Metabolic syndrome and risk factors for cardiovascular disease in obese children: the relationship with insulin resistance (HOMA-IR).

OBJECTIVE: To identify the prevalence of metabolic syndrome and risk factors for the development of cardiovascular diseases and to investigate their relationship with insulin resistance. METHODS: This was a cross-sectional study of 52 obese children. The sample was chosen at random after the body mass index [weight (kg)/stature (m)(2)] of 1,550 schoolchildren had been calculated. Children were defined as obese when their BMI was above the 95th percentile of the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention classification. Blood samples were taken after fasting and glycemia, high-density lipoproteins, triglycerides and insulin were all assayed. Body fat was evaluated using dual energy X-ray absorptiometry. Arterial blood pressure and insulin resistance were also measured. Metabolic syndrome was defined according to National Cholesterol Education Program criteria, with cutoff points adjusted for the age of the sample. RESULTS: Metabolic syndrome was detected in 17.3% of the children investigated. Insulin resistance was significantly different for females (3.8-/+2.2; 95%CI 2.9-4.8) and males (2.6-/+1.3; 95%CI 2.1-3.1); p = 0.016. Around 44.2% of the sample exhibited at least two risk factors, and 15% exhibited arterial hypertension. Hypertriglyceridemia was observed in 50 and 70.8% of boys and girls, respectively. Lower than desirable high-density lipoprotein levels were only observed among the girls. CONCLUSIONS: Obese children exhibited a high prevalence of metabolic syndrome. The children with greater insulin resistance exhibited more risk factors. In the light of these findings intervention measures are necessary in order to prevent excessive weight gain during childhood.

The exon 3 polymorphism of the growth hormone receptor is a severity-related factor for osteoporosis.

The purpose of this study was to investigate the association between the GHR exon 3 fl/d3 polymorphism and body composition traits in Brazilian cohorts of normal post-menarche adolescent girls and in post-menopausal women with and without osteoporosis. First, multiplex PCR and quantitative PCR (TaqMan) were used with 105 DNA samples from the general Brazilian population to validate the SNP rs6873545 as a surrogate marker for the GHR polymorphism. Subsequently, genotyping was carried out to evaluate associations for this polymorphism in 136 post-menarche adolescents and 175 post-menopausal women, who were evaluated for body composition traits such as bone mineral density and fat-free mass. Statistical analysis used an independent sample t test, one-way ANOVA test and post hoc Tukey HSD test. Significant values were assumed by p < 0.05. Genotyping indicated complete linkage disequilibrium between the GHR polymorphism and the SNP alleles (r(2) = 1.0). Adolescents and healthy post-menopausal women showed no genotype associations for body composition traits or osteoporosis. However, a lower total body bone mineral density was observed in fl/fl post-menopausal women with osteoporosis (p = 0.0004). These results suggest that the SNP rs6873545 can be used as a surrogate for the GHR fl/d3 polymorphism due to linkage disequilibrium in the Brazilian population and that the fl/fl genotype is a severity-related risk factor for osteoporosis, but did not appear to be associated with disease status.

Whole-body vibration training protocols in obese individuals: a systematic review / Protocolos de treinamento de vibração de corpo inteiro em obesos: uma revisão sistemática / Protocolos de entrenamiento de vibración de cuerpo entero en obesos: una revisión sistemática

ABSTRACT Obesity is a chronic degenerative disease. Whole-body vibration (WBV) devices make it possible to control the intensity of exercises through their variables: frequency, amplitude and vibration time, thus enabling interventions in these populations. The objective of this study was to review the applications, protocols and results of WBV devices in obese individuals. A systematic literature review was conducted using the descriptors and terms verified in DeCS (LILACS and SCIELO) and MeSH (PubMED). Of the thirteen studies selected, seven used an experimental and six a quasi-experimental methodological design. Eleven studies analyzed chronic responses and two studies acute responses to WBV training. Frequency values ranged between 30 and 35 Hz, amplitude was around 2 mm, and in terms of intensity, most of the training protocols used a gradual increase in WBV throughout the intervention. Eight studies added dynamic exercises and extra loads to the WBV. The mean total WBV exposure time varied around 20' distributed in 1 or 2 series, with vibration times of 30" to 60" and the same rest time. The mean frequency of interventions was around 2 to 3 times a week, with a mean intervention time of 10 months. The main results include: decrease in body weight and improvement in the physiological variables of oxygen absorption, bone mineral density and arterial profile, indicating that WBV can be a safe tool in the fight against obesity and its implications. Level of Evidence II. Systematic Review of Level II Studies.

RESUMO A obesidade é uma doença crônica degenerativa. Os aparelhos de vibração de corpo inteiro (VCI) permitem o controle da intensidade dos exercícios através das suas variáveis: frequência, amplitude e tempo de vibração, possibilitando intervenções nessas populações. O objetivo do presente estudo foi realizar uma revisão sobre as aplicações, protocolos e resultados dos aparelhos de VCI em indivíduos obesos. Realizou-se uma revisão sistemática da literatura utilizando os descritores e termos verificados no DeCS (LILACS e SCIELO) e no MeSH (PubMED). Dos 13 estudos selecionados, sete utilizaram o delineamento metodológico do tipo experimental e seis do tipo quase-experimental. Onze estudos analisaram as respostas crônicas e dois as respostas agudas ao treinamento com VCI. Os valores de frequência variaram entre 30 e 35 Hz, a amplitude, em torno de 2 mm, e, em relação à intensidade, a maioria dos protocolos de treinamento utilizara o aumento gradativo da VCI ao longo da intervenção. Oito estudos adicionaram exercícios dinâmicos e cargas extras à VCI. O tempo médio de exposição total à VCI variou em torno de 20' distribuídos em 1 ou 2 séries, com tempos de 30" a 60" de vibração pelo mesmo tempo de descanso. A frequência média das intervenções foi em torno de 2 a 3 vezes por semana, com tempo médio de 10 meses de intervenção. Entre os principais resultados destacam-se: redução do peso corporal e melhoria nas variáveis fisiológicas da absorção de oxigênio, da densidade mineral óssea e do perfil arterial, indicando que a VCI pode ser uma ferramenta segura no combate à obesidade e suas implicações. Nível de Evidência II. Revisão Sistemática de Estudos de Nível II.

