Association between health literacy and nursing care in hospital: A retrospective study.

AIMS: To describe the health literacy (HL) levels of hospitalised patients and their relationship with nursing diagnoses (NDs), nursing interventions and nursing measures for clinical risks. DESIGN: Retrospective study. METHODS: The study was conducted from December 2020 to December 2021 in an Italian university hospital. From 146 wards, 1067 electronic nursing records were randomly selected. The Single-Item Literacy Screener was used to measure HL. Measures for clinical risks were systematically assessed by nurses using Conley Index score, the Blaylock Risk Assessment Screening Score, Braden score, and the Barthel Index. A univariable linear regression model was used to assess the associations of HL with NDs. RESULTS: Patients with low HL reported a higher number of NDs, interventions and higher clinical risks. HL can be considered a predictor of complexity of care. CONCLUSIONS: The inclusion of standardised terms in nursing records can describe the complexity of care and facilitate the predictive ability on hospital outcomes. IMPLICATIONS FOR THE PROFESSION AND/OR PATIENT CARE: HL evaluation during the first 24 h. From hospital admission could help to intercept patients at risk of higher complexity of care. These results can guide the development of interventions to minimise needs after discharge. PATIENT OR PUBLIC CONTRIBUTION: No patient or public contribution was required to design or undertake this research. Patients contributed only to the data collection.

Medication administration error prevention among nurses working in intensive care units: A secondary analysis.

BACKGROUND: The intensive care unit (ICU) brings together high-risk patients and interventions in a complex environment. Based on this consideration, medication administration error is the most common type of error that occurs in ICUs. Literature confirms that human factors (lack of knowledge, poor practices and negative attitudes) of nurses are the main contributors to the occurrence of medication administration errors in ICUs. AIM: To examine and compare the knowledge, attitudes and behaviour scores on medication administration error according to nurses' sociodemographic and professional variables. STUDY DESIGN: This is a secondary analysis of data from a cross-sectional international study based on a survey. Descriptive statistics were computed for all items of the questionnaire. Non-parametric tests (Kruskal Wallis and Mann Whitney U tests) were used to carry out the comparison between groups. RESULTS: The international sample consisted of 1383 nurses in 12 different countries. Statistically significant changes were seen in knowledge, attitudes and behaviour scores among several subgroups of the international population. Eastern nurses were more likely to show adequate knowledge about medication administration error prevention than Western nurses; concurrently, Western nurses were significantly more likely to show positive attitudes than Eastern nurses. No statistically significant differences in the behaviour scale were found in this study. CONCLUSIONS: The findings show a difference between knowledge and attitudes in relation to cultural background. RELEVANCE TO CLINICAL PRACTICE: Decision makers in ICUs should consider cultural background when planning and implementing prevention strategies for medication administration errors. Further research is needed to investigate the effectiveness of educational systems on the decrease of the incidence of medication administration errors in ICU.

Effectiveness of the Primary Nursing Model on nursing documentation accuracy: A quasi-experimental study.

AIMS AND OBJECTIVES: To analyse the Primary Nursing Model's effect on nursing documentation accuracy. BACKGROUND: The Primary Nursing is widely implemented since it has been considered as the ideal model of care delivery based on the relationship between the nurse and patient. However, previous research has not examined the relationship between Primary Nursing and nursing documentation accuracy. DESIGN: A pretest-posttest-follow-up design was used. METHODS: The study was conducted from August 2018 to February 2020 in eight surgical and medical wards in an Italian university hospital. The Primary Nursing was implemented in four wards (study group), while in the other four, the Team Nursing was practised (control group). Nursing documentation accuracy was evaluated through the D-Catch instrument. From the eight wards, 120 nursing documentations were selected randomly for each time point (pre-test, post-test and follow-up) and in each group. Altogether, 720 nursing documents were assessed. The study adhered to the TREND checklist. RESULTS: The Primary Nursing and Team Nursing Models exhibited significant differences in mean scores for documentation accuracy: assessment on admission, nursing diagnosis, nursing intervention and patient outcome accuracy. No differences between the two groups were found for record structure accuracy and legibility between the posttest and follow-up. CONCLUSION: Primary Nursing exerts an overall positive effect on nursing documentation accuracy and persists over time. RELEVANCE TO CLINICAL PRACTICE: The benefits from Primary Nursing implementation included better-documented patient outcomes. The use of Primary Nursing linked with the use of the nursing process allowed for a more individualised and problem-solving approach. Nurse managers should consider the implementation of Primary Nursing to improve care quality.

