Shaping single crystalline BaTiO3nanostructures by focused neon or helium ion milling.

The realization of perovskite oxide nanostructures with controlled shape and dimensions remains a challenge. Here, we investigate the use of helium and neon focused ion beam (FIB) milling in an ion microscope to fabricate BaTiO3nanopillars of sub-500 nm in diameter starting from BaTiO3(001) single crystals. Irradiation of BaTiO3with He ions induces the formation of nanobubbles inside the material, eventually leading to surface swelling and blistering. Ne-FIB is shown to be suitable for milling without inducing surface swelling. The resulting structures are defect-free single crystal nanopillars, which are enveloped, on the top and lateral sidewalls, by a point defect-rich crystalline region and an outer Ne-rich amorphous layer. The amorphous layer can be selectively etched by dipping in diluted HF. The geometry and beam-induced damage of the milled nanopillars depend strongly on the patterning parameters and can be well controlled. Ne ion milling is shown to be an effective method to rapidly prototype BaTiO3crystalline nanostructures.

Ground-Based Mobile Measurements to Track Urban Methane Emissions from Natural Gas in 12 Cities across Eight Countries.

To mitigate methane emission from urban natural gas distribution systems, it is crucial to understand local leak rates and occurrence rates. To explore urban methane emissions in cities outside the U.S., where significant emissions were found previously, mobile measurements were performed in 12 cities across eight countries. The surveyed cities range from medium size, like Groningen, NL, to large size, like Toronto, CA, and London, UK. Furthermore, this survey spanned across European regions from Barcelona, ES, to Bucharest, RO. The joint analysis of all data allows us to focus on general emission behavior for cities with different infrastructure and environmental conditions. We find that all cities have a spectrum of small, medium, and large methane sources in their domain. The emission rates found follow a heavy-tailed distribution, and the top 10% of emitters account for 60-80% of total emissions, which implies that strategic repair planning could help reduce emissions quickly. Furthermore, we compare our findings with inventory estimates for urban natural gas-related methane emissions from this sector in Europe. While cities with larger reported emissions were found to generally also have larger observed emissions, we find clear discrepancies between observation-based and inventory-based emission estimates for our 12 cities.

Laboratory study of rotationally inelastic collisions of CO2 at low temperatures.

The rotational relaxation of CO2 by inelastic collisions has been studied in three supersonic jets. The jets were probed by means of Raman spectroscopy with high spectral and spatial resolutions, measuring the rotational populations and the total number density. The time evolution of the rotational populations was analyzed by means of a kinetic master equation, with the help of the energy-corrected sudden power law to relate the numerous state-to-state rate (STS rates) coefficients. In the thermal range investigated, 60-260 K, the STS rates decrease with increasing temperature and with increasing change in the rotational quantum number. Other quantities of interest for fluid dynamics, such as the rotational collision number, the relaxation cross section, and the bulk viscosity, have been derived from the STS rates.

Current and emerging approaches to noncompetitive AR inhibition.

The androgen receptor (AR) has been shown to be a key determinant in the pathogenesis of castration-resistant prostate cancer (CRPC). The current standard of care therapies targets the ligand-binding domain of the receptor and can afford improvements to life expectancy often only in the order of months before resistance occurs. Emerging preclinical and clinical compounds that inhibit receptor activity via differentiated mechanisms of action which are orthogonal to current antiandrogens show promise for overcoming treatment resistance. In this review, we present an authoritative summary of molecules that noncompetitively target the AR. Emerging small molecule strategies for targeting alternative domains of the AR represent a promising area of research that shows significant potential for future therapies. The overall quality of lead candidates in the area of noncompetitive AR inhibition is discussed, and it identifies the key chemotypes and associated properties which are likely to be, or are currently, positioned to be first in human applications.

Spectro-temporal behavior of dye-based solid-state random lasers under a picosecond pumping regime: Part III.