RESUMEN La obesidad es una enfermedad crónica degenerativa. Los aparatos de vibración de cuerpo entero (VCE) permiten el control de la intensidad de los ejercicios por medio de sus variables: frecuencia, amplitud y tiempo de vibración, posibilitando intervenciones en estas poblaciones. El objetivo del presente estudio fue realizar una revisión sobre las aplicaciones, protocolos y resultados de los aparatos de VCE en individuos obesos. Se realizó una revisión sistemática de la literatura utilizando los descriptores y términos verificados en el DeCS (LILACS y SCIELO) y en el MeSH (PubMED). De los trece estudios seleccionados, siete utilizaron delineamiento metodológico del tipo experimental y seis del tipo cuasi experimental. Once estudios analizaron las respuestas crónicas y dos las respuestas agudas al entrenamiento con VCE. Los valores de frecuencia variaron entre 30 y 35 Hz, la amplitud, alrededor de 2 mm, y con relación a la intensidad, la mayoría de los protocolos de entrenamiento utilizó el aumento gradual de la VCE, a lo largo de la intervención. Ocho estudios agregaron ejercicios dinámicos y cargas extra a la VCE. El tiempo promedio de exposición total a la VCE varió en torno a 20 'distribuidos en una o dos series, con tiempos de 30" a 60" de vibración por el mismo tiempo de descanso. La frecuencia promedio de las intervenciones fue alrededor de dos a tres veces por semana, con tiempo promedio de 10 meses de intervención. Entre los principales resultados se destacan: reducción del peso corporal y mejora en las variables fisiológicas de la absorción de oxígeno, de la densidad mineral ósea y del perfil arterial, indicando que la VCE puede ser una herramienta segura en el combate a la obesidad y sus implicaciones. Nivel de evidencia II. Revisión Sistemática de Estudios de Nivel II.

The effect of aerobic exercise intensity on attenuation of postprandial lipemia is dependent on apolipoprotein E genotype.

OBJECTIVE: To investigate the effect of aerobic exercise intensity on postprandial lipemia according to allelic variants of the apolipoprotein E gene. METHODS: Three groups of 10 healthy men each were formed based genotyping of the APOE gene, rested or performed 500 Kcal tests in a random sequence separated by a minimum 48 h interval, as follows: (a) no exercise (control), (b) intense intermittent exercise, (c) moderate continuous exercise. Each test series was completed 30-min before ingestion of a high-fat meal (1 g fat/kg). Venous blood was collected before and at 1, 2, 3 and 4 h after the high-fat meal. Postprandial lipemia was assessed using the area under the curve approach as well as the kinetic profile of mean lipid variables. Statistical significance was adopted at P ≤ 0.05 level. RESULTS: The main results show that, in the moderate continuous exercise, total postprandial cholesterolemia was higher in ɛ4 than in ɛ2 carriers, whereas under intense intermittent exercise, total and LDL cholesterolemia were higher in ɛ4 than in ɛ2 and ɛ3 carriers. There was no difference in the lipemic profile of the subjects across APOE genotypes at baseline. CONCLUSION: Moderate and intense exercise were effective in attenuating PPL in both ɛ2 and ɛ3 subjects, with ɛ2 subjects being more susceptible to the lipid lowering effect of moderate training than ɛ3 subjects. Carriers of the ɛ4 allele, however, showed no attenuation of postprandial lipemia.

Práticas de cuidado de parteiras e mulheres quilombolas à luz da antropologia interpretativa / Prácticas del cuidado de comadronas y mujeres quilombolas a la luz de la antropología interpretativa / Quilombola midwives' and women's care practices in the light of interpretative anthropology

OBJETIVO: Analisar o conhecimento popular quilombola acerca das práticas de cuidado desenvolvidas no pré-natal, no parto e no puerpério sob a ótica de parteiras e mulheres quilombolas. MÉTODOS: Trata-se de um estudo qualitativo realizado em uma comunidade tradicional de remanescentes quilombolas do Sertão Produtivo do estado da Bahia, localizado no interior do Nordeste Brasileiro, com 12 mulheres, sendo duas parteiras e dez mulheres que vivenciaram o parto assistidas por uma das duas parteiras da comunidade, aplicando-se um roteiro de entrevista semiestruturada em fevereiro de 2014. Os dados foram analisados com o auxílio da Antropologia Interpretativa. A análise explicitou três categorias: práticas de cuidado cultural no pré-natal, práticas de cuidado cultural no parto e práticas de cuidado cultural no pós-parto. RESULTADOS: Na primeira e segunda categorias, evidenciou-se, tanto pelas mulheres que vivenciaram o parto quanto para as parteiras, que são utilizadas manobras manuais para estimular as contrações das gestantes e para ajudar no posicionamento adequado do feto para evitar complicações. Na terceira categoria, as entrevistadas relataram o estímulo aos banhos de acentos com plantas e ervas, além do uso de chás naturais para evitar infecções e hemorragias puerperais, como conduta das parteiras. CONCLUSÃO: Conclui-se que as práticas culturais (manobras no parto, chás, orações às divindades naturais, banhos de assento com ervas e folhas) evidenciadas pelas participantes do estudo, transmitidas de geração a geração, são importantes para a saúde das mulheres quilombolas que vivenciam o ciclo gravídico puerperal e devem ser valorizadas pela equipe de profissionais da saúde. (AU)