Multicomponent Antibiofilm Lipid Nanoparticles as Novel Platform to Ameliorate Resveratrol Properties: Preliminary Outcomes on Fibroblast Proliferation and Migration.

The well-being of skin and mucous membranes is fundamental for the homeostasis of the body and thus it is imperative to treat any lesion quickly and correctly. In this view, polyphenols might assist and enhance a successful wound healing process by reducing the inflammatory cascade and the production of free radicals. However, they suffer from disadvantageous physico-chemical properties, leading to restricted clinical use. In this work, a complex mixture of PEGylated lipid, Glyceryl monoester, 18-ß-Glycyrrhetinic Acid and Menthol was designed to entrap Resveratrol (RSV) as the active ingredient and further produce lipid nanoparticles (LNPs) by homogenization followed by high-frequency sonication. The nanosystem was properly characterized in terms of particle size (DLS, SEM), zeta potential, drug loading, antioxidant power (DPPH), release behaviour, cytocompatibility, wound healing and antibiofilm properties. The optimized lipid mixture was homogeneous, melted at 57-61 °C and encapsulated amorphous RSV (4.56 ± 0.04% w/w). The RSV-loaded LNPs were almost monodispersed (PDI: 0.267 ± 0.010), with nanometric size (162.86 ± 3.12 nm), scavenger properties and suitable DR% and LE% values (96.82 ± 1.34% and 95.17 ± 0.25%, respectively). The release studies were performed to simulate the wound conditions: 1-octanol to mimic the lipophilic domains of biological tissues (where the First Order kinetic was observed) and citrate buffer pH 5.5 according to the inflammatory wound exudate (where the Korsmeyer-Peppas kinetic was followed). The biological and microbiological evaluations highlighted fibroblast proliferation and migration effects as well as antibiofilm properties at extremely low doses (LNPs: 22 µg/mL, corresponding to RSV 5 µM). Thus, the proposed multicomponent LNPs could represent a valuable RSV delivery platform for wound healing purposes.

Diagnostic features of SARS-COVID-2-positive patients: A rapid review and meta-analysis.

AIMS: To identify the main diagnostic features of SARS-CoV-2-positive patients at the time of hospitalisation and their prevalence. BACKGROUND: Since the COVID-19 outbreak in China in December of 2019, several studies attempted to identify the epidemiological, viral and clinical characteristics of SARS-CoV-2. Given the rapid widespread transmission of the COVID-19 disease worldwide, a more comprehensive and up-to-date understanding of its features is needed to better inform nurses, clinicians and public health policy makers. METHODS: A rapid review and meta-analysis were carried out to identify the main diagnostic features of SARS-CoV-2-positive patients at the time of hospitalisation. All case series, cross-sectional, case-control and cohort studies published from 01/01/2020 till 30/06/2020 in English and Chinese that stated all or at least two of the outcomes of interest (clinical features, laboratory and radiological findings) were included. We performed a random-effects model meta-analysis to calculate pooled prevalence and 95% confidence intervals. Conduction of the review adheres to the PRISMA checklist. RESULTS: 21 studies involving 8837 patients were included in the quantitative synthesis. Fever, cough and fatigue were the most common clinical features, while the most relevant laboratory abnormalities at the time of hospitalisation were lymphopenia, elevated C-reactive protein and lactate dehydrogenase. CT images showed a bilateral lung involvement, with ground glass infiltrates and patchy shadows on most patients. CONCLUSION: This review provides an up-to-date synthesis of main diagnostic features of SARS-CoV-2-positive patients at the time of hospitalisation. RELEVANCE TO CLINICAL PRACTICE: Our findings could provide guidance for nurses and clinicians to early identification of positive patients at the time of the hospitalisation through a complete definition of main clinical features, laboratory and CT findings.

Data Science Methods for Nursing-Relevant Patient Outcomes and Clinical Processes: The 2019 Literature Year in Review.

