactobacilli. Mortality rate of 23% was observed. Only the presence of free fluid predicted higher mortality. Though levels of fecal calprotectin and gut dysbiosis were higher in NEC, they did not increase mortality. Isolation of Bacteroides and absence of Lactobacilli predicted a longer duration of intravenous alimentation. CONCLUSIONS: NEC caused significant morbidity and mortality in pediatric cancer patients. Gut dysbiosis was significantly higher in NEC group suggesting a role in pathogenesis and influencing outcome. This highlights the role of targeted interventions towards gut dysbiosis like prebiotics and probiotics.

Molecular characterization of Clostridioides difficile by multi-locus sequence typing (MLST): A study from tertiary care center in India.

OBJECTIVES: Clostridioides difficile is an important pathogen responsible for antibiotic-associated diarrhoea (AAD). This study was aimed to perform multi-locus sequence typing (MLST) of C. difficile isolates from AAD cases and to understand the clonal relationship between these C. difficile strains. METHODS: Thirty five strains and a standard strain C.difficile ATCC 9689 were characterized by polymerase chain reaction assay (PCR) for toxin genes (tcdA and tcdB gene) detection and MLST. RESULTS: MLST results revealed that the most common sequence types were ST-17, ST-54, ST-63. The cluster analysis revealed that strains isolated from AAD patients generated 12 MLST sequence types grouped into two distinct evolutionary lineages. CONCLUSIONS: ST 17 is most prominent sequence type. This is the first report of MLST based study of C. difficile from India. Further studies from diverse geographical regions can help better understand the epidemiology of CDI in India.

Role of a probiotic strain in the modulation of gut microbiota and cytokines in inflammatory bowel disease.

OBJECTIVE: To assess the effect of a probiotic strain Bacillus clausii UBBC-07 on gut microbiota and cytokines in IBD patients. METHOD: Patients were randomly allocated to either placebo or probiotic Bacillus clausii UBBC-07 for four weeks along with the standard medical treatment (SMT). Enrolled patients were evaluated before and after intervention for presence of the given probiotic, change in gut microbiota, change in serum cytokines, serotonin and dopamine, symptoms of disease, physical, behavioral and psychological parameters. RESULTS: Probiotic strain Bacillus clausii UBBC-07 showed good survival in IBD patients in the treatment group (p < 0.01) without any reported adverse event. Metagenomic analysis showed that the given probiotic strain was able to modulate the gut microbiota in treated group. Phylum Firmicutes was increased and phylum Bacteroidetes was decreased in the probiotic treated group. A significant increase was observed in the abundance of anaerobic bacterial genera Lactobacillus, Bifidobacterium and Faecalibacterium in the probiotic treated group (p < 0.01) as compared to placebo group. Significant increase was observed in IL-10 (p < 0.05) and variable decrease in the secretion of IL-1ß, TNF- α, IL-6, IL -17 and IL -23 in probiotic treated group. In the treatment group a significant decrease in the symptoms of IBD and improvement in the psychological parameter to various degrees was noted. CONCLUSION: These results indicated that probiotic strain B clausii UBBC-07 affected the gut microbiota and cytokine secretion and shown efficacy in IBD patients.

Challenges in setting up a diagnostic microbiology laboratory during coronavirus disease 2019 crisis and impact on the diagnosis of communicable diseases.

The coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic has left the health-care workers exhausted and the system dwindling. The challenges have been immense everywhere and even worse in developing countries. Despite the Indian Government's forethought and active investment in various national programs, the pandemic has brought unconceivable repercussions on the management and notification of several other lethal infectious diseases including human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) and tuberculosis. Although the phenomenal capacity building for COVID-19 testing and diagnosis over a short time is admirable, the journey has been arduous. From convincing the hospital managements to create the recommended infrastructure, to the procurement of necessary equipment and consumables on an urgent basis, and providing services round the clock with limited workforce, the laboratory personnel throughout the country have done a remarkable job in their quest to combat the pandemic. However, the work needs to be pursued further in apprehension and preparedness for any emerging agents.

Aerobic and anerobic contamination of mobile phones of health personnels with probable transfer of bacterial microbes to their hands at a tertiary care hospital of India.