In two recent works, the authors have investigated the spectro-temporal properties of the random laser emission from solid state dye-doped powders in picosecond pumping regime. Each emission pulse consists, both above and below threshold, in a collection of narrow peaks of a spectro-temporal width at the theoretical limit (ΔωΔt≅1). The distribution of path lengths traveled inside the diffusive active medium by photons that can be amplified by stimulated emission explains this behavior, as demonstrated by a simple theoretical model developed by the authors. The aim of the present work is, first, to develop an implemented model that does not depend on fitting parameters, and which is compatible with the energetic and spectro-temporal properties of the material; and second, to get knowledge about the spatial properties of the emission. The transverse coherence size of each emitted photon packet has been measured; and in addition, we have shown the existence of spatial fluctuations of the emission of these materials, as our model predicts.

Increased hippocampal CREB phosphorylation after retrieval of remote contextual fear memories in Carioca high-conditioned freezing rats.

The participation of the hippocampal formation in consolidation and reconsolidation of contextual fear memories has been widely recognized and known to be dependent on the activation of the cAMP response element (CRE) binding protein (CREB) pathway. Recent findings have challenged the prevailing view that over time contextual fear memories migrate to neocortical circuits and no longer require the hippocampus for retrieval of remote fearful memories. It has also recently been found that this brain structure is important for the maintenance and recall of remote fear memories associated with aversive events, a common trait in stress-related disorders such as generalized anxiety disorder (GAD), major depression, and post-traumatic stress disorder. In view of these findings, here we examined the putative role of CREB in the hippocampus of an animal model of GAD during the retrieval of remote contextual fear memories. Specifically, we evaluated CREB phosphorylation in the hippocampus of male Carioca High- and Low-conditioned Freezing rats (CHF and CLF, respectively) upon re-exposure of animals to contextual cues associated to footshocks weeks after fear conditioning. Age-matched male rats from a randomized crossbreeding population served as controls (CTL). Adrenal catecholamine levels were also measured as a biological marker of stress response. Seven weeks after contextual fear conditioning, half of the sample of CHF (n = 9), CLF (n = 10) and CTL (n = 10) rats were randomly assigned to return to the same context chamber where footshocks were previously administrated (Context condition), while the remaining animals were individually placed in standard housing cages (Control condition). Western blot results indicated that pCREB levels were significantly increased in the hippocampus of CHF rats for both Context and Control conditions when compared to the other experimental groups. CHF rats in the Context condition also exhibited significant more freezing than that observed for both CLF and CTL rats. Lastly, CHF animals in the Context condition displayed significantly higher adrenal catecholamine levels than those in the Control condition, whereas no differences in catecholamine levels were observed between Context and Control conditions for CLF and CTL rats. These findings are discussed from a perspective in which the hippocampus plays a role in the maintenance and recall of remote contextual fear memories via the CREB pathway.

Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) levels in PM10 and bulk deposition using Mosspheres: A pilot study in an urban environment.

Study air polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) capturing the spatial variability of their concentrations is not economically feasible with conventional methods. In the present work we tested, for the first time and under real conditions, the suitability for intensive monitoring and mapping these contaminants of innovative, cost-effective passive air samplers known as "Mosspheres". The Mosspheres, filled with a devitalised Sphagnum palustre L. moss clone, were placed in a 575 m. grid in a medium-sized European city for three months. Concentrations in the moss tissues of 15 priority PAHs, including benzo(a)pyrene, were determined and converted into PM10 and bulk deposition with the equations proposed in a recent study. Low concentrations of PAHs were detected, with only a few enriched points never exceeding the legal thresholds, near industrial areas and busy roads. Despite these low PAH concentrations, Mosspheres were able to detect spatial structure for several PAHs and high-resolution pollution maps were constructed for these compounds. The results prove the high sensitivity and suitability of Mosspheres for mapping PAH levels and for quantitative (i.e. PAHs with 4 or more rings) and qualitative (3-ring PAHs) monitoring. Thus, this study supports their widespread application and its potential inclusion in European Directives on air quality control.

