Positive Effects of Religion and Social Ties on the Health of Former NFL Athletes.

This study explores the relationship between religious service attendance, social ties, and health among former NFL players, a population with relatively high levels of religious attendance who endure physically demanding occupations. Research shows that frequent religious service attenders tend to have better health, partly because of social connections formed through religious involvement. We analyzed a sample of 1029 former NFL players. Consistent with previous research, bivariate and multivariate OLS regression models show that frequent religious attenders have statistically significantly better self-rated health. However, this relationship is moderated by social ties. Respondents who scored lower on the social ties index exhibited a stronger significant relationship between frequent religious attendance and health; those scoring higher on the social ties index exhibited no relationship between frequent attendance and health. Future research should examine how benefits of religious attendance vary depending upon strength of social relationships.

The Price of Playing Through Pain: The Link Between Physical and Behavioral Health in Former NFL Athletes.

Over the past decade, media outlets have drawn attention to some of the health consequences of playing in the National Football League (NFL), including how wear-and-tear and injuries accumulated during athletes' playing years can affect their physical, emotional, and behavioral health after retirement from professional sports. Through a secondary analysis of a cross-sectional telephone survey of former NFL athletes, this study estimated logistic regression models to assess the relationship between several forms of physical pain and anger attacks, controlling for binge drinking, signs of depression, functional limitations, NFL career duration, religious service attendance, and demographic characteristics (age, marital status, race, education, income, and wealth). The analytic sample included 1030 former NFL players. Neck pain, lower back pain, headaches/migraines, and the number of sites of pain were positively and significantly related to anger attacks. There was no significant association between joint pain and anger attacks. NFL career duration was negatively associated with anger attacks, as was religious service attendance. Future research should focus on factors that protect against affective aggression in former professional athletes and how protective factors can be adapted to the broader population.

Functional Limitations Mediate the Relationship Between Pain and Depressive Symptoms in Former NFL Athletes.

The objective of this study was to analyze data from the National Football League Player Care Foundation Study of Retired NFL Players to understand potential risks for depressive symptoms in former athletes by investigating the relationship between pain and depressive symptoms in a multivariate context, while simultaneously exploring the potential connection with functional limitations. Descriptive statistics were used to describe the study sample and to conduct bivariate comparisons by race and age cohort. Linear regression models were conducted in the subsample of respondents reporting on depressive symptoms using the PHQ-9. Models examine the relationship of bodily pain, injury as a reason for retirement or not re-signing with a team, length of NFL career, sociodemographic characteristics, chronic conditions, and functional limitations to depression. Interaction terms tested whether race and age moderated the effect of bodily pain and functional limitations on depressive symptoms. Bivariate associations revealed no significant differences between younger and older former players in indicators of pain and only slightly higher functional limitations among younger former players. In the multivariate models, pain was significantly associated with depressive symptoms (ß = 0.36; p < .01), net of a range of relevant controls. Adding an index of functional limitations reduced this association by nearly half (ß = 0.20; p < .01) and functional limitations was significantly associated with depressive symptoms (ß = 0.40; p < .01). No statistically significant interactions were found. Overall, bodily pain was strongly associated with depressive symptoms. After accounting for the effects of functional limitations, this association was notably reduced. These results may be useful in identifying aging-related physical declines in relatively younger adult men who may be at the greatest risk for depression. They highlight how physical functionality and activity may mitigate the risk of depression, even in the presence of significant bodily pain.