Data science continues to be recognized and used within healthcare due to the increased availability of large data sets and advanced analytics. It can be challenging for nurse leaders to remain apprised of this rapidly changing landscape. In this article, we describe our findings from a scoping literature review of papers published in 2019 that use data science to explore, explain, and/or predict 15 phenomena of interest to nurses. Fourteen of the 15 phenomena were associated with at least one paper published in 2019. We identified the use of many contemporary data science methods (eg, natural language processing, neural networks) for many of the outcomes. We found many studies exploring Readmissions and Pressure Injuries. The topics of Artificial Intelligence/Machine Learning Acceptance, Burnout, Patient Safety, and Unit Culture were poorly represented. We hope that the studies described in this article help readers: (1) understand the breadth and depth of data science's ability to improve clinical processes and patient outcomes that are relevant to nurses and (2) identify gaps in the literature that are in need of exploration.

BDE-47 exposure modulates cellular responses, oxidative stress and biotransformation related-genes in Mytilus galloprovincialis.

Polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) are flame retardants, characterized by elevated stability in the marine environment, where are accumulated by organisms, inducing a wide panel of negative effects. In this study, some biochemical patterns related to toxicity, biotransformation and oxidative stress, were studied in the marine model system, Mytilus galloprovincialis, exposed to BDE-47. Mussels were fed with microalgae, previously treated with increasing concentrations of PBDEs (maximum dose 100 ng L-1 of BDE-47 per day). After 15 days of treatment, mussels were fed with the same diet without BDE-47, for additional 15 days. Gills and digestive glands were analyzed at T 0, at 15 and 30 days. Histopathological lesions were assessed in digestive glands of contaminated mussels, while expression of genes, related to cell cycle, multidrug resistance, oxidative stress and detoxification was evaluated on both gills and digestive glands. After 15 days, BDE-47 exposure significantly affected the cell activity in digestive gland and, at 30 days, only mussels exposed to the lower doses showed a certain recovery. Regarding the gene expression, both gills and digestive glands showed a significant down-regulation of the target genes at 15 days, although most of them were up-regulated at 30 days in digestive gland. The results on BDE-47 accumulation in mussels revealed a dose-dependent concentration in tissues, which remained elevated after further 15 days of depuration. This trend supports the responses of the biomarkers, indicating that exposure, at environmentally realistic concentrations of BDE-47, strongly modulates oxidative stress and related patterns of gene expression, suggesting concerns for long-term effect in the biota.

Predictive factors of a prolonged length of stay in a community Nursing-Led unit: A retrospective cohort study.

AIMS AND OBJECTIVES: To describe the care provided to patients admitted into a community Nursing-Led inpatient unit and to identify factors predicting a length of stay exceeding an established threshold. BACKGROUND: Few studies have been conducted to describe the care provided in a Nursing-Led unit. No studies have investigated factors affecting length of stay in these services. DESIGN: Retrospective cohort study. METHODS: Consecutive patients admitted to a community Nursing-Led unit between 2009-2015 were enrolled. Sociodemographic, medical and nursing care (diagnoses and activities) variables were collected from electronic health records. Descriptive analysis and a backward stepwise logistic regression model were applied. The study followed the STROBE guidelines. RESULTS: The study enrolled 904 patients (mean age: 77.7 years). The most frequent nursing diagnoses were bathing self-care deficit and impaired physical mobility. The nursing activities most provided were enteral medication administration and vital signs measurement. Approximately 37% of the patients had a length of stay longer than the established threshold. Nine covariates, including being discharged to home, having an impaired memory nursing diagnosis or being treated for advanced wound care, were found to be independent predictors of prolonged length of stay. Variables related to medical conditions did not affect the length-of-stay threshold. CONCLUSIONS: The length of stay in the community Nursing-Led unit was mainly predicted by conditions related to sociodemographic factors, nursing complexity and functional status. This result confirms that the medical and nursing needs of a community Nursing-Led unit population substantively differ from those of hospitalised acute patients. RELEVANCE TO CLINICAL PRACTICE: The nursing complexity and related nursing care to be provided may be adopted as a criterion to establish the appropriate length of stay in the community Nursing-Led unit for each individual patient.

Nursing Diagnoses as Predictors of Hospital Length of Stay: A Prospective Observational Study.

