Case Report: Hepatotoxicity Associated with the Use of Hydroxychloroquine in a Patient with COVID-19.

Hydroxychloroquine (HCQ) has been used for the treatment of novel coronavirus disease (COVID-19) cases. However, evidence of efficacy remains limited, and adverse events can be associated with its use. Here, we report a case of a patient with severe COVID-19 who, after being administered HCQ, exhibited a 10-fold increase in serum levels of transaminases, followed by a rapid decrease after HCQ was withdrawn. Considering the significantly increased use of HCQ during the COVID-19 pandemic, this case alerts us to the potential for HCQ to be associated with hepatotoxicity and the need to monitor liver function during HCQ therapy.

Comparison of a modified Sequential Organ Failure Assessment Score using RASS and FOUR.

OBJECTIVE: ICU severity scores such as the Sequential Organ Failure Assessment (SOFA) determine neurologic dysfunction based on the Glasgow Coma Scale, a tool that may be limited in a critically ill population. It remains unknown whether alternative methods to assess for neurologic dysfunction, such as FOUR and RASS, are superior. This study aimed to determine the predictive performance of a modified SOFA tool in a large Brazilian ICU cohort. DESIGN: Prospective cohort single center study. SETTING: Mixed surgical and medical ICU in Salvador, Bahia, Brazil between August 2015 and December 2018. PATIENTS: All acutely ill ICU admissions, other than postoperative patients or those with insufficient data, were eligible for study inclusion. MEASUREMENTS AND MAIN RESULTS: 2147 patients were admitted to the ICU, of which 999 meeting inclusion criteria were included in the final analysis with a median age of 72 years (IQR 58-83) and a female predominance 545 (54%). The SOFA score using GCS, RASS and FOUR for the neurologic component performed marginally in the ability to predict general ICU mortality (SOFAGCS AUC 0.74 vs SOFARASS AUC 0.71 and SOFAFOUR AUC 0.67), with SOFAFOUR performing significantly lower compared to either SOFARASS and SOFAGCS (p<0.04, p<0.004 respectively). All three scores demonstrated decreased discriminate function in the mechanically ventilated population (SOFAGCS AUC 0.70 vs SOFARASS AUC 0.70 and SOFAFOUR AUC 0.55), though SOFAFOUR remained significantly worse when compared to SOFAGCS or SOFARASS (p = 0.034, p = 0.014, respectively).. Furthermore, performance was poor in a subset of patients with sepsis (n = 145) at time of admission (SOFAGCS AUC 0.66 vs SOFARASS AUC 0.55 and SOFAFOUR AUC 0.56). CONCLUSION: Modification of the neurologic component in the SOFA score does not appear to improve mortality prediction in the ICU.

Implementation of a Regional Network for ST-Segment-Elevation Myocardial Infarction (STEMI) Care and 30-Day Mortality in a Low- to Middle-Income City in Brazil: Findings From Salvador's STEMI Registry (RESISST).

BACKGROUND: Few data exist on regional systems of care for the treatment of ST-segment-elevation myocardial infarction (STEMI) in developing countries. Our objective was to describe temporal trends in 30-day mortality and identify predictors of mortality among STEMI patients enrolled in a prospective registry in Brazil. METHODS AND RESULTS: From January 2011 to June 2013, 520 patients who received initial STEMI care at 23 nonspecialized public health units or hospitals, some of whom were transferred to a public cardiology referral center, were identified through a regional STEMI network supported by telemedicine and the local prehospital emergency medical service. We stratified patients into five 6-month periods based on presentation date. Mean age (±SD) of patients was 62.0 (±12.2) years, and 55.6% were men. The mean Global Registry of Acute Coronary Events (GRACE) score was 145 (±34). Overall mortality at 30 days was 15.0%. Use of dual antiplatelet therapy and statins increased significantly from baseline (January 2011) to period 5 (June 2013): 61.8% to 93.6% (P<0.001) and 60.4% to 79.7% (P<0.001), respectively. Rates of primary reperfusion also increased (29.1%-53.8%; P<0.001), and more patients were transferred to the referral center (44.7%-76.3%; P=0.001). Thirty-day mortality rates decreased from 19.8% to 5.1% (P<0.001). In multivariable analysis, factors independently associated with 30-day mortality were higher GRACE score, history of previous stroke, lack of transfer to the referral center, and lack of use of optimized medical therapy. CONCLUSIONS: Implementation of a regional STEMI system was associated with lower mortality and higher use of evidence-based therapies.

Assessment of the general knowledge of emergency physicians from the hospitals of the city of Salvador (Brazil) on the care of cardiac arrest patients.

