Overexpression of chemerin was associated with tumor angiogenesis and poor clinical outcome in squamous cell carcinoma of the oral tongue.

OBJECTIVE: The present study aimed to explore expression and clinical significance of chemerin, a newly discovered adipokine, in squamous cell carcinoma of the oral tongue (SCCOT). METHODS: mRNA expression of chemerin in 19 pairs of fresh SCCOT samples matched with peritumoral mucosa tissues was quantified by real-time quantitative transcription polymerase chain reaction (qRT-PCR). Chemerin protein expression and microvessel density (MVD) were measured by immunohistochemistry on 147 cases of primary SCCOT specimen and their corresponding peritumoral noncancerous tissues. The relationship of chemerin expression with angiogenesis, clinicopathologic parameters, and cancer-related survival of patients was evaluated. RESULTS: Both qRT-PCR and immunohistochemistry results revealed that chemerin was overexpressed in SCCOT compared with peritumoral noncancerous tissues (P < 0.01). Overexpression of chemerin in SCCOT was significantly associated with poor differentiation, lymph node metastasis, and high clinical stage (P = 0.000, 0.012, and 0.015, respectively). In addition, overexpression of chemerin was positively related to MVD in SCCOT (r = 0.671, P = 0.002). SCCOT patients with overexpressed chemerin had a shorter cancer-related survival (P = 0.027). Moreover, multivariate survival analysis indicated that chemerin was an independent prognostic factor for SCCOT patients (P = 0.016). CONCLUSION: These results demonstrated that overexpression of chemerin in SCCOT was correlated with tumor angiogenesis and poor clinical outcomes of SCCOT patients. CLINICAL RELEVANCE: Our research implied that chemerin was a novel prognostic factor for SCCOT patients, and chemerin could be a new therapeutic target for regulating tumor angiogenesis and blocking tumor progression.

[Chemerin mediated neutrophil infiltration in oral squamous cell carcinoma and predicted poor prognosis].

PURPOSE: To explore the effect of Chemerin in oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC) tissue on neutrophils infiltration and its possible molecular mechanism. METHODS: The relationship between Chemerin expression and neutrophils density was assessed via double immunohistochemistry staining.The chemotactic effect of Chemerin on neutrophils in OSCC was detected by transwell assay, real-time quantitative PCR(qRT-PCR), Western blot, enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay(ELISA) and flow cytometry. The data were statistically analyzed using SPSS 23.0 software package. The relationship between Chemerin expression and neutrophils density was assessed using Spearman rank correlation analysis. ChemR23 knockout efficiency and chemotactic index were calculated by ANOVA. The relationship between Chemerin expression, neutrophils density and clinicopathological factors was analyzed by Mann-Whitney test. Kaplan-Meier test and Log rank test were used for survival analysis, and risk factors affecting the survival of OSCC patients was assessed using Cox regression model. RESULTS: Double immunohistochemistry staining showed that overexpression of Chemerin was significantly correlated with increased neutrophils infiltration in OSCC(P=0.023), and strong Chemerin expression and high neutrophils density were associated with higher clinical stage(P＜0.001), cervical lymph node metastasis (P＜0.001) and tumor recurrence (P=0.002). Kaplan-Meier survival analysis showed that patients in the strong Chemerin expression + high neutrophils density group had shortened cancer-related overall survival time and disease-free survival time compared with the other two groups. Transwell assay results showed that both OSCC cells and R-Chemerin had a significant chemotactic effect on dHL-60 cells; knockdown of ChemR23 suppressed Chemerin-induced chemotaxis to dHL-60 cells. CONCLUSIONS: Overexpression of Chemerin in OSCC tissue chemoattracts more neutrophils to tumor sites through its receptor ChemR23 and is related to poor clinical prognosis.

[Overdenture restoration after mandibular fibular graft combined with dental implant surgery: a case report].

This paper reports a case of a 28-year-old male patient with mandibular fibular graft. The patient underwent dental implant surgery. The left portion of the patient's mandible was resected because of ameloblastoma and restored by vascularized fibular grafting. Four implants were implanted in the fibular graft area after 2 years, and the area was restored with a pure titanium casting rod, Locator abutment, and overdenture. This case provides a feasible solution for the restoration of a fibular graft with a dental implant. The characteristics of the restoration method are described. We hope to improve the quality of life of patients with fibular grafts.

