Quantifying exposure to chlorhexidine from decontamination of peripheral intravenous injection ports.

BACKGROUND: Annually, almost 2 billion peripheral intravenous cannulas (PIVCs) are placed worldwide. In response to concerns of infectious complications, chlorhexidine is increasingly utilised for maintenance decontamination of PIVC injection ports. Concomitantly, the allergenic potential of chlorhexidine exposures has been highlighted by several case reports, implicating it as a trigger when used for this seemingly innocuous process. Given how widespread this application is, elucidating potential chlorhexidine exposure is needed to gauge its risks and benefits. OBJECTIVE: To examine and quantify if chlorhexidine is entrained when used for PIVC injection port cleaning. METHODS: Twenty benchtop PIVC set-ups were cleaned with 2% chlorhexidine and 70% alcohol wipes, following three different pragmatic protocols. Each set-up was injected with 10 ml ultrapure water, and samples tested by liquid chromatography-electrospray tandem mass spectrometry for entrained chlorhexidine. RESULTS: Chlorhexidine was detected in every sample. Mean concentrations and standard deviations from each protocol were 41.47 ppb (4.08), 54.76 ppb (17.46), and 65.84 ppb (7.01). One-way ANOVA indicated a statistical difference between at least two groups (df = 2, F = 24.11, p < .00001), with Tukey's testing verifying significantly different mean concentrations between all groups (p < .01). CONCLUSIONS: Using 2% chlorhexidine and 70% alcohol swabs to decontaminate PIVC injection ports resulted in consistent entrainment of chlorhexidine, with varying amounts correlated to how it was applied. These results validate case reports attributing anaphylactic/allergic reactions to suspected intravenous chlorhexidine entrainment and should factor into future risk-benefit assessments for its use in PIVC maintenance antisepsis policies and protocols.

Perioperative transfusion and long-term mortality after cardiac surgery: a meta-analysis.

OBJECTIVES: Cardiac surgical procedures are associated with a high incidence of periprocedural blood loss and blood transfusion. Although both may be associated with a range of postoperative complications there is disagreement on the impact of blood transfusion on long-term mortality. This study aims to provide a comprehensive review of the published outcomes of perioperative blood transfusion, examined as a whole and by index procedure. METHODS: A systematic review of perioperative blood transfusion cardiac surgical patients was conducted. Outcomes related to blood transfusion were analysed in a meta-analysis and aggregate survival data were derived to examine long-term survival. RESULTS: Thirty-nine studies with 180,074 patients were identified, the majority (61.2%) undergoing coronary artery bypass surgery. Perioperative blood transfusions were noted in 42.2% of patients and was associated with significantly higher early mortality (OR 3.87, p < 0.001). After a median of 6.4 years (range 1-15), mortality remained significantly higher for those who received a perioperative transfusion (OR 2.01, p < 0.001). Pooled hazard ratio for long-term mortality similar for patients who underwent coronary surgery compared to isolated valve surgery. Differences in long-term mortality for all comers remained true when corrected for early mortality and when only including propensity matched studies. CONCLUSIONS: Perioperative red blood transfusion appears to be associated with a significant reduction in long-term survival for patients after cardiac surgery. Strategies such as preoperative optimisation, intraoperative blood conservation, judicious use of postoperative transfusions, and professional development into minimally invasive techniques should be utilised where appropriate to minimise the need for perioperative transfusions.

Postoperative analgesia for upper gastrointestinal surgery: a retrospective cohort analysis.

BACKGROUND: Thoracic epidural analgesia is commonly used for upper gastrointestinal surgery. Intrathecal morphine is an appealing opioid-sparing non-epidural analgesic option, especially for laparoscopic gastrointestinal surgery. METHODS: Following ethics committee approval, we extracted data from the electronic medical records of patients at Royal North Shore Hospital (Sydney, Australia) that had upper gastrointestinal surgery between November 2015 and October 2020. Postoperative morphine consumption and pain scores were modelled with a Bayesian mixed effect model. RESULTS: A total of 427 patients were identified who underwent open (n = 300), laparoscopic (n = 120) or laparoscopic converted to open (n = 7) upper gastrointestinal surgery. The majority of patients undergoing open surgery received a neuraxial technique (thoracic epidural [58%, n = 174]; intrathecal morphine [21%, n = 63]) compared to a minority in laparoscopic approaches (thoracic epidural [3%, n = 4]; intrathecal morphine [12%, n = 14]). Intrathecal morphine was superior over non-neuraxial analgesia in terms of lower median oral morphine equivalent consumption and higher probability of adequate pain control; however, this effect was not sustained beyond postoperative day 2. Thoracic epidural analgesia was superior to both intrathecal and non-neuraxial analgesia options for both primary outcomes, but at the expense of higher rates of postoperative hypotension (60%, n = 113) and substantial technique failure rates (32%). CONCLUSIONS: We found that thoracic epidural analgesia was superior to intrathecal morphine, and intrathecal morphine was superior to non-neuraxial analgesia, in terms of reduced postoperative morphine requirements and the probability of adequate pain control in patients who underwent upper gastrointestinal surgery. However, the benefits of thoracic epidural analgesia and intrathecal morphine were not sustained across all time periods regarding control of pain. The study is limited by its retrospective design, heterogenous group of upper gastrointestinal surgeries and confounding by indication.

