RESUMO
BACKGROUND: We evaluated the efficacy and safety of ganitumab (a mAb antagonist of insulin-like growth factor 1 receptor) or conatumumab (a mAb agonist of human death receptor 5) combined with gemcitabine in a randomized phase 2 trial in patients with metastatic pancreatic cancer. PATIENTS AND METHODS: Patients with a previously untreated metastatic pancreatic adenocarcinoma and an Eastern Cooperative Oncology Group (ECOG) performance status ≤1 were randomized 1 : 1 : 1 to i.v. gemcitabine 1000 mg/m(2) (days 1, 8, and 15 of each 28-day cycle) combined with open-label ganitumab (12 mg/kg every 2 weeks [Q2W]), double-blind conatumumab (10 mg/kg Q2W), or double-blind placebo Q2W. The primary end point was 6-month survival rate. Results In total, 125 patients were randomized. The 6-month survival rates were 57% (95% CI 41-70) in the ganitumab arm, 59% (42-73) in the conatumumab arm, and 50% (33-64) in the placebo arm. The grade ≥3 adverse events in the ganitumab, conatumumab, and placebo arms, respectively, included neutropenia (18/22/13%), thrombocytopenia (15/17/8%), fatigue (13/12/5%), alanine aminotransferase increase (15/5/8%), and hyperglycemia (18/2/3%). CONCLUSIONS: Ganitumab combined with gemcitabine had tolerable toxicity and showed trends toward an improved 6-month survival rate and overall survival. Additional investigation into this combination is warranted. Conatumumab combined with gemcitabine showed some evidence of activity as assessed by the 6-month survival rate.
Assuntos
Adenocarcinoma/tratamento farmacológico , Anticorpos Monoclonais/administração & dosagem , Protocolos de Quimioterapia Combinada Antineoplásica/uso terapêutico , Desoxicitidina/análogos & derivados , Neoplasias Pancreáticas/tratamento farmacológico , Adenocarcinoma/mortalidade , Adenocarcinoma/secundário , Adulto , Idoso , Idoso de 80 Anos ou mais , Anticorpos Monoclonais/efeitos adversos , Anticorpos Monoclonais Humanizados , Protocolos de Quimioterapia Combinada Antineoplásica/efeitos adversos , Desoxicitidina/administração & dosagem , Desoxicitidina/efeitos adversos , Feminino , Humanos , Masculino , Pessoa de Meia-Idade , Metástase Neoplásica/tratamento farmacológico , Neoplasias Pancreáticas/mortalidade , Neoplasias Pancreáticas/patologia , Placebos , Receptor IGF Tipo 1/antagonistas & inibidores , Receptor IGF Tipo 1/imunologia , Taxa de Sobrevida , Resultado do Tratamento , GencitabinaRESUMO
BACKGROUND: The American Cancer Society, the National Cancer Institute (NCI), the North American Association of Central Cancer Registries, and the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, including the National Center for Health Statistics (NCHS), collaborate to provide an annual update on cancer occurrence and trends in the United States. This year's report contains a special feature that focuses on cancers with recent increasing trends. METHODS: From 1992 through 1998, age-adjusted rates and annual percent changes are calculated for cancer incidence and underlying cause of death with the use of NCI incidence and NCHS mortality data. Joinpoint analysis, a model of joined line segments, is used to examine long-term trends for the four most common cancers and for those cancers with recent increasing trends in incidence or mortality. Statistically significant findings are based on a P value of.05 by use of a two-sided test. State-specific incidence and death rates for 1994 through 1998 are reported for major cancers. RESULTS: From 1992 through 1998, total cancer death rates declined in males and females, while cancer incidence rates declined only in males. Incidence rates in females increased slightly, largely because of breast cancer increases that occurred in some older age groups, possibly as a result of increased early detection. Female lung cancer mortality, a major cause of death in women, continued to increase but more slowly than in earlier years. In addition, the incidence or mortality rate increased in 10 other sites, accounting for about 13% of total cancer incidence and mortality in the United States. CONCLUSIONS: Overall cancer incidence and death rates continued to decline in the United States. Future progress will require sustained improvements in cancer prevention, screening, and treatment.
Assuntos
Neoplasias/epidemiologia , Negro ou Afro-Americano , American Cancer Society , População Negra , Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, U.S. , Feminino , Humanos , Incidência , Masculino , National Center for Health Statistics, U.S. , National Institutes of Health (U.S.) , Neoplasias/mortalidade , Sistema de Registros , Estados Unidos/epidemiologia , População BrancaRESUMO
The appearance in 1981 of a usually rare malignancy, Kaposi's sarcoma, in homosexual men [1] was one of the first harbingers of an epidemic caused by a retrovirus, human immunodeficiency virus (HIV), which causes the acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS). Lymphoid and other malignancies were also increased, most strikingly non-Hodgkin's lymphoma and primary central nervous system (CNS) lymphoma. Advances in molecular biology, immunology, virology, and anti-viral therapy have combined to create unique research opportunities. One developing theme is the role of viral co-infection and malignancy. Human herpes virus 8 (HHV8), Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) and papilloma virus each may have a causal role in the development of HIV-associated malignancy. New antiretroviral therapies are able to substantially reverse or delay the profound immunosuppression of HIV infection. The changes in the epidemiology of malignancies, and understanding the mechanism of action of these new therapeutics provide research opportunities to understand the pathogenesis of these malignancies. The opportunities to discover the consequences of T-cell based immunodeficiency and the interactions with specific viral pathogens will likely lead to progress in HIV treatment and new strategies for other malignancies.