PURPOSE: To investigate whether the number of nursing diagnoses on hospital admission is an independent predictor of the hospital length of stay. DESIGN: A prospective observational study was carried out. A sample of 2,190 patients consecutively admitted (from July to December 2014) in four inpatient units (two medical, two surgical) of a 1,547-bed university hospital were enrolled for the study. METHODS: Data were collected from a clinical nursing information system and the hospital discharge register. Two regression analyses were performed to investigate if the number of nursing diagnoses on hospital admission was an independent predictor of length of stay and length of stay deviation after controlling for patients' sociodemographic characteristics (age, gender), clinical variables (disease groupers, disease severity morbidity indexes), and organizational hospital variables (admitting inpatient unit, modality of admission). FINDINGS: The number of nursing diagnoses was shown to be an independent predictor of both the length of stay (ß = .15; p < .001) and the length of stay deviation (ß = .19; p < .001). CONCLUSIONS: The number of nursing diagnoses is a strong independent predictor of an effective hospital length of stay and of a length of stay longer than expected. CLINICAL RELEVANCE: The systematic inclusion of standard nursing care data in electronic health records can improve the predictive ability on hospital outcomes and describe the patient complexity more comprehensively, improving hospital management efficiency.

Nurses' characteristics and practice environments: Comparison between clusters with different attitude and utilisation profiles regarding nursing diagnosis.

AIM: To identify clusters of nurses in relation to the utilisation and attitude towards nursing diagnosis and to compare their profiles considering demographics, professional characteristics and nursing practice environments. BACKGROUND: Nursing diagnosis has benefits for both patients and nurses, and the attitude of nurses towards nursing diagnosis has been proposed as a determinant of its use. Therefore, an adequate understanding of nurses' attitude and utilisation profiles regarding nursing diagnosis is essential for the nursing managers who want to adopt nursing diagnosis as a practice framework. METHODS: A cross-sectional survey design was used. A sample of 239 nurses working in the Catalan primary health care system were categorised into clusters with similar attitude and utilisation profiles, which were compared with each other a posteriori. RESULTS: Nursing managers were grouped into more positive attitude clusters than clinical nurses. Nurses working in supportive nursing practice environments were classified into more positive attitude and higher utilisation clusters. CONCLUSION: The field of work and nursing practice environments were found as differential factors in profiles of nurses with different attitudes towards and/or utilisation of nursing diagnosis. IMPLICATIONS FOR NURSING MANAGEMENT: The promotion of supportive nursing practice environments could enhance the implementation and maintenance of nursing diagnosis as a practice framework in primary health care.

Prevalence, Defining Characteristics, and Related Factors of the Nursing Diagnosis of Anxiety in Hospitalized Medical-Surgical Patients.

PURPOSE: To document the prevalence of the nursing diagnosis of anxiety in hospital patients, based on its level of severity, defining characteristics (DCs), and other related factors, and to identify the key DCs that serve as predictors of clinically significant anxiety (CSA). DESIGN: Cross-sectional study. We enrolled 116 consecutive adult patients hospitalized from October 10 to 16, 2016, in medical-surgical wards within the first 48 hr of admission. METHODS: The potential DCs and related factors of anxiety were collected based on the NANDA International terminology. Anxiety was considered clinically significant when presenting at moderate, severe, or panic level. The differences in DC prevalence among patients having or not having CSA were analyzed by unpaired student's t-test. Multivariate analysis was used to examine the independent association between the DCs and CSA. FINDINGS: The prevalence of CSA was 36.2% and was significantly higher in patients who were older, female, and taking anxiolytic drugs, and among those who had cancer. The most frequent related factor for CSA was major change in health status. In the logistic regression, the presence of the DCs helplessness, altered attention or concentration, and anguish independently increased the odds of having CSA, whereas subjects presenting with Diminished ability to problem-solve had about a 96% reduction in the likelihood to suffer from such a condition. CONCLUSIONS: A high prevalence of CSA among medical-surgical patients was shown. Furthermore, a critical cluster of DCs useful to identify CSA was found. CLINICAL RELEVANCE: The ability to accurately diagnose CSA should help prescribe and deliver the appropriate nursing interventions.

Nurses' beliefs about nursing diagnosis: A study with cluster analysis.