Diagnosis and treatment of primary thyroid lymphoma from a surgical perspective: a multi-institutional study.

PURPOSE: Surgery of primary thyroid lymphoma (PTL) has been mostly limited to diagnostic work-up. This study aimed to further study its potential role. METHODS: This was a retrospective study from a multi-institutional registry of PTL patients. Clinical, diagnostic work-up (fine needle aspiration, FNA; core needle biopsy, CoreNB), contribution of surgery (open surgical biopsy, OpenSB; thyroidectomy), histology subtype, and outcome data were evaluated. RESULTS: Some 54 patients were studied. Diagnostic work-up included FNA in 47 patients, CoreNB in 11, and OpenSB in 21. CoreNB yielded the best sensitivity (90.9%). Thyroidectomy was performed in 14 patients with other diagnosis (incidental PTL), in 4 for diagnosis and in 4 for elective treatment of PTL. Incidental PTL was associated with not performed FNA nor CoreNB (OR 52.5; P = 0.008), mucosa-associated lymphoid tissue (MALT) subtype (OR 24.3; P = 0.012), and Hashimoto's thyroiditis (OR 11.1; P = 0.032). Lymphoma-related death (10 cases) mostly occurred within the first year after diagnosis and was associated with diffuse large B-cell (DLBC) subtype (OR 10.3; P = 0.018) and older patients (OR 1.08 for every 1-year increase; P = 0.010). There was a trend towards lower mortality rate in patients receiving thyroidectomy (2/22 versus 8/32, P = 0.172). CONCLUSION: Incidental PTL accounts for most of thyroid surgery cases and are associated with incomplete diagnostic work-up, Hashimoto's thyroiditis and MALT subtype. CoreNB appears to be the best tool for diagnosis. Most of PTL deaths occurred during the first year after diagnosis and mostly related to systemic treatment. Age and DLBC subtype are poor prognostic factors.

Review of electromyography onset detection methods for real-time control of robotic exoskeletons.

BACKGROUND: Electromyography (EMG) is a classical technique used to record electrical activity associated with muscle contraction and is widely applied in Biomechanics, Biomedical Engineering, Neuroscience and Rehabilitation Robotics. Determining muscle activation onset timing, which can be used to infer movement intention and trigger prostheses and robotic exoskeletons, is still a big challenge. The main goal of this paper was to perform a review of the state-of-the-art of EMG onset detection methods. Moreover, we compared the performance of the most commonly used methods on experimental EMG data. METHODS: A total of 156 papers published until March 2022 were included in the review. The papers were analyzed in terms of application domain, pre-processing method and EMG onset detection method. The three most commonly used methods [Single (ST), Double (DT) and Adaptive Threshold (AT)] were applied offline on experimental intramuscular and surface EMG signals obtained during contractions of ankle and knee joint muscles. RESULTS: Threshold-based methods are still the most commonly used to detect EMG onset. Compared to ST and AT, DT required more processing time and, therefore, increased onset timing detection, when applied on experimental data. The accuracy of these three methods was high (maximum error detection rate of 7.3%), demonstrating their ability to automatically detect the onset of muscle activity. Recently, other studies have tested different methods (especially Machine Learning based) to determine muscle activation onset offline, reporting promising results. CONCLUSIONS: This study organized and classified the existing EMG onset detection methods to create consensus towards a possible standardized method for EMG onset detection, which would also allow more reproducibility across studies. The three most commonly used methods (ST, DT and AT) proved to be accurate, while ST and AT were faster in terms of EMG onset detection time, especially when applied on intramuscular EMG data. These are important features towards movement intention identification, especially in real-time applications. Machine Learning methods have received increased attention as an alternative to detect muscle activation onset. However, although several methods have shown their capability offline, more research is required to address their full potential towards real-time applications, namely to infer movement intention.

Evaluation of food security status, psychological well-being, and stress on BMI and diet-related behaviors among a sample of college students.