OBJECTIVE: To analyze the Quilombola popular knowledge about the care practices adopted at prenatal, childbirth and postpartum from the perspective of Quilombola midwives and women. METHODS: This is a qualitative study carried out in a traditional community of Quilombola remnants in the Sertão Produtivo of the State of Bahia, located in the countryside of Northeastern Brazil, with 12 women ­ two midwives and ten women whose childbirth was assisted by one of the two midwives of the community ­ using a semi-structured interview questionnaire in February 2014. Data were analyzed with the aid of Interpretive Anthropology. The analysis yielded three categories: cultural care practices at prenatal, cultural care practices at childbirth, and cultural care practices at postpartum. RESULTS: The first and second categories revealed that both postpartum women and midwives used manual maneuvers to stimulate contractions in pregnant women and to help in the proper positioning of the fetus to avoid complications. In the third category, the interviewees reported that midwives encouraged sitz baths with plants and herbs and the use of natural teas to avoid infections and postpartum hemorrhages. CONCLUSION: The cultural practices (maneuvers during delivery, teas, prayers to nature deities, sitz baths with herbs and leaves) reported by the study participants, which are passed from generation to generation, are important for the health of quilombola women who experience the pregnancy and postpartum cycle and should be valued by the team of health professionals. (AU)

OBJETIVO: Analizar el conocimiento popular quilombola acerca de las prácticas de cuidado desarrolladas en el prenatal, en el parto y el puerperio bajo la óptica de comadronas y mujeres quilombolas. MÉTODOS: Se trata de un estudio cualitativo realizado en una comunidad tradicional de remanentes quilombolas del Agreste Productivo del estado de Bahía localizado en el interior del Noreste Brasileño con 12 mujeres, dos comadronas y diez mujeres que tuvieron el parto asistidas por una de las dos comadronas de la comunidad, aplicándose un guion de entrevista semiestructurada en febrero de 2014. Se analizaron los datos con el auxilio de la Antropología Interpretativa. El análisis ha explicitado tres categorías: prácticas de cuidado cultural en el prenatal, prácticas de cuidado cultural en el parto y prácticas de cuidado cultural en el posparto. RESULTADOS: Se ha evidenciado en la primera y segunda categorías por las mujeres que han vivido el parto y por las comadronas, que se utilizan maniobras manuales para estimular las contracciones de las embarazadas y para ayudar en el posicionamiento adecuado del feto para evitar las complicaciones. En la tercera categoría las entrevistadas relataron el estímulo a los baños de asientos con plantas y hierbas además del uso de tés naturales para evitar infecciones y hemorragias del puerperio como conducta de las comadronas. CONCLUSIÓN: Se concluye que las prácticas culturales (las maniobras del parto, los tés, las oraciones para las divinidades naturales, los baños de asiento con hierbas y hojas) evidenciadas por las participantes del estudio y transmitidas de generación en generación son importantes para la salud de las mujeres quilombolas que vivencian el ciclo gravídico puerperal y deben ser valoradas por el equipo de profesionales sanitarios. (AU)

Suggestive linkage to chromosome 1q for bone mineral apparent density in Brazilian sister adolescents.

OBJECTIVE: To investigate linkage to chromosome 1q and 11q region for lumbar spine, femoral neck and total body BMD and volumetric BMD in Brazilian sister adolescents aged 10-20-year-old and 57 mothers. METHODS: We evaluated 161 sister pairs (n=329) aged 10-20 years old and 57 of their mothers in this study. Physical traits and lifestyle factors were collected as covariates for lumbar spine (LS), femoral neck (FN) and total body (TB) BMD and bone mineral apparent density (BMAD). We selected nine microsatellite markers in chromosome 1q region (spanning nearly 33cM) and eight in chromosome 11q region (spanning nearly 34cM) to perform linkage analysis. RESULTS: The highest LOD score values obtained from our data were in sister pairs LS BMAD analysis. Their values were: 1.32 (P<0.006), 2.61 (P<0.0002) and 2.44 (P<0.0004) in D1S218, D1S2640 and D1S2623 markers, respectively. No significant LOD score was found with LS and FN BMD/BMAD in chromosome 11q region. Only TB BMD showed significant linkage higher than 1.0 for chromosome 11q region in the markers D11S4191 and D11S937. DISCUSSION/CONCLUSIONS: Our results provided suggestive linkage for LS BMAD at D1S2640 marker in adolescent sister pairs and suggest a possible candidate gene (LHX4) related to adolescent LS BMAD in this region. These results reinforce chromosome 1q21-23 as a candidate region to harbor one or more bone formation/maintenance gene. In the other hand, it did not repeat for chromosome 11q12-13 in our population.

The influence of intense intermittent versus moderate continuous exercise on postprandial lipemia.

INTRODUCTION: Postprandial lipemia is characterized by an increased concentration of circulating lipids after fat intake and is an independent risk factor for cardiovascular disease. Exercise is known to reduce postprandial lipemia and its negative clinical outcomes. OBJECTIVE: This study investigated the effect of intense intermittent versus moderate continuous exercise using the same energy expenditure in postprandial lipemia. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Twenty healthy men (aged 21.5 ± 3.5 years) performed a random sequence of either rest or 500 Kcal tests separated by a minimum 48 h interval as follows: (a) no exercise (control), (b) intense intermittent exercise, or (c) moderate continuous exercise. Each test series was completed 30 min before ingestion of a high-fat meal (1 g fat/kg). Venous blood was collected before and at 1, 2, 3 and 4 hours after the high-fat meal. Postprandial lipemia was assessed using the area under the curve approach as well as a kinetic profile of mean lipid variables. Statistical significance was tested at the p<0.05 level. RESULTS: With both statistical approaches, intense intermittent and moderate continuous exercises were both effective in reducing postprandial triglycerides; however, only intense intermittent exercise reduced the levels of postprandial very low density lipoprotein. Intense intermittent and continuous exercise produced lower levels of insulinemia using the area under the curve analysis only. CONCLUSION: Intense intermittent or continuous exercise with an energy expenditure of 500 kcal completed 30 min before ingestion of high-fat meal reduced postprandial lipid levels to different levels in physically active men. Understanding these relevant differences will enable clinicians to provide the best exercise prescription for patients.