AIMS: To identify clusters of nurses in relation to their beliefs about nursing diagnosis among two populations (Italian and Spanish); to investigate differences among clusters of nurses in each population considering the nurses' socio-demographic data, attitudes towards nursing diagnosis, intentions to make nursing diagnosis and actual behaviours in making nursing diagnosis. BACKGROUND: Nurses' beliefs concerning nursing diagnosis can influence its use in practice but this is still unclear. DESIGN: A cross-sectional design. METHODS: A convenience sample of nurses in Italy and Spain was enrolled. Data were collected between 2014-2015 using tools, that is, a socio-demographic questionnaire and behavioural, normative and control beliefs, attitudes, intentions and behaviours scales. RESULTS: The sample included 499 nurses (272 Italians & 227 Spanish). Of these, 66.5% of the Italian and 90.7% of the Spanish sample were female. The mean age was 36.5 and 45.2 years old in the Italian and Spanish sample respectively. Six clusters of nurses were identified in Spain and four in Italy. Three clusters were similar among the two populations. Similar significant associations between age, years of work, attitudes towards nursing diagnosis, intentions to make nursing diagnosis and behaviours in making nursing diagnosis and cluster membership in each population were identified. CONCLUSION: Belief profiles identified unique subsets of nurses that have distinct characteristics. Categorizing nurses by belief patterns may help administrators and educators to tailor interventions aimed at improving nursing diagnosis use in practice.

[Development and implementation of pediatric and neonatal nursing information system in an hospital setting: the pediatric PAI]. / Sviluppo e implementazione di un sistema informativo infermieristico pediatrico in ambito ospedaliero: il PAI pediatrico.

The Professional Assessment Instrument (PAI) is a clinical nursing information system used in the adult inpatient units of the A. Gemelli university hospital in Rome (Italy). The PAI allows for the systematic collection of nursing care data in order to improve the quality of care. So far, few clinical nursing information systems have been developed in the neonatal and pediatric care setting. The aim of this study is to describe the development and implementation of a clinical nursing information system (PAIped) for the neonatal and pediatric care setting. METHODS: The Patient-and Family-Centered Care model was used to develop the contents of the PAIped. A web platform application was developed for the PAIped. The standard nursing terminology Clinical Care Classification System was used. A decisionmaking support system was developed within the PAIped to support nurses in making diagnoses and in selecting the most appropriate nursing interventions. RESULTS: A clinical nursing information system using a standard nursing terminology was developed in the pediatric and neonatal care setting. After a test phase, the PAIped was implemented in all the pediatric and neonatal inpatient units of the A. Gemelli university hospital. CONCLUSION: The development and implementation of the PAIped in the A. Gemelli university hospital allowed the monitoring of nursing care processes and accurate nursing documentation.

[The nursing-led in-patient unit: a descriptive study of nursing care delivered]. / L'unità di degenza infermieristica: studio descrittivo sull'assistenza erogata.

Chronic diseases require continuous healthcare that is not fully guaranteed by the Italian Health System which is more oriented towards acute care. In the Lazio region (city of Palombara Sabina), a Nursing-Led in-patient unit is present with the aim to care for patients affected by chronic diseases. The aim of this study was to describe the type of healthcare delivered by this unit. A descriptive-comparative design was used. All 290 patients admitted to the Nursing-Led Unit, during 2014 and 2015 participated in the study. The following variables were analyzed: socio-demographic characteristics of patients, reasons for admission, nursing diagnoses and interventions, medical diagnoses and interventions, Barthel index, length of stay, mortality rate, and discharge rate to acute care hospitals. The mean age of participants was 78 years old (SD 11,4) and the most frequent reason for admission was the need to receive a medium-high intensity nursing care (14,5%). The most frequent nursing diagnoses were bathing/hygiene self-care deficit (78,3%) and impaired physical mobility (74,8%). Hypertensive heart disease was the most frequent medical diagnosis (32,4%). The mean length of stay was 19 days, the mortality rate was 2,1% and the discharge rate to an acute care hospital was 9%. Significant improvements in patient dependency levels, as measured by the Barthel index, were observed at discharge with respect to admission (p < 0,001). The NursingLed Unit seems to be strategic in the delivery of care to older adults affected by multiple chronic diseases, in some phases of their condition. The results of this study indicate that the Palombara Sabina's nursing-led unit may contribute in reducing hospital admissions and achieving favorable patient outcomes when additional nursing interventions are needed.

Hg and Se exposure in brain tissues of striped dolphin (Stenella coeruleoalba) and bottlenose dolphin (Tursiops truncatus) from the Tyrrhenian and Adriatic Seas.