Patient-controlled analgesia and oral mucositis pain in hematological malignancies.

Oral mucositis (OM) pain is an anticipated complication of immunosuppressive therapies for hematological malignancies. Opioids are effective for OM-associated pain and dysfunction that is refractory to simple measures. At the study institution, parenteral opioids are preferentially prescribed for the treatment of complicated OM. This audit explores the efficacy of opioids for the management of OM pain using morphine, oxycodone, and fentanyl patient-controlled analgesia (PCA). Pain scores, opioid consumption, resumption of oral intake, and the duration of admission were retrospectively analyzed from patient records over an 18-month period. Two-thirds of included patients had ceased PCA therapy by day 6, by which time there was a meaningful 35.4 percent reduction in pain scores, with very few side effects reported. Interagent comparison demonstrated no significant differences in mean daily pain scores; however, a larger sample size would facilitate an investigation of clinically significant nuances in treatment differences, if they exist.

Prevention of Postoperative Events following Reversal with Sugammadex or Neostigmine (the P-PERSoN Trial): Pilot Data Following Early Termination of a Prospective, Blinded, Randomised Trial.

Background: Residual paralysis following anaesthesia is common and can lead to postoperative morbidity. While sugammadex has been shown to be effective in minimising residual paralysis, uncertainty exists as to whether its use reduces any associated morbidity. We designed this trial to determine if the use of sugammadex for the reversal of intraoperative aminosteroid neuromuscular blockade results in improvements in postoperative pulmonary complications, complications in the recovery unit, postoperative nausea and vomiting, and patient satisfaction, when compared to reversal with neostigmine. Methods: A prospective, double-blind, randomised controlled trial in adult patients admitted for surgical operations at two Australian hospitals between December 2018 and March 2019 was performed comparing the reversal of neuromuscular paralysis using sugammadex 2 mg/kg versus neostigmine 50mcg/kg. Statistical analysis of continuous data was performed using two tailed t-tests, with categorical and ordinal data being assessed by chi-squared analysis. Results: The trial was terminated due to a combination of resource constraints and the 2019 novel coronavirus disease (COVID-19) pandemic. Of 51 patients screened, 33 were eligible for participation and 30 subsequently recruited and randomised. All patients received the intended treatment allocated. Data for the primary outcome was obtained in all patients. There was no difference in the rates of postoperative pulmonary complications between the sugammadex and neostigmine groups (0% (0/19) vs 9% (1/11) RR 5.0 (95% CI 0.22-113) p=0.37. There was no difference in any of the secondary outcomes between the groups. Conclusions: The P-PERSoN trial showed no difference in postoperative pulmonary complications between sugammadex and neostigmine based reversal of aminosteroid neuromuscular block, but was underpowered to show any difference due to early trial termination. The randomisation and data collection was feasible. We support the need for an adequately resourced and funded randomised controlled trial to address this important clinical question.

Preoperative cardiac and respiratory investigations do not predict cardio-respiratory complications after pancreatectomy.

