The Development and Content Validation of a Clinical Screening Scale to Identify Attention-Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder Cases Based on the Gender Perspective: An e-Delphi Study.

BACKGROUND: Although many studies analyse gender differences in the clinical expression of Attention-Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD) and prevalence studies show that girls with ADHD are underdiagnosed, there are no instruments that are sensitive to the detection of girls with ADHD. OBJECTIVE: The objective of this study is to develop a self-report early detection instrument for boys and girls with ADHD aged 7 to 16, which includes the gender perspective and is sensitive to the detection of girls with ADHD. METHODS: The scale was developed and the items that comprised it were created from the thematic analysis of ADHD and its evaluation in children based on the diagnostic criteria of the DSM-5-TR. A modified e-Delphi method involving a three-round web survey was used to establish a consensus on the content of the scale. Ten experts were recruited to form a professional panel. The panel members were asked to assess the differential symptomatology of ADHD in boys and girls, the dimensions to be evaluated, and the importance of scale items to evaluate the content. RESULTS: A consensus was reached regarding 13 total items distributed in three dimensions: inattention; hyperactivity/impulsivity; and, a third dimension, internalisation, which includes symptoms most present in the expression of ADHD in girls. CONCLUSIONS: To the best of our knowledge, the development of this scale using the Delphi method is the first specific scale used for identifying ADHD that also addresses the gender perspective and the differential symptomatology between boys and girls. However, we must proceed to the analysis of psychometric properties, as the scale requires an exhaustive study of its reliability and validity. We can anticipate that this scale will provide relevant and reliable information that can be used for the identification of ADHD in both boys and girls.

Implementation of a Tool for the Assessment of the Frail Elderly in a Robotic Agent.

The concern for aging, chronic illness, and dependence is relevant in today's society. The Nursing discipline is responsible for its approach to care. Furthermore, this profession must develop technologies to assist. The main objective is the development of a robotic system for assessment of fall risk and adherence to pharmacological treatment. The magnitude of this prototype design and its validation by experts warrant the attention to support care for the vulnerable and fragile with technology.