In this study we analyzed Hg and Se concentrations in dolphin brain tissues of fifteen specimens of striped dolphin (Stenella coeruleoalba) and eight specimens of bottlenose dolphin (Tursiops truncatus) stranded in the Tyrrhenian and Adriatic Seas, in order to assess the toxicological risks associated with Hg exposure. High Hg concentrations were found in brain tissues of both analyzed specie (1.86-243 mg/kg dw for striped dolphin and 2.1-98.7 mg/kg dw for bottlenose dolphin), exceeding levels associated with marine mammals neurotoxicity. Althougth the results clearly suggest that the protective effects of Se against Hg toxicity occur in cetaceans' brain tissues, a molar excess of mercury with respect to selenium was found, particularly in adult specimens of Stenella coeruleoalba. On contrary, negligible neurotoxicological risks were found for Tursiops truncatus specimens, due to detoxification processes. Data obtained allowed to prove a more marked neurotoxicological risk for adult specimens of Stenella coeruleoalba in both Tyrrhenian and Adriatic Seas.

Patterns of Self-care in Adults With Heart Failure and Their Associations With Sociodemographic and Clinical Characteristics, Quality of Life, and Hospitalizations: A Cluster Analysis.

BACKGROUND: Self-care is important in heart failure (HF) treatment, but patients may have difficulties and be inconsistent in its performance. Inconsistencies in self-care behaviors may mirror patterns of self-care in HF patients that are worth identifying to provide interventions tailored to patients. OBJECTIVES: The aims of this study are to identify clusters of HF patients in relation to self-care behaviors and to examine and compare the profile of each HF patient cluster considering the patient's sociodemographics, clinical variables, quality of life, and hospitalizations. METHODS: This was a secondary analysis of data from a cross-sectional study in which we enrolled 1192 HF patients across Italy. A cluster analysis was used to identify clusters of patients based on the European Heart Failure Self-care Behaviour Scale factor scores. Analysis of variance and χ test were used to examine the characteristics of each cluster. RESULTS: Patients were 72.4 years old on average, and 58% were men. Four clusters of patients were identified: (1) high consistent adherence with high consulting behaviors, characterized by younger patients, with higher formal education and higher income, less clinically compromised, with the best physical and mental quality of life (QOL) and lowest hospitalization rates; (2) low consistent adherence with low consulting behaviors, characterized mainly by male patients, with lower formal education and lowest income, more clinically compromised, and worse mental QOL; (3) inconsistent adherence with low consulting behaviors, characterized by patients who were less likely to have a caregiver, with the longest illness duration, the highest number of prescribed medications, and the best mental QOL; (4) and inconsistent adherence with high consulting behaviors, characterized by patients who were mostly female, with lower formal education, worst cognitive impairment, worst physical and mental QOL, and higher hospitalization rates. CONCLUSION: The 4 clusters identified in this study and their associated characteristics could be used to tailor interventions aimed at improving self-care behaviors in HF patients.

Prevalence of nursing diagnoses as a measure of nursing complexity in a hospital setting.

AIMS: To describe the prevalence of nursing diagnoses on admission among inpatient units and medical diagnoses and to analyse the relationship of nursing diagnoses to patient characteristics and hospital outcomes. BACKGROUND: Nursing diagnoses classify patients according to nursing dependency and can be a measure of nursing complexity. Knowledge regarding the prevalence of nursing diagnoses on admission and their relationship with hospital outcomes is lacking. DESIGN: Prospective observational study. METHODS: Data were collected for 6 months in 2014 in four inpatient units of an Italian hospital using a nursing information system and the hospital discharge register. Nursing diagnoses with prevalence higher or equal to 20% were considered as 'high frequency.' Nursing diagnoses with statistically significant relationships with either higher mortality or length of stay were considered as 'high risk.' The high-frequency/high-risk category of nursing diagnoses was identified. RESULTS: The sample included 2283 patients. A mean of 4·5 nursing diagnoses per patient was identified; this number showed a statistically significant difference among inpatient units and medical diagnoses. Six nursing diagnoses were classified as high frequency/high risk. Nursing diagnoses were not correlated with patient gender and age. A statistically significant perfect linear association (Spearman's correlation coefficient) was observed between the number of nursing diagnoses and both the length of stay and the mortality rate. CONCLUSION: Nursing complexity, as described by nursing diagnoses, was shown to be associated with length of stay and mortality. These results should be confirmed after considering other variables through multivariate analyses. The concept of high-frequency/high-risk nursing diagnoses should be expanded in further studies.

Psychometric evaluation of the Caregiver Preparedness Scale in caregivers of adults with heart failure.

