Contrasting life histories contribute to divergent patterns of genetic diversity and population connectivity in freshwater sculpin fishes.

BACKGROUND: Life history characteristics are considered important factors influencing the evolutionary processes of natural populations, including the patterns of population genetic structure of a species. The sister species Cottus hangiongensis and C. koreanus are small bottom-dwelling freshwater sculpin fishes from South Korea that display marked life history divergence but are morphologically nearly indistinguishable. Cottus hangiongensis evolved an 'amphidromous' life history with a post-hatching pelagic larval phase. They spawn many small eggs in the low reaches of rivers, and hatched larvae migrate to the sea before returning to grow to maturity in the river mouth. In contrast, C. koreanus evolved a 'fluvial' landlocked type with benthic larvae. They release a smaller number of larger eggs, and the larvae undergo direct development, remaining benthic in the upstream rivers throughout their entire lives. We tested whether there were differences in patterns and levels of within-population genetic diversities and spatial population structure between the two closely related Korean sculpins using mitochondrial DNA control region sequences and seven nuclear microsatellite loci. RESULTS: The combined analyses of both marker sets revealed that C. hangiongensis harboured considerably higher levels of within-population genetic diversities (e.g. haplotype/allelic richness, heterozygosities) than C. koreanus. In contrast, the fluvial sculpin exhibited noticeably more spatial population structure than did the amphidromous sculpin, as suggested by pairwise FST statistics. The finding that C. hangiongensis individuals comprised a single random mating population across the east-flowing river basins in the Korean Peninsula, whereas C. koreanus individuals comprised genetically discrete individual populations, was further supported by an individual-based Bayesian population assignment and also factorial correspondence analyses. CONCLUSIONS: The higher genetic diversity, but lower population structure, of the amphidromous sculpin relative to the fluvial sculpin may have resulted from its greater larval dispersal and also possibly, higher fecundity accompanied by an amphidromous life history. Hence, we conclude that contrasting early life histories - including the presence or absence of the pelagic larval phase - may have led to divergent patterns of within-population genetic diversities and spatial population structure between the sister Cottus species following speciation from a common ancestor of marine sculpin.

Outbreak of Ciprofloxacin-Resistant Shigella sonnei Associated with Travel to Vietnam, Republic of Korea.

We investigated an October 2014 outbreak of illness caused by Shigella sonnei in a daycare center in the Republic of Korea (South Korea). The outbreak strain was resistant to extended-spectrum cephalosporins and fluoroquinolones and was traced to a child who had traveled to Vietnam. Improved hygiene and infection control practices are needed for prevention of shigellosis.

Complete mitochondrial genome of large dragonfly (Macromia amphigena).

The complete mitochondrial genome of Macromia amphigena (Odonata; Macromiidae; Macromia) was sequenced and found to be 15,594 bp in length including 37 genes (thirteen protein-coding genes (PCGs), 22 transfer RNAs (tRNAs) and two ribosomal RNAs (rRNAs) and a non-coding region). The overall GC content of the mitochondrial genome for M. amphigena was 28.4%. A phylogenetic analysis conducted for 13 species within the order Odonata suggested that Macromia daimoji is the most closely related to M. amphigena.

Complete mitochondrial genome of Appasus japonicus Vuillefroy, 1864 (Hemiptera: Belostomatidae).

We describe the initial sequencing and assembly of the complete mitochondrial genome of Appasus japonicus Vuillefroy, 1864 (Hemiptera; Belostomatidae; Appasus). The mitochondrial genome of A. japonicus was found to be 18,608 bp. It contains thirteen protein-coding genes (PCGs), 22 transfer RNAs (tRNAs), two ribosomal RNAs (rRNAs) and an AT-rich region. The overall base composition of A. japonicus is A-41.9%, C-17.5%, G-11.9%, and T-28.7%. A phylogenetic analysis of 21 species within the order Hemiptera suggests that Diplonychus rusticus is most closely related to A. japonicus.

Epidemiological Characteristics of Imported Influenza A (H1N1) Cases during the 2009 Pandemic in Korea.