BACKGROUND: The process of undergoing a pancreatic resection places a patient under notable physiologic strain throughout the perioperative journey, with well recognized risks of postoperative cardiopulmonary complications. Preoperative preparations and screening often incorporate a barrage of testing, including electrocardiograms, transthoracic echocardiography, chest X-rays and spirometric evaluations. However, the current literature does not demonstrate whether these common tests provide any predictive correlation with postoperative cardiopulmonary complications. This retrospective study is structured to identify complications in post-pancreatic resection patients and assess for a predictive correlation with preoperative test results. METHODS: A retrospective analysis of all patients having undergone a pancreatic resection at a single tertiary centre, between 2014 and 2016. The inpatient medical records were reviewed for 30-day postoperative complications, including acute myocardial infarction, cardiac dysrhythmia, pulmonary embolism, pneumonia or pleural effusions. The results of routine preoperative diagnostic tests and complication rates were analysed. RESULTS: A total of 244 patients, median age of 66 years (range 18-88 years) were included in the study. Of these, 11 patients experienced a cardiac complication and 16 patients experienced a respiratory complication. Among those who experienced cardiac events, only two patients had abnormalities in their preoperative electrocardiograms. Patients who sustained a cardiac or respiratory event did not have any evidence of abnormality in their preoperative transthoracic echocardiography or respiratory investigations, respectively. CONCLUSION: Despite the recommendation that high-risk procedures such as pancreatic resections warrant thorough, routine, preoperative cardiac and respiratory investigation, a more functional preoperative assessment should be considered to stratify and predict postoperative outcomes.

Transvenous endovascular repair of symptomatic type II endoleak following endovascular repair of a ruptured common iliac aneurysm with arteriovenous fistula.

Arteriovenous fistula (AVF) is an uncommon presentation of ruptured aortoiliac aneurysm (rAIA). Symptomatic persistence of an AVF fed by a type II endoleak after endovascular aneurysm repair (EVAR) for rAIA is rare, with little in the literature to guide practice. We present a novel transvenous approach to treatment of symptomatic type II endoleak after EVAR for rAIA with AVF. A transvenous approach avoids complex arterial access and the need for stenting in the venous system. This technique should be considered in patients with persistent AVF after EVAR with ongoing symptomatic type II endoleak.

Utility of the American College of Surgeons National Surgical Quality Improvement Program surgical risk calculator in predicting mortality in an Australian acute surgical unit.

BACKGROUND: The American College of Surgeons National Surgical Quality Improvement Program (ACS-NSQIP) surgical risk calculator provides an estimate preoperatively of operative risks including mortality; however, its utility is not known in Australian emergency general surgical patients. This study sought to determine accuracy of the calculator in predicting outcome of high-risk patients in an Australian acute surgical unit to establish if this calculator could be a useful tool to identify high-risk patients in an Australian setting. METHODS: Retrospective analysis of patients admitted to the acute surgical unit at a tertiary referral centre between 2018 and 2019 was conducted. High-risk patients were defined as those who underwent an emergency operation with an ACS-NSQIP surgical mortality score ≥5%. Post-operative outcomes assessed included mortality and return to operating theatre, readmission and discharge to nursing home. External validation of the calculator was performed using discrimination and calibration statistics. RESULTS: Over a 14-month period, 58 patients were high risk, with an average age of 75 years, 93% were classified as functionally independent/partially dependent and 91.4% underwent a laparotomy. Overall 30-day mortality rate was 20.7%. The ACS-NSQIP calculator was a reliable predictor of mortality, with c-statistic of 0.835 (0.654-0.977), Brier score of 0.125 (0.081-0.176) and Hosmer-Lemeshow statistic of 0.389. The calculator was less accurate in its prediction of other outcomes assessed. CONCLUSION: The ACS-NSQIP calculator accurately approximated mortality in high-risk Australian patients requiring emergency surgery. This study has demonstrated that in this patient population, the calculator could reliably be applied in the multidisciplinary care of emergency surgical patients.

Transversus Abdominis Plane Catheters for Analgesia Following Abdominal Surgery in Adults.

Transversus abdominis plane (TAP) catheters are increasingly being used as an opioid-sparing analgesic technique following abdominal surgery. The aim of this systematic review is to evaluate the efficacy and safety of TAP catheters for postoperative analgesia following abdominal surgery in adults. The authors searched electronic databases and relevant reference lists for randomized controlled trials published between inception and January 2017. Twelve randomized controlled trials were identified, comprising 661 participants, with several trials showing either an equivalence or superiority in analgesia compared with the alternative modality. Because of the extremely heterogeneous nature of the studies, a specific consensus regarding their results, or the ability to construct a meta-analysis, is unviable. Although there are promising indications for the benefit of TAP catheter techniques, extrapolation/comparison of results and application to patient care will be better elucidated when there is more standardization of TAP catheter techniques and the methodology for measuring efficacy.