OBJECTIVES: The purpose of this study was to evaluate food insecurity on body mass index (BMI) and diet-related behaviors among college students and whether psychological well-being (PWB) and stress levels mediate this relationship. STUDY DESIGN: This was a cross-sectional study. METHODS: Data from 1439 students from the American College Health Association National College Health Assessment III (Fall 2020) were used. Food security status was evaluated by the USDA Six-Item Short Form. PWB was measured using the Diener Flourishing Scale. Diet-related behaviors included the average servings of fruits, vegetables, and sugar-sweetened beverages consumed per day. Stress was measured by self-reported levels. Regression model analysis evaluated the influence of food security status, PWB, and stress levels on BMI. PWB and stress were also tested as mediators in the relationship between food insecurity and BMI. RESULTS: Among our sample of college students, 44.54% (n = 641) were food insecure, and 55.46% (n = 798) were food secure. Multiple regression analysis showed that higher food insecurity, older age, full-time enrollment status, and fifth-year student status were positively associated with a higher BMI score (P < 0.05). Results from mediation models revealed that PWB, but not stress, mediated the relationship between food security and BMI among Black/African American students. Regarding diet-related behaviors, high stress levels mediated the relationship between food insecurity and sugar-sweetened beverage intake among students. CONCLUSIONS: Food insecurity appears to influence BMI in college students. This relationship seems to be mediated by disrupted PWB and a higher intake of sugar-sweetened beverages due to stress.

Spectro-temporal behavior of dye-based solid-state random lasers under picosecond pumping regime.

In this work, the spectral and temporal properties of the random laser emission from dye-doped solid state powders are investigated in picosecond pumping regime. Ultrafast time-resolved spectroscopy achieved with a streak-camera has been used to perform a detailed study of the temporal evolution of the spectrum of their single pulses. Under conditions of low population inversion density, it is observed that the detected radiation occurs as isolated peaks with a very narrow spectro-temporally spread (ΔωΔt≅1). This behavior remains under conditions of high population inversion density, suggesting that the underlying physical mechanism that produces the emission is the same whatever the pumping conditions. Measurements carried out by varying the numerical aperture of the detection system show that each detected peak within a single pulse is associated with a photon pack emitted in a random direction and wavelength. The relationship between the distribution of paths lengths done by photons inside the active medium, and the gain explains the observed behavior.

Spectro-temporal behavior of dye-based solid-state random lasers under picosecond pumping regime: part II.

In a very recent work the spectral and temporal properties of the random laser emission from solid state dye-doped powders have been investigated by the authors in picosecond pumping regime. The emission shows within each pulse, peaks of more intensity than background, and of a spectro-temporal width at the theoretical limit (ΔωΔt≅1), even in conditions well below the threshold. The relationship between the distribution of paths lengths traveled by photons inside the active medium, and the amplification by stimulated emission explains this behavior. The aim of the present work is to propose a simple model that, in addition to explaining these characteristics of the emission, is compatible with the energetic properties of the material. Particularly interesting is the behavior predicted by the model for the emission decay in sub-threshold conditions, as well as its very good fit with the experimental measurements and its comparison with the one found in low dispersive media, that shows the decisive effect of scattering. The set of results is hardly compatible with a mode structure.

Large-scale phenotyping in dairy sector using milk MIR spectra: Key factors affecting the quality of predictions.