[Comparative study on using multiple kinds of sternocleidomastoid flaps or free flaps to repair defects in oral cancer surgery].

PURPOSE: To compare the outcomes of using multiple kinds of sternocleidomastoid flap or free flaps to repair defects after oral cancer surgery. METHODS: Twenty-eight cases using sternocleidomastoid flaps and 30 cases using free flaps were included in this study. Operation was performed in 58 patients with oral cavity cancer. The basic and surgical informations, and postoperative function were analyzed between two groups with SPSS 22.0 software package. RESULTS: The tumor size mostly belonged to T1-T2, and the primary sites were the tongue, lower gingiva, floor of mouth, base of tongue or oropharynx in patients undergoing sternocleidomastoid flaps, whose average age was higher, surgical time was shorter, systemic diseases was more serious, and surgical cost, hospital stay, tracheotomy rate was less than patients undergoing free flaps (P<0.05). Patients in the two groups had similar oral function after surgery (P>0.05). CONCLUSIONS: Selection of sternocleidomastoid flaps or free flaps for repairing oral cancer defects is dependent on a variety of factors such as the age of patients, the size and location of tumor, metastasis of cervical lymph nodes and the general conditions. Sternocleidomastoid flap is a good choice for patients with advanced ages, small size of lesions (T1-T2) and concomitant systemic diseases.

[Pigmented villonodular synovitis of the temporomandibular joint：report of one case and review of literatures].

Pigmented villonodular synovitis (PVNS) is a benign， proliferative disorder of synovium. It often affects the knee, and rarely occurs in the temporomandibular joint (TMJ). This paper reported a 45-year-old male patient with PVNS of the TMJ, who was referred with a chief complaint of slowly growing and painless preauricular mass that was noticed about 1 year. Radical excision and follow-up were conducted, no recurrence and metastasis were noted.

[Synovial chondromatosis in the temporomandibular joint: report of 2 cases].

The clinical manifestations, radiographic findings, intraoperative view, histopathologic features of synovial chondromatosis（SC） in the temporomandibular joint (TMJ) were summarized in 2 cases. Preoperative symptoms included preauricular pain（2/2）, swelling（2/2） and limitation of mouth opening (0/2). X-ray findings showed widened joint space. The articular surface destructed and irregular stippled calcifications were seen in the infratemporal fossa by CT scan in one case. MRI showed multiple small nodular formations in the articular cavity. There was no malocclusion and limitation of mouth opening after surgery. As a rare disease of the temporomandibular joint， SC often exists in superior spaces. The clinical manifestations lack specificity. Detection of calcified loose bodies on radiography was helpful to diagnosis, while final diagnosis was dependent on histopathologic examination with characteristic cartilaginous nodules in the synovial membrane.

[Soft-tissue osteomas in buccal space: a case report and review of the literatures].

Osteoma is a benign tumor, which is composed of mature differentiated bone tissue .Osteoma can be central, peripheral or extraskeletal. Extraskeletal osteoma also is called soft-tissue osteoma. Extraskeletal soft-tissue osteoma is exceedingly rare, especially in the oral cavity. This article reported a case with soft-tissue osteomas in buccal space. The histogenesis, differential diagnosis, pathologic type and treatment were discussed. Surgical resection is suggested as the main treatment for this disease.

[Clinical application of submental island flap in repairing oropharynx defects after cancer ablation].

PURPOSE: To discuss the clinical effects of submental island flap on repairing oropharynx defects after cancer ablation, and provide experience for clinical application. METHODS: Thirteen oropharyngeal cancer patients were included, and they were repaired with submental island flaps in oropharynx regions after cancer ablation and radical neck dissection. Among them, 12 patients were squamous cell carcinoma, and 1 patient was carcinoma. RESULTS: Of the 13 flaps used, 12 submental island flaps survived, only 1 flap had partial necrosis at the distal margin, which healed after triming and dressing. The follow-up time was 3 months to 3 years, and tumor recurrence or metastasis was not noted. All patients got good eating and speech functions. CONCLUSIONS: Submental island flap is safe and effective for repairing small or middle sized oropharynx defects after cancer ablation, which is located in the area of radical neck dissection, and has the advantages of simple operation,hidden incision and fewer lymph node metastasis in level I. Submental island flap has excellent clinical usefulness.

[An experimental study of the cervical lymphatic imaging in interstitial magnetic resonance lymphography of tongue using Dextran-DTPA-Gd].