OBJECTIVES: Quarantine measure for prevention of epidemic disease and further evaluations of their efficiency are possible only by elaborating analyses of imported cases. The purpose of this study was to analyze descriptive epidemiological characteristics of pandemic influenza A (H1N1) cases imported to Korea. METHODS: We collected two sets of data. The first set, comprised daily reported cases of H1N1 obtained from local cities in accordance with government policy about mandatory reporting of all H1N1 cases during May 1 to August 19, 2009. The second set, including 372 confirmed imported H1N1 cases, identified from 13 National Quarantine Stations in the Korea Centers for Disease Control and Prevention from May 24 to December 31, 2009. However, given the lack of information on the nature of the imported H1N1 cases from the two data sets during the over lapping period from May 24 to August 19, we express the number of imported cases as a range for this period. RESULTS: We estimated that the number of imported H1N1 cases from May 1 to August 19, 2009, was between 1,098 and 1,291 and the total number of cases was 2,409 to 2,580. We found the number of imported cases was beginning to diminish as of August. A analysis of the second data set showed that the distribution of sex was similar (males 50.7%, females 49.3%) and the age distribution from 20 to 59 was 61.5% and that of 60 and over was 0.8% of the 372 cases. We identified 25 countries where people infected with H1N1 traveled and 67.5% were in Asia. But the proportion of cases (/1,000) by region shows Oceania (0.199), South America (0.118), Southeast Asia (0.071), North America (0.049), Europe (0.035), and Northeast Asia (0.016) in that order. The order of H1N1 peaking was the Southern Hemisphere, Tropics, and the Nothern Hemisphere. CONCLUSIONS: This study provided information that could make possible the evaluation of the government quarantine measure for stopping imported disease from causing community-acquired spread in the future.

DNA barcode-based molecular identification system for fish species.

In this study, we applied DNA barcoding to identify species using short DNA sequence analysis. We examined the utility of DNA barcoding by identifying 53 Korean freshwater fish species, 233 other freshwater fish species, and 1339 saltwater fish species. We successfully developed a web-based molecular identification system for fish (MISF) using a profile hidden Markov model. MISF facilitates efficient and reliable species identification, overcoming the limitations of conventional taxonomic approaches. MISF is freely accessible at http://bioinfosys.snu.ac.kr:8080/MISF/misf.jsp .

Two new flavonol glycosides from Lamium amplexicaule L. and their in vitro free radical scavenging and tyrosinase inhibitory activities.

Two new flavonol glycosides, kaempferol 3-O-[beta-D-glucopyranosyl-(1-->4)][alpha-L-rhamnopyranosyl-(1-->6)]-beta-D-glucopyranoside and quercetin 3-O-[beta-D-glucopyranosyl-(1-->4)][alpha-L-rhamnopyranosyl-(1-->6)]-beta-D-glucopyranoside, together with three known flavonoids were isolated using column chromatography from the aerial parts of Lamium amplexicaule (Labiatae). In addition, the five isolates were evaluated for their in vitro free radical scavenging (EC50 values, 14.1-63.9 microg/mL) and tyrosinase inhibitory activities (IC50 values, 110.4-193.5 microg/mL).

[A nationwide survey on the hand washing behavior and awareness].

OBJECTIVES: This study was conducted to evaluate the public's awareness of the importance of hand washing and to compare perceptions on the habit of hand washing with actual hand washing behavior. METHODS: Data were collected by observing 2,800 participants washing their hands after using public restrooms in seven cities nationwide and by surveying 1,000 respondents (age>14 years) through telephone interviews using a structured questionnaire. RESULTS: Although 94% of the survey respondents claimed to mostly or always wash their hands after using public restrooms, only 63.4% of the observed participants did wash their hands after using public restrooms. Significant factors related to increased adherence to hand washing were female gender, approximate ages of 20 to 39 years by their appearance, and the presence of other people from the observation. About 79% of the survey respondents always washed their hands after using bathrooms at home, 73% washed their hands before handling food, and 67% washed their hands upon returning to their home. However, 93.2% and 86.3% of the survey respondents did not wash their hands after coughing or sneezing and after handling money, respectively. Although most of the survey respondents (77.6%) were aware that hand washing is helpful in preventing communicable diseases, 39.6% of the survey respondents did not do so because they were 'not accustomed' to washing their hands and 30.2% thought that washing their hands is 'annoying'. CONCLUSIONS: This is the first comprehensive report on hand washing behavior and awareness of the general population in Korea. The result of this study in terms of individual behavior and awareness of hand washing are comparable with similar studies conducted in other countries. However adherence to hand washing is still low and needs to be increased. The results of this study can be used as a baseline in setting up strategies and activities to promote adherence to hand washing.