Prediction of metabolic syndrome in children through anthropometric indicators.

BACKGROUND: Because of the need to measure anthropometric, biochemical and hemodynamic variables for the diagnosis of metabolic syndrome, we realize how difficult it is to analyze large populations, especially children, due to the poor accessibility and the invasive character. There is an urgent need to develop easy-to-use, accurate and low-cost diagnostic tools in order to predict metabolic syndrome at early ages. OBJECTIVE: To verify the prevalence of metabolic syndrome in children and to test predictive anthropometric indicators. METHODS: Cross-sectional study conducted among 109 children aged 7 to 11 years. The age-adjusted National Cholesterol Education Program definition was used for the diagnosis of metabolic syndrome. The following parameters were tested as possible predictors: body mass index (BMI), waist circumference (WC), waist-to-hip ratio (WHR), conicity index (C index), and body fat percentage. RESULTS: The prevalence of metabolic syndrome was 13.3% and 36% for boys and girls, respectively. The main anthropometric indicators were: BMI = 0.81 (0.69 - 0.94), WC = 0.79 (0.64 - 0.94), body fat = 0.79 (0.66 - 0.92) and WHR = 0.37 (0.21 - 0.54). CONCLUSION: WC higher than 78 cm, body fat higher than 41%, and BMI higher than 24.5 kg/m² were considered predictors of metabolic syndrome. The C index and WHR were not considered predictors.

Capoterapia como lazer e atividade física lúdica para idosos: uma percepção dos capoterapeutas / Capotheraphy as leisure and ludic physical activity for elderly peoples: a perception of capotherapysts

A Capoterapia tem em sua fundamentação o aspecto lúdico como elemento primordial para a adesão desta atividade física pelas pessoas idosas em seu momento de lazer. O objetivo deste estudo foi identificar a percepção de um grupo de capoterapeutas acerca dos benefícios da Capoterapia para idosos. A pesquisa de caráter exploratório e descritivo, com abordagem qualitativa, realizada com 11 capoterapeutas, por meio de entrevistas semiestruturadas e o tratamento dos dados incluíram transcrição e categorização das entrevistas e análise de conteúdo. As categorias com suas subcategorias foram: Dimensão Psicológica: autoestima e autoeficácia; Dimensão Física: bem-estar corporal e habilidade física; Sociabilidade: viagem e solidariedade e Ludicidade: musicalidade e memória. A Capoterapia como atividade física de caráter lúdico contribui para a melhoria de diversos aspectos da vida dos idosos em seus momentos de lazer.

Capotherapy fundamentals are based on the ludic aspect as essential to senior people's engagement in physical activity in their leisure time. The goal of this study was to identify a Capotherapy group's perception about the benefits that activity gives to senior people. The research, both exploratory and descriptive, with a qualitative approach, dealt with 11 capotherapysts, through semi-structured interviews; treatment of data included transcription and categorization of the interviews and content analysis. The categories and respective subcategories were: Psychological Dimension: self-esteem and self-efficacy; Physical Dimension: physiological well-being and physical ability; Sociability: travel and solidarity; Ludicity: musicality and memory. Capotherapy, as a physical and ludic activity, improves many aspects of senior people's lives in their leisure time.

Association of body mass index and insulin resistance with metabolic syndrome in Brazilian children.

BACKGROUND: The clustering of cardiovascular risk factors called metabolic syndrome occurs in both children and adults. Insulin resistance and obesity are usual parts of the picture, but their joint effects on the onset of the syndrome remains somewhat debatable. OBJECTIVE: The purpose of the current study was to examine the relationship of the body mass index (BMI) and insulin resistance with the metabolic syndrome (MS) in children. METHODS: We studied 109 children, 55 boys and 54 girls, between 7 and 11 years of age (55 obese, 23 overweight and 31 controls). The weight status of each child was defined based on BMI/age ratio. Blood glucose, HDL, triglycerides and insulin were measured using fasting samples. Blood pressure was measured twice. The metabolic syndrome was defined according to the NCEP ATP III criteria. RESULTS: The diagnosis of the MS was only found in obese children. The greater frequency of MS and of many of its components have been found in the children classified above the third quartile of the HOMA index, which is consistent with an association between insulin resistance and cardiovascular risk factors among the Brazilian children. CONCLUSION: The present study shows that obesity and insulin resistance are likely to play a role in the development of cardiovascular risk factors in children since the prevalence of classic risk factors was higher in the upper BMI and HOMA percentiles.

