Anomalous coronary artery originating from the opposite sinus of Valsalva (ACAOS), fractional flow reserve- and intravascular ultrasound-guided management in adult patients.

OBJECTIVES: To describe the use of fractional flow reserve (FFR) and intravascular ultrasound (IVUS) in the evaluation of patients with anomalous coronary arteries originating from the opposite sinus of Valsalva (ACAOS). BACKGROUND: ACAOS of the right and left coronary are rare, but may lead to symptoms and impose a risk for sudden cardiac death, depending on several anatomical features. Assessment and risk estimation is challenging in (nonathlete) adults, especially if they present without symptoms or with atypical complaints. METHODS: The team retrospectively studied 30 consecutive patients with ACAOS with interarterial course, who received IVUS- and FFR-guided treatment at our institution between October 2010 and September 2017. RESULTS: FFR was abnormal in only seven patients. IVUS showed the typical slit-like anatomy of the orifice in 23 patients. Based on FFR and/or IVUS results, in conjunction with the clinical presentation, clinical decision was made. A decision for intervention was made if at least two out of three entities were abnormal. Intervention implied unroofing of the coronary artery (n = 10) or coronary artery bypass grafting (n = 1). In all other patients a conservative strategy was followed. No adverse events occurred in the total population after a median of 37 (0-62) months of follow-up. CONCLUSIONS: Conservative treatment may be justifiable in adult patients with ACAOS in the presence of normal FFR and nonsuspicious symptoms, despite the presence of an interarterial course and/or slitlike orifice on IVUS. We recommend the use of FFR and IVUS in the standard work-up for adult patients with ACAOS and propose the use of a flowchart to aid in decision-making.

Cerebral ischemia initiates an immediate innate immune response in neonates during cardiac surgery.

BACKGROUND: A robust inflammatory response occurs in the hours and days following cerebral ischemia. However, little is known about the immediate innate immune response in the first minutes after an ischemic insult in humans. We utilized the use of circulatory arrest during cardiac surgery to assess this. METHODS: Twelve neonates diagnosed with an aortic arch obstruction underwent cardiac surgery with cardiopulmonary bypass and approximately 30 minutes of deep hypothermic circulatory arrest (DHCA, representing cerebral ischemia). Blood samples were drawn from the vena cava superior immediately after DHCA and at various other time points from preoperatively to 24 hours after surgery. The innate immune response was assessed by neutrophil and monocyte count and phenotype using FACS, and concentrations of cytokines IL-1ß, IL-6, IL-8, IL-10, TNFα, sVCAM-1 and MCP-1 were assessed using multiplex immunoassay. Results were compared to a simultaneously drawn sample from the arterial cannula. Twelve other neonates were randomly allocated to undergo the same procedure but with continuous antegrade cerebral perfusion (ACP). RESULTS: Immediately after cerebral ischemia (DHCA), neutrophil and monocyte counts were higher in venous blood than arterial (P = 0.03 and P = 0.02 respectively). The phenotypes of these cells showed an activated state (both P <0.01). Most striking was the increase in the 'non-classical' monocyte subpopulations (CD16(intermediate); arterial 6.6% vs. venous 14%; CD16+ 13% vs. 22%, both P <0.01). Also, higher IL-6 and lower sVCAM-1 concentrations were found in venous blood (both P = 0.03). In contrast, in the ACP group, all inflammatory parameters remained stable. CONCLUSIONS: In neonates, approximately 30 minutes of cerebral ischemia during deep hypothermia elicits an immediate innate immune response, especially of the monocyte compartment. This phenomenon may hold important clues for the understanding of the inflammatory response to stroke and its potentially detrimental consequences. TRIAL REGISTRATION: ClinicalTrial.gov: NCT01032876.

FOXP3+ CD4+ Tregs lose suppressive potential but remain anergic during transient inflammation in human.

Tregs are crucial in controlling inflammation. Although the transcription factor FOXP3 is the most applicable phenotype marker of Tregs, it does not indisputably characterize suppressive function during T-cell activation in vitro. A question that remains is: what is the functionality of FOXP3(+) T cells during inflammation in vivo? We studied FOXP3(+) T cells in a human model of acute inflammation due to cardiac surgery. Twenty-five children who underwent cardiac surgery for correction of a septum defect were included. Following surgery, we observed a transient systemic inflammatory response accompanied by an increased proportion of CD25(bright) T cells with sustained Treg phenotype. During this transient immune activation, both the percentage of CD4(+) FOXP3(+) cells and the level of expression of FOXP3 in the CD4(+) CD25(bright) CD127(low) population increased. While Tregs remained present during systemic inflammation and continued to be anergic, the capacity to suppress effector T cells was reduced. The reduced suppressive state of Tregs could be induced in vitro by plasma obtained during the peak of inflammation after surgery. These data show that inflammation inhibits Treg function through soluble factors present in plasma. These results underscore the functional role of FOXP3(+) Tregs during inflammation in vivo.

High incidence of Dacron conduit stenosis for extracardiac Fontan procedure.

OBJECTIVES: Extracardiac conduits are widely used to complete a Fontan circulation in patients with univentricular hearts. Although polytetrafluoroethylene conduits have proven good long-term patency, Dacron (polyethylene terephthalate) prostheses are still infrequently applied, with, as yet, no information on the long-term patency. METHODS: All patients who received an extracardiac Dacron conduit (n = 12) were retrospectively studied. The initial conduit size was 16 mm in all recipients. The mean age at Fontan completion was 3.1 ± 0.7 years. Patients with clinical symptoms and/or significant conduit stenosis (>50% of diameter) underwent reoperation. RESULTS: Of the 12 patients, 8 underwent reoperation (75%) at a mean interval of 6.5 ± 1.8 years after the Fontan operation. All conduits were replaced by an 18-mm polytetrafluoroethylene graft. The explants showed ubiquitous tissue deposits on the inner surface, with a residual internal diameter from 8 to 11 mm. All patients survived the extracardiac conduit replacement. Recovery was uneventful, except that 1 patient experienced long-lasting pleural fluid drainage. The mean hospital stay was 10.6 ± 12.0 days. CONCLUSIONS: The incidence of extracardiac Dacron conduit stenosis in total cavopulmonary connection patients is high. These data indicate that the use of this type of conduit should be avoided. Vigilant follow-up is advised for those patients who have undergone Fontan completion with a Dacron extracardiac conduit.