Assuntos
Síndrome da Imunodeficiência Adquirida/complicações , Neoplasias/virologia , Infecções Tumorais por Vírus/etiologia , Antivirais/uso terapêutico , HIV , Herpesviridae , Herpesvirus Humano 4 , Linfoma Relacionado a AIDS/virologia , Neoplasias/epidemiologia , Neoplasias/prevenção & controle , Papillomaviridae , Sarcoma de Kaposi/virologiaAssuntos
Antineoplásicos/uso terapêutico , Carcinoma Pulmonar de Células não Pequenas/tratamento farmacológico , Neoplasias Pulmonares/tratamento farmacológico , Aminopterina/análogos & derivados , Aminopterina/uso terapêutico , Antineoplásicos Fitogênicos/uso terapêutico , Camptotecina/análogos & derivados , Camptotecina/uso terapêutico , Ensaios Clínicos como Assunto , Desenho de Fármacos , Humanos , Interferons/uso terapêutico , Irinotecano , Paclitaxel/uso terapêutico , Topotecan , Vimblastina/análogos & derivados , Vimblastina/uso terapêutico , VinorelbinaAssuntos
Protocolos de Quimioterapia Combinada Antineoplásica/uso terapêutico , Ensaios Clínicos como Assunto , Linfoma Relacionado a AIDS/tratamento farmacológico , Linfoma não Hodgkin/tratamento farmacológico , Ciclofosfamida/administração & dosagem , Doxorrubicina/administração & dosagem , Eritropoetina/administração & dosagem , Etoposídeo/administração & dosagem , Fator Estimulador de Colônias de Granulócitos/administração & dosagem , Humanos , Interleucina-3/administração & dosagem , Prednisona/administração & dosagem , Vincristina/administração & dosagem , Zidovudina/administração & dosagemAssuntos
Carcinoma Pulmonar de Células não Pequenas/terapia , Carcinoma de Células Pequenas/terapia , Ensaios Clínicos como Assunto , Neoplasias Pulmonares/terapia , Carcinoma Pulmonar de Células não Pequenas/mortalidade , Carcinoma Pulmonar de Células não Pequenas/patologia , Carcinoma de Células Pequenas/mortalidade , Carcinoma de Células Pequenas/patologia , Terapia Combinada , Feminino , Humanos , Neoplasias Pulmonares/mortalidade , Neoplasias Pulmonares/patologia , Masculino , Metástase Neoplásica/prevenção & controle , Segunda Neoplasia Primária/prevenção & controle , Estados UnidosAssuntos
Síndrome da Imunodeficiência Adquirida/complicações , Ensaios Clínicos como Assunto , Linfoma Relacionado a AIDS/terapia , Sarcoma de Kaposi/terapia , Neoplasias do Colo do Útero/terapia , Adulto , Criança , Pré-Escolar , Feminino , Humanos , Lactente , Linfoma Relacionado a AIDS/etiologia , Masculino , Seleção de Pacientes , Sarcoma de Kaposi/etiologia , Bancos de Tecidos , Estados Unidos , Neoplasias do Colo do Útero/etiologiaAssuntos
Protocolos de Quimioterapia Combinada Antineoplásica/uso terapêutico , Carcinoma de Células Pequenas/tratamento farmacológico , Ensaios Clínicos como Assunto , Neoplasias Pulmonares/tratamento farmacológico , Carcinoma de Células Pequenas/radioterapia , Cisplatino/administração & dosagem , Terapia Combinada , Etoposídeo/administração & dosagem , Humanos , Neoplasias Pulmonares/radioterapia , Tamoxifeno/administração & dosagemRESUMO
Neoadjuvant therapy has come to play an increasingly prominent role in the treatment of cancer. Originally defined as systemic therapy given before local treatment, the concept has been extended to include radiation therapy given before surgery. Potential advantages include improved local and distant control, direct evaluation, and organ-sparing treatment. Potential disadvantages include increased toxicity and cost, potential delay in effective treatment, and obscuring of pathologic staging. Neoadjuvant therapy in cancer treatment may be viewed in three categories: tumors in which neoadjuvant treatment has been shown effective, thus becoming standard therapy; tumors in which it has been shown to facilitate organ-sparing, and tumors in which its utility has not been shown. For patients with osteogenic sarcoma, for example, preoperative chemotherapy and limb salvage therapy have become the standard of care. Response to chemotherapy, ascertained by histologic review of the surgical specimen, can be used to tailor postoperative chemotherapy. In patients with advanced laryngeal squamous cell carcinoma, neoadjuvant chemotherapy followed by radiation has permitted laryngeal preservation in a majority of patients without compromising overall survival. Phase II and III studies conducted in women with breast cancer have demonstrated promising results for neoadjuvant chemotherapy given before radiation therapy and/or surgery. Phase III studies to compare neoadjuvant therapy to standard therapy in patients with breast cancer are underway. For neoadjuvant therapy, as with other innovations in cancer treatment, it is crucial that a new strategy must be compared closely to standard therapy in terms of recurrence, survival, and impact on organ sparing, as well as quality of life and treatment costs.