Treinamento de força para crianças: uma metanálise sobre alterações do crescimento longitudinal, força e composição corporal / Resistance training for children: a meta-analysis of longitudinal changes in growth, strength and body composition

O objetivo do presente estudo foi analisar a magnitude do efeito do treinamento de força (TF) sobre as variáveis força, composição corporal e crescimento longitudinal em crianças. Para tanto, foi realizada uma busca de estudos cruzando as palavras chaves: treinamento de força; crianças, na literatura especializada. Posteriormente, os estudos selecionados foram submetidos a uma análise estatística de metanálise para determinação da magnitude do efeito das intervenções com treinamento de força em crianças nas variáveis: crescimento longitudinal, força e composição corporal. Foram selecionados 22 estudos sobre as variáveis crescimento longitudinal, alterações na força de membros superiores (MMSS) e membros inferiores (MMII) e composição corporal, utilizando diversas metodologias de TF em crianças de 7 a 12 anos de idade. A análise de alteração da força de MMSS demonstrou-se favorável para os grupos experimentais (TE global=0,83; IC 95%=3,7/7,38). O mesmo ocorreu nas análises da força de MMII (TE global=0,72; IC 95%=5,5/12,51). O aumento de massa magra também revelou-se superior para os indivíduos que treinaram (TE global=0,21; IC 95%=0,6/2,7). Os ganhos de massa gorda foram superiores nos grupos experimentais (TE global=0,41; IC 95%=0,66/1,37). O nível de crescimento longitudinal foi superior para os grupos experimentais (TE global=0,46; IC 95%=1,4/2,4). Portanto, esta pesquisa sugere que o Treinamento de Força é uma intervenção favorável para ganhos de força, hipertrofia muscular e crescimento longitudinal em indivíduos de 7 a 12 anos de idade. Por outro lado, essa intervenção demonstrou-se ineficiente na redução de massa gorda.

The aim of the study was to analyze the effect size of resistance training (RT) on strength, body composition and longitudinal growth. We underwent a search with the following key words: resistance training; children. Subsequently, the selected studies were subjected through to a meta-analysis statistical treatment to determine the effect size of interventions with RT in children on the variables longitudinal growth, strength and body composition. Twenty two studies on longitudinal growth, upper and lower limb strength changes and body composition variables, using several methodologies of RT in children over seven to 12 years were selected. The analysis of superior limb strength changes showed to be favorable to the experimental groups (Global ES = 0.83; CI 95% = 3.7/7.38). The same occurred in the analysis of lower limb strength (Global ES = 0.72; CI 95% = 5.5/12.51). The increment in lean mass also showed to be superior on the experimental groups (Global ES = 0.21; CI 95% = 0.6/2.7). The gains of fat mass were higher on the experimental groups (Global ES = 0.41; CI 95% = 0.66/1.37). The level of longitudinal growth was also superior in the experimental groups (Global ES = 0.46; CI 95% = 1.4/2.4). Therefore, this research suggests that RT as an intervention for favorable gains in strength, muscle hypertrophy and longitudinal growth in individuals over seven to 12 years. Moreover, RT was effective in reducing fat mass.

Prevalência de fatores de risco cardiovascular em crianças de Brasília / Prevalence of cadiovascular risk factores in children of Brasília / Prevalencia de factores de riesgo cardiovascular en niños de Brasilia

Objetivo: verificar a prevalência de fatores de risco cardiovascular em crianças. Métodos: duzentas e doze crianças de escola pública e privada foram submetidas à avaliação do índice de massa corporal (IMC), pressão arterial (PA), nível de atividade física (NAF) e consumo máximo de oxigênio (VO2max). Resultados: não foram evidenciadas diferenças significativas nas variáveis quando comparadas entre quartis separados pelo NAF. Contudo, quando comparadas entre escola pública e particular, crianças da escola privada apresentaram maiores valores de IMC e PA, menor VO2max, bem como apresentaram maior prevalência de excesso de peso e PA elevada. Conclusão: crianças da escola privada apresentam maior prevalência de fatores de risco cardiovascular quando comparado as da rede pública .

The article aims to verify the prevalence of cardiovascular risk factors in children. Two hundred and twelve children in public and private schools were underwent assessment of body mass index (BMI), blood pressure (BP), physical activity level (PAL) and maximum oxygen consumption (VO2max). No significant differences were observed between the variables compared between quartiles separated by PAL. However, when compared between public and private school, private school children had higher BMI and BP, lower VO2max as well as had higher prevalence of overweight and high BP. Private school children have a higher prevalence of cardiovascular risk factors compared to the public .

El artículo pretende verificar la prevalencia de factores de riesgo cardiovascular en losniños. Doscientos doce niños en escuelas públicas y privadas les realizaron una evaluaci-ón del índice de masa corporal (IMC), presión arterial (PA), el nivel de actividad física(NAF) y el consumo máximo de oxígeno (VO2máx). No hubieran diferencias significativasentre las variables de comparación entre los cuartiles separadas por la NAF. Sin embargo,cuando se compara entre la escuela pública y privada, los niños de las escuelas privadastienen mayor índice de masa corporal y presión sanguínea, bajo el VO2máx, y tienenuna mayor prevalencia de sobrepeso y presión arterial alta. Los niños de las escuelasprivadas tienen una mayor prevalencia de factores de riesgo cardiovascular encomparación con las escuelas públicas .

Relationship between indicators of fitness and bone density in adolescent Brazilian children.

The purpose of the current study was to investigate the relationship between health-related physical fitness and bone mineral density (BMD) in adolescents. One hundred forty-four adolescents (65 boys and 79 girls) between 15 and 18 years of age were recruited to this cross-sectional study. Subjects were evaluated in aerobic fitness, muscular fitness, flexibility, body composition, and maturation. BMD of the lumbar spine, total body, and proximal femur were measured by a dual-energy X-ray absorptionmeter. Pearson's correlation and stepwise multiple regression analyses were used (p < .05). Lean body mass (LBM) and abdominal muscular fitness explained 35-40% of proximal femur BMD in whole group and boys' total body BMD (43%); however, VO2max and LBM predicted girls' total body BMD (23%). Lumbar spine BMD was predicted only by LBM for both genders (18% boys, 15% girls). In summary, lean body mass is the main predictor of bone mass during the end of adolescence, regardless of gender, whereas muscular fitness contributes more to bone mass among males than among females.