Background and Aims: Mobile phone (MP) contamination of health personnels (HPs) in hospitals is a potential health hazard to the patients and the HP themselves. However, transfer of microbes from MPs of HP to their hands has not been demonstrated before, which would make potential threat into an actual peril. The primary objective was to determine aerobic and anerobic bacterial contamination of MP and hands of HP. The secondary objective was to determine probable transfer of bacterial microbes from MP to hands of tested HP. Material and Methods: Three swabs each were taken from 374 HP first from their MP, second from their dominant hand and third from their dominant hand after cleaning with disinfectant followed by a mock phone call of one minute (DHM). Aerobic and anerobic bacterial microbes were identified with standard methods. Results: Three hundred twenty-two HPs were recruited. Bacterial contamination was seen in 92% MP, 85% dominant hands, and 68% DHM of tested HP. Of these, contamination with potentially pathogenic bacterias (PPB) was 50% in MP, 25.6% in hands, and 31% in DHM. Anerobic contamination (1.6%) was present on MP but not in hands or DHM. In 54.7% HP, there was presence of similar bacterial microbes in MP and DHM of which 30% were PPB. When disinfectant was used in non-protocolized way in DHM, decrease in aerobic spore forming bacteria (ASB) was seen but not of gram-positive and gram-negative bacterial microbes. Conclusion: There is significant aerobic bacterial contamination, including PPB, seen in MP, hands, and DHM of HP in a tertiary care hospital of India; however, anerobic bacterias are found only in MP. Similar bacterial microbes in MP and DHM point to probable transfer of aerobic bacterias from MP to hands of HP which does not decrease when hand disinfectants are used in non-protocolized way, which is a point of concern.

Clostridioides difficile from intracardiac vegetation.

Extracolonic manifestations by Clostridioides difficile are uncommon. Here, we report a case of monomicrobial C. difficile intracardiac vegetation in a 11-year-old girl with a predisposed heart disease who responded well to the treatment. C. difficile has been isolated from a variety of specimens outside the intestinal tract and is not always associated with gastrointestinal symptoms.

Factors Affecting High Caries Risk in Children With and Without Cleft Lip and/or Palate: A Cross-Sectional Study.

OBJECTIVE: The aim of the study was to analyze the caries protective factors, salivary parameters, and microbial counts in high caries risk children with cleft lip and/or palate (CL/P). DESIGN: This was a cross-sectional study. SETTING: This study was conducted in a tertiary health care teaching hospital in New Delhi, India. PARTICIPANTS: The study was conducted in 40 children, 20 with CL/P and 20 without aged between 5 and 12 years. METHODS: Children with 2 or more caries lesions in both groups were included in this study. Demographic details, dental caries of affected teeth (World Health Organization criteria for Decayed Missing Filled Teeth [WHO-DMFT] and International Caries Detection and Assessment System [ICDAS II]), caries protective factors, salivary parameters, and microbial counts were recorded by one calibrated investigator. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: Caries protective factors, salivary parameters, and microbial profile. RESULTS: The Chi-square (χ2) test and Pearson correlation were used for statistical analysis. All the children participating in the study brushed their teeth only once in a day and consumed sweets more than twice a day. None of the children had ever received fluoride varnish. Resting saliva had a low buffering capacity in 80% of children with CL/P and 95% of children without CL/P. Microbial assessment of stimulated saliva showed that with the increases in the numbers (DMFT scores ≥4) and severity (ICDAS codes from 1-2 to 5-6) of caries lesions, both Streptococci and Lactobacilli counts were ≥105 colony-forming units/mL of saliva in the both groups. CONCLUSIONS: Children with CL/P showed limited access to caries protective measures and low buffering capacity in resting saliva, along with elevated levels of salivary Streptococci and Lactobacilli in stimulated saliva.

Antibacterial properties and in vivo efficacy of a novel nitrofuran, IITR06144, against MDR pathogens.

OBJECTIVES: The emergence of MDR Gram-negative pathogens and increasing prevalence of chronic infections presents an unmet need for the discovery of novel antibacterial agents. The aim of this study was to evaluate the biological properties of a small molecule, IITR06144, identified in a phenotypic screen against the Gram-negative model organism Escherichia coli. METHODS: A small-molecule library of 10956 compounds was screened for growth inhibition against E. coli ATCC 25922 at concentration 50 µM. MICs of lead compounds were determined by the broth microdilution method. Time-kill kinetics, anti-persister activity, spontaneous frequency of resistance, biofilm inhibition and disruption were assessed by standard protocols. Resistant mutants were generated by serial passaging followed by WGS. In vitro toxicity studies were carried out via the MTT assay. In vivo toxicity and efficacy in a mouse model were also evaluated. RESULTS: IITR06144 was identified as the most promising candidate amongst 29 other potential antibacterial leads, exhibiting the lowest MIC, 0.5 mg/L. IITR06144 belongs to the nitrofuran class and exhibited broad-spectrum bactericidal activity against most MDR bacteria, including the 'priority pathogen', carbapenem-resistant Acinetobacter baumannii. IITR06144 retained its potency against nitrofurantoin-resistant clinical isolates. It displayed anti-persister, anti-biofilm activity and lack of spontaneous resistance development. IITR06144 demonstrated a large therapeutic index with no associated in vitro and in vivo toxicity. CONCLUSIONS: In the light of excellent in vitro properties displayed by IITR06144 coupled with its considerable in vivo efficacy, further evaluation of IITR06144 as a therapeutic lead against antibiotic-resistant infections is warranted.