PURPOSE: To explore the application value of the cervical lymphatic imaging in interstitial magnetic resonance lymphography using submucosal injection of Dextran-DTPA-Gd. METHODS: 0.2 mL Dextran-DTPA-Gd (3.96 mmol/L) was injected into the submucosa of the bilateral lingual margins in 12 New Zealand rabbits,and then massaged the injection site for 30 seconds. MR images were obtained before injection and 10, 15, 20, 25, 30, 35, 40, 50, 90 minutes after injection by 3D TOF CE-MRA sequence.The signal intensities of cervical lymph node were measured, the enhancing rates(E%) were calculated and the signal enhancing rates -time curve was drawn. The data was analysed using SPSS11.5 software package. RESULTS: The cervical lymph nodes,the first and second lymphatics were strengthened significantly after injecting Dextran-DTPA-Gd, but the blood vessels were not enhanced at the same time. The enhancing rates of cervical lymph node reached the peak(344%) at 30-min,and the best strengthening effect was achieved between 20-min and 50-min. CONCLUSIONS: As IMRLG contrast agent,the Dextran-DTPA-Gd could image lymphatic drainage lines of the neck and the cervical lymph nodes efficiently.

[An experimental study of endothelial progenitor cells on bone formation in tissue-engineered bone in dogs].

PURPOSE: To observe the effects of endothelial progenitor cells (EPCs) on bone formation of tissue engineered bone in dogs. METHODS: Bone marrow stromal cells (BMSCs) and EPCs were derived from dog bone marrow and cultured in different medium in vitro. They were seeded on demineralized bone matrix (DBM) to build tissue engineered bone, then the construct was implanted into the fasciae of latissimus dorsi muscle, the degree of bone formation was analyzed with imaging and histological methods at different time points. SPSS13.0 software package was used for statistical analysis. RESULTS: 4, 8, 12 weeks after operation, X-ray film showed bone mineral density (BMD) in the EPCs group was significantly higher than the control group, and there was significant difference between the two groups(P<0.05); Histological examination revealed that the degree of bone formation in the EPCs group was higher than the control group, the new bone area and blood vessel area between the two groups were significantly different(P<0.05). CONCLUSION: EPCs can promote bone formation and accelerate new bone formation in tissue-engineering bone.

[Measurement of mandible bone mineral density of adults in north China].

OBJECTIVE: To measure the bone mineral density (BMD) of mandible and investigate the relationship between mandible and the whole body skeleton BMD. METHODS: Healthy volunteers were recruited in north China, which were divided into 6 groups by age: > or = 20, > or = 30, > or = 40, > or = 50, > or = 60 and > or = 70 years older, 10 male and 10 female in each group. Dual-energy X-ray absoptiometery (DXA) was used to measure the BMD of the lumbar spine, the mentum of mandible and the mandibular angle. The results were analyzed statistically. RESULTS: The mineral density (MD) of the mentum was (1.310 9 +/- 0.035 5) g/cm2, the left mandibular angle (1.048 9 +/- 0.013 7) g/cm2, the right mandibular angle (1.0547 +/- 0.014 1) g/cm2, the lumbar spine (L2-L4) (1.121 1 +/- 0.017 2) g/cm2. There was a significant difference in mandibular angle and lumbar MD between men and women (P < 0.05). The MD of mandibular angle and lumbar spine decreased significantly after 50 years of age. CONCLUSIONS: The normal BMD of the mandibular mentum, mandibular angles and lumbar spine is obtained. The BMD of the mandibular angles is closely related to that of the lumbar spine. Mandible can be an appropriate measurement site in the evaluation of skeleton BMD status for the forecast of osteoporosis.

[Expression of osteopontin mRNA in oral squamous cell carcinoma and normal oral mucosa].