Relação entre gordura corporal e pressão arterial sistólica e diastólica em escolares entre 14 e 17 anos de Floriano-Piauí-Brasil / Relationship between body fat and systolic and diastolic blood pressure in students between 14 and 17 years of age in Floriano-Piauí-Brazil

As doenças cardiovasculares estão associadas ao estilo de vida. Com isso, este estudo tem como objetivo descrever e analisar a associação entre gordura corporal e pressão arterial sistólica entre escolares da cidade de Floriano-PI. Caracteriza-se como um estudo observacional de prevalência do tipo descritivo com delineamento de corte transversal. A população de estudo incluiu escolares com idade entre 14 e 17 anos, de ambos os sexos. Realizou-se análise descritiva de tendência central e dispersão, análise univariada e bivariada (com nível de significância de p≤0,05). O índice de confiança considerado foi de 95%. Os principais resultados demonstram altas taxas de gordura corporal (51,1%) e de hipertensão arterial (18%) para os escolares, além de associação positiva significativa entre pressão arterial sistólica e gordura corporal entre os escolares do sexo feminino. Conclui-se que os escolares de Floriano apresentam fatores de riscos para o desenvolvimento de doenças crônicas não transmissíveis.

Cardiovascular diseases are associated with lifestyle. Thus, this study aimed to describe and analyze the association between body fat and systolic blood pressure among schoolchildren in the city of Floriano-PI. It can be characterized as an observational study of prevalence with a descriptive, cross-sectional design. The study population included adolescents aged between 14 and 17 years, of both sexes. We conducted a descriptive analysis of central tendency and dispersion, with one- and two-way analysis (significance level p<0.05). The confidence index was 95%. The main results show high rates of body fat (51.1%) and hypertension (18%) for the students, and a significantly positive association between systolic blood pressure and body fat among female students. It is concluded that Floriano students have risk factors for developing non-transmissible chronic diseases.

Relação entre hábitos alimentares e índice de massa corporal em escolares de instituições públicas do nordeste brasileiro / Relation between food habits and body mass index in student of public institutions of northeast brazilian

A saúde geral dos indivíduos está ligada aos hábitos alimentares. Este estudo teve como objetivo descrever e analisar a associação entre os hábitos alimentares e o índice de massa corporal (IMC) entre escolares da cidade de Floriano, Piauí, Brasil. Trata­-se de um estudo observacional com delineamento de corte transversal. A população incluiu adolescentes entre 14 e 17 anos. Realizou­-se análise descritiva, análise univariada e bivariada (nível de significância de p≤0,05). O índice de confiança considerado foi de 95%. Os principais resultados demonstram um baixo nú­mero de escolares (7%) que apresentam excesso de peso. Portanto, o controle do peso corporal, em virtude sua importância para a promoção da saúde, deve ser estimulado desde a idade escolar...

The general health is linked to eating habits. This study aimed to describe andanalyze the association between eating habits and body mass index (BMI) among school children in the city of Floriano, Piauí, Brazil. This is an observational study with cross sectional design. The population included adolescents between 14 and 17 years. We conducted a descriptive analysis, univariate and bivariate analysys (significance level of p≤0.05). The confidence index was set at 95%. The main results show a low number of students (7%) who are overweight. There fore, control of body weight, given its importance for health promotion should be encourage from school age...

En estado general de salud está vinculada a los hábitos alimenticios. Este estudiotuvo como objetivo describir y analizar la asociación entre los hábitos alimentarios y el índice de masa corporal (IMC) entre los estudiantes de la cuidad de Floriano,Piauí, Brasil. Este es un estudio observacional con diseño transversal. La población incluyó a los adolescentes de entre 14 y 17 años. Se realizó un análisis descriptivo, el análisis univariada y bivariada (nivel de significancia de p ≤0,05). El índice de confianza se fijó en 95%. Los principales resultados muestran un bajo número de estudiantes (7%) que tienen sobrepeso. Por lo tanto, el control del peso corporal,dada su importancia para la promoción de la salud, debería fomentar-se desde la edad escolar...

Programas de intervenção nas escolas brasileiras: uma contribuição da escola para a educação em saúde / Intervention programs in Brazilian schools: a contribution of school to health education

Artigo com objetivo de revisar programas de intervenção direcionados à saúde realizados nas escolas brasileiras. Pesquisaram-se dados dos bancos Lilacs, SciELO e Medline, dissertações, teses e documentos oficiais. Foram encontrados dez programas de saúde e um número reduzido de intervenções em atividade física nas escolas. Nos núcleos de apoio à saúde da família, identificou-se pequena participação dos profissionais de educação física. Concluiu-se que os programas de intervenção realizados nas escolas estão reduzindo o sedentarismo e integrando ações de educação à saúde; e que, nos programas de apoio à saúde da família, faz-se necessária maior participação dos profissionais de educação física.

Article aiming to revise intervention programs targeted to health conducted in Brazilian schools. It was researched data banks Lilacs, SciELO and Medline, dissertations, theses and official documents. Ten programs of health and a reduced number of interventions were found in physical activity in schools. In the nuclei of supporting family health was identified weak participation of physical education professionals. It was concluded that intervention programs conducted in schools are reducing physical inactivity and integrating health education activities; and for programs that support family health it is necessary greater participation of physical education professionals.