Distribution of Chlamydia trachomatis omp A genotypes in patients attending a sexually transmitted disease outpatient clinic in New Delhi, India.

Background & objectives: Limited data are available on the typing of Chlamydia trachomatis in India. Serovars D to K of C. trachomatis are chiefly responsible for urogenital infections. Thus, this study was conducted to determine the distribution of C. trachomatis serovars in patients with urogenital infections and to characterize omp A gene of the detected C. trachomatis isolates by sequence analysis. Presence of other co-infections was also evaluated. Methods: Endocervical swabs were collected from 324 women and urethral swabs/urine were collected from 193 men attending the sexually transmitted diseases outpatient clinic. The samples were screened for C. trachomatis by cryptic plasmid PCR and omp A gene PCR. Genotyping was performed by PCR-restriction fragment length polymorphism (RFLP) and sequencing of the omp A gene. Samples were screened for genital mycoplasmas, Neisseria gonorrhoeae, Treponema pallidum and human immunodeficiency virus (HIV). Results: C. trachomatis was found in 15.0 per cent men and 10.8 per cent women. Serovar D was the most prevalent followed by serovars E, F, I and G. Twenty two C. trachomatis isolates were selected for omp A gene sequencing. No mixed infection was found. Variability in omp A sequences was seen in 31.8 per cent cases. Both PCR-RFLP and omp A gene sequencing showed concordant results. The presence of Ureaplasma spp. and Mycoplasma hominis was observed in 18.7 and 9.5 per cent patients, respectively. Co-infection of C. trachomatis was significantly associated with Ureaplasma urealyticum and HIV. Interpretation & conclusions: The high occurence of C. trachomatis infections warrants its screening in addition to other sexually transmitted infections namely U. urealyticum and HIV. Genotyping of the omp A gene may provide additional information for vaccine development.

Mortality due to scrub typhus - report of five cases.

Scrub typhus is largely ignored in India particularly during outbreaks of viral fever. The disease course is often complicated leading to fatalities in the absence of treatment. However, if diagnosed early and a specific treatment is initiated, the cure rate is high. We report here five cases of scrub typhus to highlight the fact that high clinical suspicion for such a deadly disease is an absolute necessity.

Fmoc-phenylalanine displays antibacterial activity against Gram-positive bacteria in gel and solution phases.

In the quest for new antimicrobial materials, hydrogels of Fmoc-protected peptides and amino acids have gained momentum due to their ease of synthesis and cost effectiveness; however, their repertoire is currently limited, and the mechanistic details of their function are not well understood. Herein, we report the antibacterial activity of the hydrogel and solution phases of Fmoc-phenylalanine (Fmoc-F) against a variety of Gram-positive bacteria including methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA). Fmoc-F, a small molecule hydrogelator, reduces the bacterial load both in vitro and in the skin wound infections of mice. The antibacterial activity of Fmoc-F is predominantly due to its release from the hydrogel. Fmoc-F shows surfactant-like properties with critical micelle concentration nearly equivalent to its minimum bactericidal concentration. Similar to Fmoc-F, some Fmoc-conjugated amino acids (Fmoc-AA) have also shown antibacterial effects that are linearly correlated with their surfactant properties. At low concentrations, where Fmoc-F does not form micelles, it inhibits bacterial growth by entering the cell and reducing the glutathione levels. However, at higher concentrations, Fmoc-F triggers oxidative and osmotic stress and, alters the membrane permeabilization and integrity, which kills Gram-positive bacteria. Herein, we proposed the use of the Fmoc-F hydrogel and its solution for several biomedical applications. This study will open up new avenues to enhance the repertoire of Fmoc-AA to act as antimicrobial agents and improve their structure-activity relationship.