Methods and technologies enabling the estimation at large scale of important traits for the dairy sector are of great interest. Those phenotypes are necessary to improve herd management, animal genetic evaluation, and milk quality control. In the recent years, the research was very active to predict new phenotypes from the mid-infrared (MIR) analysis of milk. Models were developed to predict phenotypes such as fine milk composition, milk technological properties or traits related to cow health, fertility and environmental impact. Most of models were developed within research contexts and often not designed for routine use. The implementation of models at a large scale to predict new traits of interest brings new challenges as the factors influencing the robustness of models are poorly documented. The first objective of this work is to highlight the impact on prediction accuracy of factors such as the variability of the spectral and reference data, the spectral regions used and the complexity of models. The second objective is to emphasize methods and indicators to evaluate the quality of models and the quality of predictions generated under routine conditions. The last objective is to outline the issues and the solutions linked with the use and transfer of models on large number of instruments. Based on partial least square regression and 10 datasets including milk MIR spectra and reference quantitative values for 57 traits of interest, the impact of the different factors is illustrated by evaluating the influence on the validation root mean square error of prediction (RMSEP). In the displayed examples, all factors, when well set up, increase the quality of predictions, with an improvement of the RMSEP ranging from 12% to 43%. This work also aims to underline the need for and the complementarity between different validation procedures, statistical parameters and quality assurance methods. Finally, when using and transferring models, the impact of the spectral standardization on the prediction reproducibility is highlighted with an improvement up to 86% with the tested models, and the monitoring of individual spectrometer stability over time appears essential. This list inspired from our experience is of course not exhaustive. The displayed results are only examples and not general rules and other aspects play a role in the quality of final predictions. However, this work highlights good practices, methods and indicators to increase and evaluate quality of phenotypes predicted at a large scale. The results obtained argue for the development of guidelines at international levels, as well as international collaborations in order to constitute large and robust datasets and enable the use of models in routine conditions.

Decay of waves in strain gradient porous elasticity with Moore-Gibson-Thompson dissipation.

We study a one-dimensional problem arising in strain gradient porous-elasticity. Three different Moore-Gibson-Thompson dissipation mechanisms are considered: viscosity and hyperviscosity on the displacements, and weak viscoporosity. The existence and uniqueness of solutions are proved. The energy decay is also shown, being polynomial for the two first situations, unless a particular choice of the constitutive parameters is made in the hyperviscosity case. Finally, for the weak viscoporosity, only the slow decay can be expected. This article is part of the theme issue 'Wave generation and transmission in multi-scale complex media and structured metamaterials (part 1)'.

Inter-group violence among early Holocene hunter-gatherers of West Turkana, Kenya.

The nature of inter-group relations among prehistoric hunter-gatherers remains disputed, with arguments in favour and against the existence of warfare before the development of sedentary societies. Here we report on a case of inter-group violence towards a group of hunter-gatherers from Nataruk, west of Lake Turkana, which during the late Pleistocene/early Holocene period extended about 30 km beyond its present-day shore. Ten of the twelve articulated skeletons found at Nataruk show evidence of having died violently at the edge of a lagoon, into which some of the bodies fell. The remains from Nataruk are unique, preserved by the particular conditions of the lagoon with no evidence of deliberate burial. They offer a rare glimpse into the life and death of past foraging people, and evidence that warfare was part of the repertoire of inter-group relations among prehistoric hunter-gatherers.

Differential expression of glutamatergic receptor subunits in the hippocampus in carioca high- and low-conditioned freezing rats.

Anxiety is an emotional state that affects the quality of human life. Several neurotransmitters are involved in the regulation of anxiety, including glutamate. The major actions of glutamate are mediated by N-methyl-d-aspartate receptors (NMDARs) and α-amino-3-hydroxy-5-methyl-4-isoxazolepropionic acid receptors (AMPARs). The present study performed a behavioral and neurochemical analysis of Carioca High-conditioned Freezing (CHF) and Carioca Low-conditioned Freezing (CLF) rats compared with control rats. We evaluated thermal nociception, anxiety-like behavior, depressive-like behavior, spatial memory, habituation memory, and the content and localization of different glutamatergic receptor subunits and postsynaptic density-95 (PSD-95), a postsynaptic protein. The CHF group exhibited an anxious-like phenotype, impairments in habituation and spatial memory, and a depressive-like phenotype compared with the control group. In the ventral hippocampus, an increase in the PSD-95, GluN1 and GluA1 subunits and a decrease in the GluN2A subunit of glutamatergic receptors. The CLF group exhibited a less anxious-like phenotype, hyperlocomotion and habituation impairments. Also, CLF animals, presented, in the ventral hippocampus, an increase in the PSD-95, GluN1 and GluA2 subunits and a decrease in the GluN2B subunit. These results suggest that the differential composition of NMDAR and AMPAR subunits may be related to the modulation of different phenotypes in CHF and CLF rats, which may help identify new targets for therapeutic interventions for anxiety disorders and other comorbidities.