Densidade mineral óssea associada a características físicas e estilo de vida em adolescentes / Bone mineral density associated with physical traits and lifestyle in adolescents

INTRODUÇÃO: No Brasil, ainda são poucos os estudos que apresentam dados relevantes sobre fatores relacionados às características físicas ou estilo de vida e a densidade mineral óssea (DMO) de adolescentes do sexo feminino. OBJETIVO: Identificar e verificar a contribuição das características físicas e de estilo de vida relacionadas à DMO de adolescentes do sexo feminino. MÉTODOS: A amostra deste estudo foi composta por 329 meninas com idades entre 10 e 20 anos. Como características físicas, foram avaliados: peso corporal, estatura, índice de massa corporal, estágio de maturação sexual, raça e pigmentação cutânea. Já para o estilo de vida, os seguintes fatores foram avaliados: consumo diário de cálcio, nível de atividade física (NAF) e nível socioeconômico (NSE). A densidade mineral óssea (DMO) do corpo inteiro, da coluna lombar e do colo do fêmur foram avaliados pela densitometria óssea. As relações existentes entre variáveis dependentes e independentes foram avaliadas pela correlação de Pearson (r) e regressão múltipla Stepwise (p < 0,05). RESULTADOS: A DMO dos três sítios ósseos tende a aumentar conforme o aumento do peso corporal, estatura, IMC, idade e estágio de maturação sexual (r ≥ 0,43; p < 0,01). Por outro lado, somente o NAF (r = 0,12; p < 0,05) e o NSE (r = 0,14; p < 0,05) correlacionaram-se positivamente com a DMO. O peso corporal, estágio de maturação sexual, idade, consumo de cálcio, NSE e NAF explicaram de 48 a 68% da variação da DMO das adolescentes. CONCLUSÃO: Os resultados sugerem que a utilização de critérios como peso corporal, idade e maturação sexual sejam os mais indicados para controlar as variações da DMO de adolescentes do sexo feminino. Além disso, o NSE, o NAF e o consumo diário de cálcio possuem uma pequena participação na variação da DMO das adolescentes quando comparados com as características físicas.

INTRODUCTION: Just a few studies have evaluated physical traits, lifestyle and bone mineral density (BMD) acquisition in Brazilian female adolescents. OBJECTIVE: To identify physical traits and lifestyle factors related to BMD in Brazilian female adolescents. METHODS: 329 healthy adolescent girls aged between 10 and 20 years participated in this study. The physical characteristics evaluated were: body weight, stature, body mass index, pubertal stage, self-declared ethnicity and skin color. Concerning lifestyle, the following factors were evaluated: socioeconomic status (SES), physical activity level (PAL) and daily calcium intake. Additionally, total body, lumbar spine and femoral neck bone mineral density (BMD) was assessed by bone densitometry. Pearson's coefficient of correlation (r) and stepwise regression analysis were employed to check dependent and independent variables correlation (p < 0.05). RESULTS: Total body, lumbar spine and femoral neck BMD increase as body weight, height, BMI, age and pubertal stage increase (r ≥ 0.43; p<0.01). On the other hand, only SES (r = 0.14; p<0.05) and PAL (r = 0.12; p<0.05) were correlated. After stepwise regression, body weight, pubertal stage, age, height, calcium intake, SES, and PAL explained around 48-68% for BMD variation in female adolescents. CONCLUSION: The results suggest body weight, age and pubertal stage should be used as control variables for BMD variations in female adolescents. Furthermore, SES, PAL and dialy calcium intake were less important than physical traits for BMD during adolescence.

Nível de atividade física e correlação com o índice de massa corporal e percentual de gordura em adolescentes escolares da cidade de Teresina-PI / Physical activity level and correlation with body mass index and body fat percentage among adolescent students in the city of Teresina-PI

Determinar o nível de atividade física (NAF) de escolares da cidade de Teresina-PI e testar a associação com o índice de massa corporal (IMC) e o percentual de gordura (%G). Em estudo transversal, randomizado e com amostra representativa, foram avaliados 383 estudantes (190 rapazes e 193 moças) com média de idade de 14,0±0,9 anos matriculados em escolas públicas de Teresina. Foi aplicado um questionário de estilo de vida e obtidos dados do NAF, IMC e %G. Para o tratamento estatístico utilizou-se o teste t e qui-quadrado e correlação de Spearman (para p<0,05). Entre os rapazes 21,5% eram sedentários, 24,2% eram insuficientemente ativos, 2,6% eram obesos e 8,4% com sobrepeso. Entre as moças 32,1% eram sedentárias, 9,3% eram insuficientemente ativas, 1,5% eram obesas e 13,9% com sobrepeso. Correlações negativas foram encontradas entre NAF e %G (r= -0,115, p= 0,025), independentemente de sexo. Os alunos do sexo feminino apresentaram maiores índices de sedentarismo. Além disto, correlações negativas foram encontradas entre NAF e %G para os adolescentes.

To determine the level of physical activity (LPA) of students from the city of Teresina-PI and test the association with body mass index (BMI) and fat percentage (BF%). In a transversal study with randomized and representative sample, we evaluated 383 students (190 boys and 193 girls) with a mean age of 14.0 ± 0.9 years enrolled in public schools in Teresina. A lifestyle questionnaire was administered and LPA, BMI and% BF was obtained. Statistical analysis used the t test, chisquare test and Spearman correlation (p <0.05). Among males 21.5% were sedentary, 24.2% were insufficiently active, 2.6% were obese and 8.4% overweight. Among females 32.1% were sedentary, 9.3% were insufficiently active, 1.5% were obese and 13.9% overweight. Negative correlations were found between PAL and % BF (r = -0.115, p = 0.025), regardless of sex. The female students had higher rates of physical inactivity. Moreover, negative correlations were found between LPA and % BF for adolescents.