Well-prepared informal caregivers play an important role in heart failure (HF) care, so an instrument to evaluate their preparedness to care is important. To date, HF caregiver preparedness has been rarely investigated quantitatively. The Caregiver Preparedness Scale (CPS) has been used in other chronic condition populations, but its psychometric characteristics have never been tested in HF caregivers. The purpose of this study was to test the validity and reliability of the 8-item CPS in HF caregivers. In a convenience sample of 317 HF caregivers (72.4% female, mean age 54), we tested the CPS' factorial structure with confirmatory factor analysis (CFA) and its concurrent validity with the Caregiver Contribution to Self-Care of HF Index (CC-SCHFI), and the Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale (HADS). We also tested CPS' reliability with composite reliability indicators, Cronbach's alpha, factor score determinacy coefficient, and intraclass correlation coefficient (ICC). The CFA for a one-factor model resulted in supportive fit indices (e.g., comparative fit index .97). Significant correlations (p < .05) of the CPS with both the CC-SCHFI and the HADS supported concurrent validity. The composite reliability index, Cronbach's alpha, factor score determinacy coefficient, and ICC were .89, .91, .96, .91, respectively, supporting reliability. Our study provides evidence that the CPS is a valid and reliable instrument to measure HF caregiver preparedness, enabling clinicians, and researchers to target specific interventions to HF caregivers.

Impact of nursing diagnoses on patient and organisational outcomes: a systematic literature review.

AIMS AND OBJECTIVES: To investigate the impact of nursing diagnoses on patient and organisational outcomes in any field of health care where nurses are involved. BACKGROUND: In healthcare systems, descriptions of patient complexity and outcomes and payment criteria are primarily based on medical diagnoses and procedures. Other aspects of patient care are rarely considered. Nursing diagnoses are believed to be related to healthcare outcomes, but comprehensive evidence for this association is missing. DESIGN: Systematic literature review. METHODS: The search was conducted in PubMed, CINAHL and Scopus databases without year or language limitations. The studies were categorised according to their methodological quality (low, good or high) and classified based on their levels of evidence on a scale of 1 (strongest evidence) to 5 (weakest evidence). RESULTS: Seventeen of 3426 potentially relevant studies met the eligibility criteria. Eleven studies were classified as low, five as good and one as high quality. The levels of evidence were rated as 2 for one study, three for two studies, four for nine studies and five for five studies. Nursing diagnoses were found to predict patient (quality of life, mortality) and organisational (length of hospital stay, hospital charges, amount of nursing care, discharge dispositions) outcomes. Patient care plans based on nursing diagnoses improved sleep quality, quality of life and glycaemic control. When added to information from disease-based classification systems (e.g. diagnosis-related groups), nursing diagnoses improved the predictions of the above outcomes. CONCLUSIONS: Nursing diagnoses have a great potential to predict patient and organisational outcomes. High-quality research is required to better investigate the existence and strength of these relationships. RELEVANCE TO CLINICAL PRACTICE: The systematic use of nursing diagnoses in clinical practice, as well as the sharing of high-quality nursing data in large databases, may provide a considerable boost to the contribution of nursing to healthcare outcomes.

[Standardization of data collection in midwifery care: a literature review]. / La standardizzazione della raccolta dati nella Midwifery Care: revisione della letteratura.

INTRODUCTION: midwifery records currently do not systematically collect data regarding midwifery care provided. Midwifery Minimum Data Sets (MMDS) have been developed to perform uniform and standardized data collection. AIM: to describe features, purposes and use of MMDSs in obstetrical care. METHOD: a literature review was conducted using Medline, CINAHL and Scopus databases. The following key words were used: "data set", "midwifery" and "maternity care. RESULTS: twelve of 752 potentially eligible articles were included. Six MMDS were identified: Nurse - Midwifery Clinical Data Set, Optimality Index-United States, ACNM Benchmarking Data Collection Form, Midwives Alliance of North America Data Set, American Association of Birth Centers Uniform Data Set, Women's Health Care Minimum Data Set. Overall, the purpose of the different MMDSs was to record systematically the midwifery care provided and patient outcomes. The various MMDS had differing features; different data were collected related to women (e.g. socio-demographic data, anamnesis), their newborns (e.g. Apgar score, weight) and the midwifery care provided in different phases (e.g. antepartum, intrapartum). Generally, MMDS were used in north-American countries and their use showed the efficacy of midwifery interventions and the importance of systematic data collection. DISCUSSION: an organized and standardized approach is needed to provide accurate data collection of maternal and neonatal health outcomes and midwifery care. The development and validation of MMDS in the Italian context is needed.