A process mining- deep learning approach to predict survival in a cohort of hospitalized COVID-19 patients.

BACKGROUND: Various machine learning and artificial intelligence methods have been used to predict outcomes of hospitalized COVID-19 patients. However, process mining has not yet been used for COVID-19 prediction. We developed a process mining/deep learning approach to predict mortality among COVID-19 patients and updated the prediction in 6-h intervals during the first 72 h after hospital admission. METHODS: The process mining/deep learning model produced temporal information related to the variables and incorporated demographic and clinical data to predict mortality. The mortality prediction was updated in 6-h intervals during the first 72 h after hospital admission. Moreover, the performance of the model was compared with published and self-developed traditional machine learning models that did not use time as a variable. The performance was compared using the Area Under the Receiver Operator Curve (AUROC), accuracy, sensitivity, and specificity. RESULTS: The proposed process mining/deep learning model outperformed the comparison models in almost all time intervals with a robust AUROC above 80% on a dataset that was imbalanced. CONCLUSIONS: Our proposed process mining/deep learning model performed significantly better than commonly used machine learning approaches that ignore time information. Thus, time information should be incorporated in models to predict outcomes more accurately.

Fungal Planet description sheets: 1436-1477.

Novel species of fungi described in this study include those from various countries as follows: Argentina, Colletotrichum araujiae on leaves, stems and fruits of Araujia hortorum. Australia, Agaricus pateritonsus on soil, Curvularia fraserae on dying leaf of Bothriochloa insculpta, Curvularia millisiae from yellowing leaf tips of Cyperus aromaticus, Marasmius brunneolorobustus on well-rotted wood, Nigrospora cooperae from necrotic leaf of Heteropogon contortus, Penicillium tealii from the body of a dead spider, Pseudocercospora robertsiorum from leaf spots of Senna tora, Talaromyces atkinsoniae from gills of Marasmius crinis-equi and Zasmidium pearceae from leaf spots of Smilaxglyciphylla. Brazil, Preussia bezerrensis from air. Chile, Paraconiothyrium kelleni from the rhizosphere of Fragaria chiloensis subsp. chiloensis f. chiloensis. Finland, Inocybe udicola on soil in mixed forest with Betula pendula, Populus tremula, Picea abies and Alnus incana. France, Myrmecridium normannianum on dead culm of unidentified Poaceae. Germany, Vexillomyces fraxinicola from symptomless stem wood of Fraxinus excelsior. India, Diaporthe limoniae on infected fruit of Limonia acidissima, Didymella naikii on leaves of Cajanus cajan, and Fulvifomes mangroviensis on basal trunk of Aegiceras corniculatum. Indonesia, Penicillium ezekielii from Zea mays kernels. Namibia, Neocamarosporium calicoremae and Neocladosporium calicoremae on stems of Calicorema capitata, and Pleiochaeta adenolobi on symptomatic leaves of Adenolobus pechuelii. Netherlands, Chalara pteridii on stems of Pteridium aquilinum, Neomackenziella juncicola (incl. Neomackenziella gen. nov.) and Sporidesmiella junci from dead culms of Juncus effusus. Pakistan, Inocybe longistipitata on soil in a Quercus forest. Poland, Phytophthora viadrina from rhizosphere soil of Quercus robur, and Septoria krystynae on leaf spots of Viscum album. Portugal (Azores), Acrogenospora stellata on dead wood or bark. South Africa, Phyllactinia greyiae on leaves of Greyia sutherlandii and Punctelia anae on bark of Vachellia karroo. Spain, Anteaglonium lusitanicum on decaying wood of Prunus lusitanica subsp. lusitanica, Hawksworthiomyces riparius from fluvial sediments, Lophiostoma carabassense endophytic in roots of Limbarda crithmoides, and Tuber mohedanoi from calcareus soils. Spain (Canary Islands), Mycena laurisilvae on stumps and woody debris. Sweden, Elaphomyces geminus from soil under Quercus robur. Thailand, Lactifluus chiangraiensis on soil under Pinus merkusii, Lactifluus nakhonphanomensis and Xerocomus sisongkhramensis on soil under Dipterocarpus trees. Ukraine, Valsonectria robiniae on dead twigs of Robinia hispida. USA, Spiralomyces americanus (incl. Spiralomyces gen. nov.) from office air. Morphological and culture characteristics are supported by DNA barcodes. Citation: Tan YP, Bishop-Hurley SL, Shivas RG, et al. 2022. Fungal Planet description sheets: 1436-1477. Persoonia 49: 261-350. https://doi.org/10.3767/persoonia.2022.49.08.