OBJECTIVE: To investigate osteopontin (OPN) mRNA expression in oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC) and normal oral mucosa tissues. METHODS: Differential OPN gene expression were detected in 30 cancerous tissues and their paired normal tissues using real-time reverse transcription-PCR (real-time RT-PCR), and the data were analyzed statistically. RESULTS: Real-time RT-PCR results demonstrated that the relative expression level of OPN mRNA in the cancerous tissues were significantly higher than that in paired normal samples (4.17-/+0.51 vs 0.97-/+0.12, P<0.001), showing a 4.3-fold up-regulation. In the 30 OSCC specimens, OPN mRNA expression in the OSCC of histological grades I showed a 3.1-fold down-regulation, significantly lower than the expression in grade II/III tumors (2.16-/+0.17 vs 6.80-/+0.72, P<0.05); its expression was significantly lower in early stage than in advanced stage OSCCs (2.34-/+0.17 vs 4.73-/+0.35, P<0.05). In cases of cervical lymph node metastasis, the expression was significantly higher than that in cases without lymphatic metastasis (6.38-/+0.56 vs 2.89-/+0.32, P<0.05). CONCLUSION: OPN mRNA overexpression may play an important role in OSCC carcinogenesis and can be a potential target for OSCC therapy.

[Early laser intervention of hemangioma in facial and neck regions of infant].

OBJECTIVE: The study was to evaluate the method of early laser intervention of hemangioma in facial and neck regions of infant. METHODS: Between January 1999 and December 2006, twelve patients, aged 6 days to 3 months, with cutaneous hemangioma in facial and neck regions, were treated with laser, eight cases with Nd:YAG laser therapy and four cases with Venus laser therapy. Four cases with hemangioma in facial and neck regions of infant treated with oral corticosteroid were as control. The outcome was recorded with 1 to 6 years of follow-up. RESULTS: Total resolution was obtained in twelve patients with laser intervention. Atrophic scars occurred in eight patients with Nd:YAG laser therapy, without other complications, such as ulceration, life-threatening hemorrhage and et al. No scar occurred in four patients with Venus laser therapy. Recurrence was not seen in twelve cases with laser therapy with follow-up. Hemangiomas enlarged continuously in four cases with oral corticosteroid therapy. CONCLUSION: Early laser intervention is an excellent management of cutaneous hemangioma in facial and neck regions of infant.

[Osteoma in the soft palate: report of one case and review of the literature].

Osteoma is a benign tumor, which is composed of mature differentiated bone tissue and derived from osteoplast in periosteum endothecium. Osteomas is common in the bone in clinic, however, osteoma in the soft tissue is distinctly rare. Clinically, the lesion presents as hard, slowly growing mass with clear border. This article reported a case with soft palate osteoma. The clinical manifestation, differential diagnosis, pathologic diagnosis and treatment were discussed. Surgical resection with postoperative follow-up is suggested as the main treatment for this disease.

Submandibular area metastasis from prostate small cell carcinoma with neuroendocrine differentiation.

Neuroendocrine differentiation in prostatic carcinomas generally confers a more aggressive clinical behavior and less favorable prognosis than usual prostatic carcinomas. In this article, we report a case of a 65-year-old man with prostatic carcinoma who had a metastasis of the submandibular area. His serum prostate-specific antigen level was reduced to below the normal range and carcinoembryonic antigen was increased. Pathologic specimens demonstrated a small cell carcinoma with neuroendocrine differentiation by immunohistochemical studies.

[Establishment and identification of biological characteristics of rat monoclone cell line Rca-B].

OBJECTIVE: To establish a monoclone cell line of squamous cell carcinoma (SCC) in rat buccal mucosa and to study its biological characteristics. METHODS: SCC in rat oral mucosa was induced by adding 4-nitroquinoline-1-oxide (4NQO) into the SD rats' drinking water, and the cancer cells were then cultured to obtain mixed cells in vitro. The mixed tumor cells were purified by mono cell cloning method. The biological characteristics of the cells were studied by microscope and electronic microscope observation, chromosome analysis, Methyl thiazolyl tetrazolium (MTT) test, flow cytometry assay and immunohistochemistry staining. Hypodermic inoculations of the cells in nude mice and injection of the cells by nude mice tail veins were performed to observe the tumor formation and long distance metastasis. RESULTS: The morphology proved that the cell line was squamous cell carcinoma cells, which were cultured from one cell. The population doubling time for passage 65 cells was 25.44 hours. The cells in S-phase accounted for 20.13% of the cell cycle. The chromosome modal number was 84. All the cells expressed the proteins of cytokeratin and vimentin. The xenograft rate and the tumor metastatic rate to the lung were 100% in nu/nu BALB/C mice, but the homograft rate was zero in SD Rats. CONCLUSIONS: Rca-B was a typical oral squamous cell carcinoma cell line derived from Sprague-Dawley rat buccal mucosa carcinoma, and the cell line has high metastatic potential and its biological characteristics were well ascertained.