OBJECTIVE: To identify the proportion of emergency physicians certified in immersion courses (ACLS--Advanced Cardiac Life Support and ATLS--Advanced Trauma Life Support) correlating the variables of age, gender, medical specialty, academic title, and type of hospital with the level of theoretical knowledge on the care of Cardiac Arrest (CA) victims. METHODS: Emergency physicians from public and private hospitals of the city of Salvador, State of Bahia--Brazil, were consecutively evaluated from November, 2003 to July, 2004. They volunteered to participate in the study, and responded to a questionnaire consisting of information on the following variables of interest: professional profile, participation or not in ACLS and ATLS immersion courses, and cognitive assessment with 22 objective questions on Cardiopulmonary Resuscitation (CPR). A score of correct answers was calculated for each participant, and then designated as score variable. This questionnaire was validated based on the result of the score obtained by ACLS course instructors in Salvador, BA. RESULTS: Of the 305 physicians who responded to the questionnaire, 83 (27.2%) had attended the ACLS course and had a mean score variable of 14.9+3.0 compared with the 215 physicians (70.5%) who had not attended the course and whose mean was 10.5+ 3.5 (p=0.0001). The mean score of the 65 cardiologists (21.5%) was 14.1+3.3 compared with the mean of 9.7+3.7(p=0.0001) of the 238 physicians (78.5%) from other specialties. No difference was observed in the mean scores between physicians who had attended the ATLS course or not (p=0.67). CONCLUSION: In the sample studied, theoretical knowledge on CPR was higher among physicians who had attended the ACLS course, as opposed to those who had attended the ATLS course. Cardiologists who had attended the ACLS demonstrated a higher theoretical knowledge on the care of CA patients when compared to physicians from other specialties taken as whole--Internal Medicine, Surgery, and Orthopedics.

Avaliação do conhecimento geral de médicos emergencistas de hospitais de Salvador - Bahia sobre o atendimento de vítimas com parada cardiorrespiratória / Assessment of the general knowledge of emergency physicians from the hospitals of the city of Salvador (Brazil) on the care of cardiac arrest patients

OBJETIVO: Identificar a proporção de médicos emergencistas com habilitação em cursos de imersão (SAVC - Suporte Avançado de Vida em Cardiologia e SAVT - Suporte Avançado de Vida no Trauma), relacionando variáveis: idade, sexo, especialidade médica, titulação e tipo de hospital com o grau de conhecimento teórico no atendimento de vítimas de parada cardiorrespiratória. MÉTODOS: Foram avaliados de forma consecutiva, de novembro/2003 a julho/2004, os emergencistas de hospitais públicos e privados da cidade de Salvador - Bahia, que voluntariamente aceitaram participar do estudo. Esses responderam a um questionário construído de informações das variáveis de interesse: perfil do profissional, realização ou não dos cursos de imersão SAVC e SAVT, avaliação cognitiva com 22 questões objetivas sobre ressuscitação cardiopulmonar. Calculou-se para cada participante um valor de acertos indicado como variável escore. Esse questionário foi validado a partir do resultado do escore dos instrutores do curso SAVC em Salvador - BA. RESULTADOS: Dos 305 médicos que responderam ao questionário, 83 (27,2 por cento) haviam realizado o curso SAVC, tendo como média da variável escore o valor de 14,9+3,0, comparada com os 215 médicos (70,5 por cento) que não o haviam feito e cuja média foi de 10,5+3,5 (p=0,0001). A média do escore dos 65 cardiologistas (21,5 por cento) foi de 14,1+3,3, comparada com os 238 médicos (78,5 por cento) que eram de outras especialidades, com média de 9,7+3,7(p=0,0001). Não foi identificada diferença da média do escore entre os médicos que haviam ou não realizado o curso SAVT (p=0,67). CONCLUSÃO: Na amostra avaliada, o conhecimento teórico sobre ressucitação cárdio-pulmonar (RCP) foi superior naqueles profissionais que realizaram o SAVC, diferente do que ocorreu naqueles que realizaram o SAVT. Os especialistas em Cardiologia que realizaram o SAVC demonstraram um conhecimento teórico superior, sobre o atendimento de vítimas de parada cárdio-respiratória (PCR), quando...

OBJECTIVE: To identify the proportion of emergency physicians certified in immersion courses (ACLS - Advanced Cardiac Life Support and ATLS - Advanced Trauma Life Support) correlating the variables of age, gender, medical specialty, academic title, and type of hospital with the level of theoretical knowledge on the care of Cardiac Arrest (CA) victims. METHODS: Emergency physicians from public and private hospitals of the city of Salvador, State of Bahia - Brazil, were consecutively evaluated from November, 2003 to July, 2004. They volunteered to participate in the study, and responded to a questionnaire consisting of information on the following variables of interest: professional profile, participation or not in ACLS and ATLS immersion courses, and cognitive assessment with 22 objective questions on Cardiopulmonary Resuscitation (CPR). A score of correct answers was calculated for each participant, and then designated as score variable. This questionnaire was validated based on the result of the score obtained by ACLS course instructors in Salvador, BA. RESULTS: Of the 305 physicians who responded to the questionnaire, 83 (27.2 percent) had attended the ACLS course and had a mean score variable of 14.9+3.0 compared with the 215 physicians (70.5 percent) who had not attended the course and whose mean was 10.5+ 3.5 (p=0.0001). The mean score of the 65 cardiologists (21.5 percent) was 14.1+3.3 compared with the mean of 9.7+3.7(p=0.0001) of the 238 physicians (78.5 percent) from other specialties. No difference was observed in the mean scores between physicians who had attended the ATLS course or not (p=0.67). CONCLUSION: In the sample studied, theoretical knowledge on CPR was higher among physicians who had attended the ACLS course, as opposed to those who had attended the ATLS course. Cardiologists who had attended the ACLS demonstrated a higher theoretical knowledge on the care of CA patients when compared to physicians from other specialties taken as whole - Internal...