Efeitos do exercício físico sobre os níveis de estresse em vestibulandos de Teresina-PI / Effects of physical exercise on the stress levels of high school students of Teresina-PI

A realização do exame vestibular pode desencadear alguns sintomas psicossomáticos em adolescentes. Para que esses sintomas sejam controlados, algumas medidas como o uso de fármacos, alimentação e a atividade física são utilizados. O presente estudo teve como objetivo investigar os efeitos do programa de exercício físico (PEF) moderado sobre os níveis de estresse de vestibulandos, além de identificar a fase e sintomas do estresse predominantes e analisar o nível de cortisol salivar. Após estimar a prevalência do NAF e do estresse da população de estudantes (n= 141) do 3º ano do ensino médio de uma escola particular da cidade de Teresina, selecionou-se a amostra com todos os escolares insuficientemente ativos e estressados, composta por 71 estudantes com idade entre 17 e 18 anos, de ambos os sexos, randomizados em grupo experimental (GE) n = 39 e grupo controle (GC) n = 32. Foram empregados os instrumentos: Questionário Internacional de Atividade Física (IPAQ-versão curta), Escala de Stress para Adolescentes (ESA) e kit Salivette® para coleta da saliva. O GE participou de um PEF de intensidade moderada (66% a 74% da FCmax), durante dez semanas, com frequência de duas sessões semanais de 60 minutos. Na amostra pré-experimento, a fase e os sintomas de estresse predominantes foram quase exaustão e psicológicos, respectivamente. No pós-experimento houve aumento de 59% na ausência de fases e sintomas do GE e de 34,4% na fase de exaustão do GC. Nas concentrações de cortisol, observou-se diferença significativa entre GE e GC após intervenção com o PEF (p<0,001). Conclui-se, portanto, que o exercício físico de intensidade moderada foi capaz de reduzir os níveis de estresse percebido e de cortisol nessa amostra de estudantes.

The vestibular test may trigger some psychosomatic symptoms in adolescents. In order to control these symptoms, some measures such as medicine drug, nutrition and physical activity are used.The present study aimed to investigate the effects of moderate physical exercise program (PEP) on stress levels of high school students. Thus, besides identifying the phase and the predominant symptoms of stress, was also analyzed the level of salivary cortisol. After estimating the prevalence of PAL and the stress of student population (n = 141) of the 3rd year of high school on a private school of Teresina, we selected a sample of all school insufficiently active and stressed, comprised 71 students aged between 17 and 18 years, of both sexes were randomized into experimental group (EG) n = 39 and control group (CG)n = 32. Instruments were used: International Physical Activity Questionnaire (IPAQ-short version), Stress Scale for Adolescents (ESA) and Salivette ® kit for saliva collection. GE participated in a PEP of moderate intensity (66%to 74% HRmax), for ten weeks consisted of two weekly sessions of 60 minutes. In the sample pre-experiment, the phase and stress symptoms most prevalent were exhaustion and psychological, respectively. In post-experiment there was an increase of 59% in the absence of phases and symptoms of EG and 34.4% in the exhaustion phase of the GC. The observed level of cortisol concentrations was significantly different between EG and CG after intervention (p <0.001). We conclude, therefore, that exercise of moderate intensity was able to reduce levels of perceived stress and cortisol level in this sample of students.

Efeitos de uma intervenção em escolares do ensino fundamental l, para a promoção de hábitos alimentares saudáveis / Effects of an intervention in school children to promote a healthful alimentary habits

O objetivo deste estudo foi verificar efeitos de uma intervenção, no âmbito da escola, para a promoção do estilo de vida saudável, em relação aos hábitos alimentares em escolares da rede pública de ensino. A amostra foi composta por 461 escolares de 7 a 11 anos de idade em duas escolas. Sendo 232 da escola controle e 229 da escola experimental. A coleta de dados foi sub-dividida em dois momentos: inicialmente foram realizadas medidas antropométricas, para classificar as crianças quanto ao IMC e percentual de gordura e no segundo momento foi aplicado um questionário modificado de estilo de vida para identificar os hábitos alimentares das crianças. O estudo desenvolveu-se em três momentos distintos, mas interdependentes: Diagnóstico, Intervenção e Reavaliação. Na fase de intervenção foi aplicado um programa educativo, focando os hábitos de atividade física e hábitos alimentares. Porém, neste estudo, foram analisados somente os dados referentes aos hábitos alimentares. Para análise estatística foi realizado o teste de qui-quadrado (x²) para identificar diferenças significativas entre pré e pós intervenção em cada unidade escolar separadamente tanto na variável hábitos alimentares como na classificação do IMC. A prevalência de crianças que se alimentam insuficientemente foi de 67,9% (n=267) e 68,1% (n=202) na escola controle; já na escola experimental 67,2% (n=161) e 65,5% (n=134) nos momentos pré e pós intervenção respectivamente. Os resultados encontrados no estudo dão suporte para propostas e programas, com maior alcance e que contemplem a toda a comunidade no ambiente escolar e familiar.

This study`s objective was to verify the effect of an intervention in a school view in order to promote a healthful lifestyle related to alimentary habits of students from public school. Material and Method: the group was composed of 461 students from 7 to 11 years old divided in two schools: 232 students from the controlled school and 229 students from the experimental school. The data acquisition was subdivided in two phases: first some body parameters have been measured to classify the children`s BMI and the fat percentage, then a modified lifestyle survey was applied to identify the children`s alimentary habits. The acquisition was developed at three distinct, but interdependent, moments: Diagnosis, Intervention and Reevaluation. In the intervention phase an educative program was applied focused on physical activity habits and alimentary habits. However, in this study, only the data referring to the alimentary habits had been analyzed. For statistical analysis, the qui-square test (x ²) had been carried through to identify significant differences in the variables alimentary habits and BMI classification, between before and after intervention in each student. x2analysis had been carried through, the significance level adopted was p< 0,05. The dominance of children whom had been feed insufficiently was 67,9% (n=267) and 68,1% (n=202) in the controlled school; however in experimental school 67.2% (n=161) and 65.5% (n=134) before and after intervention respectively. This study achieved results provide support for new proposals and programs, with larger application that contemplates the whole community in school and familiar environment.