[Usefulness of chest X-rays for detecting COVID 19 pneumonia during the SARS-CoV-2 pandemic]. / Utilidad de la radiografía de tórax para la detección de neumonía COVID 19 durante la pandemia por SARS-CoV-2.

Objective: To review the prognostic usefulness of chest X-rays in selecting patients with suspected SARS-CoV-2 infection. Material and methods: This cross-sectional descriptive observational study analyzed 978 patients with suspected SARS-CoV-2 infections who underwent chest X-ray examinations in the emergency department of a tertiary hospital in March 2020. We separately analyzed demographic, clinical, and prognostic variables in two groups of patients: those in whom reverse-transcriptase polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) was done (n = 535) and those in whom RT-PCR was not done because of low clinical suspicion (n = 443). Results: In the group of patients with RT-PCR, the prevalence of SARS-CoV-2 was 70.4%, and the sensitivity of chest X-rays was 62.8%. In the group of patients without RT-PCR, chest X-rays were negative in 97.5%, corroborating the low clinical suspicion; these patients were discharged, and 5.6% of them reconsulted with mild forms of the disease. In the group of patients with RT-PCR, we observed no statistically significant differences in the percentage of pathologic chest X-rays between patients hospitalized in the ICU (72.9%) and in those hospitalized in other wards (68.3%) (p = 0.22). Conclusion: In the context of the pandemic, patients with low clinical suspicion and negative chest X-rays can be discharged with a low probability of reconsultation or of developing severe COVID19. In patients with RT-PCR positive for SARS-CoV-2, chest X-rays have no prognostic usefulness.

Simulations of micro-sphere/shell 2D silica photonic crystals for radiative cooling.

Passive daytime radiative cooling has recently become an attractive approach to address the global energy demand associated with modern refrigeration technologies. One technique to increase the radiative cooling performance is to engineer the surface of a polar dielectric material to enhance its emittance at wavelengths in the atmospheric infrared transparency window (8-13 µm) by outcoupling surface-phonon polaritons (SPhPs) into free-space. Here we present a theoretical investigation of new surface morphologies based upon self-assembled silica photonic crystals (PCs) using an in-house built rigorous coupled-wave analysis (RCWA) code. Simulations predict that silica micro-sphere PCs can reach up to 73 K below ambient temperature, when solar absorption and conductive/convective losses can be neglected. Micro-shell structures are studied to explore the direct outcoupling of the SPhP, resulting in near-unity emittance between 8 and 10 µm. Additionally, the effect of material composition is explored by simulating soda-lime glass micro-shells, which, in turn, exhibit a temperature reduction of 61 K below ambient temperature. The RCWA code was compared to FTIR measurements of silica micro-spheres, self-assembled on microscope slides.