Facial height comparison in young white and black Brazilian subjects with normal occlusion.

INTRODUCTION: In this study, we aimed to cephalometrically compare anterior and posterior facial heights in young white and black Brazilian subjects with normal occlusion and to verify sexual dimorphism. METHODS: The sample comprised the lateral cephalograms of untreated normal Brazilians, divided into 2 groups. Group 1 included 74 white subjects (37 of each sex), with a mean age of 13.71 years (SD 0.84); group 2 included 56 black subjects (28 of each sex), with a mean age of 13.86 years (SD 0.92). The variables studied were obtained from various cephalometric analyses. Sexual dimorphism was investigated in the groups. Independent t tests were used for intergroup comparisons. RESULTS: The white subjects had significantly greater upper anterior facial height (UAFH) and proportion of UAFH to total anterior facial height (TAFH), and significantly smaller proportion of lower anterior facial height (LAFH) to TAFH than the black subjects. Black boys had significantly greater total posterior face height (TPFH) and UAFH and upper posterior face height (UPFH) and UPFH/TPFH proportion than black girls. Black girls had significantly greater LPFH/TPFH proportion than boys. White boys had significantly greater UPFH and UPFH/TPFH proportion than white girls. White girls had significantly greater LPFH/TPFH and facial height index values than boys. CONCLUSIONS: White subjects had larger UAFH, whereas black subjects had proportionally larger LAFH. Boys have a greater tendency for a vertical pattern than girls.

Alignment stability in Class II malocclusion treated with 2- and 4-premolar extraction protocols.

INTRODUCTION: The purpose of this study was to compare the postretention stability of the correction of mandibular anterior-tooth irregularity in patients with Class II malocclusions whose orthodontic treatments included extraction of 2 or 4 premolars. METHODS: A total of 66 patients were selected who initially had at least one-half-cusp Class II malocclusions. Nineteen patients (9 male, 10 female) with an initial mean age of 14.04 years were treated with extraction of 2 premolars (group 1); 47 patients (20 male, 27 female) with an initial mean age of 13.03 years were treated with extraction of 4 premolars (group 2). A subgroup of group 2, with a similar amount of initial anterior-tooth irregularity as group 1, was also compared with group 1. Little's irregularity index was used to evaluate anterior tooth irregularity in dental casts obtained from each patient before treatment, after treatment, and 5 years after active treatment. Initial cephalometric variables, initial treatment priority index, pretreatment age, treatment time, and posttreatment time of the groups were compared with t tests. Similarly, Little's irregularity index values at prettreament, posttreatment, and postretention were also compared with the t test. Cephalometric treatment changes within groups were evaluated with dependent t tests. RESULTS: There were no statistically significant differences in posttretention anterior-tooth irregularity between groups 1 and 2 or the subgroup. CONCLUSIONS: Treatment of Class II malocclusion with extraction of either 2 maxillary premolars or 4 premolars provides the same mandibular anterior-tooth alignment stability.

Evaluation of the Genotoxicity of Endodontic Materials for Deciduous Teeth Using the Comet Assay

ABSTRACT Objective: To evaluate genotoxicity of zinc oxide, P. A. calcium hydroxide, mineral trioxide aggregate and an iodoform paste using comet assay on human lymphocytes. Material and Methods: Two positive controls were used: methyl-methanesulfonate for the P.A. calcium hydroxide and mineral trioxide aggregate; and doxorubicin for the iodoform paste and zinc oxide. There were also two negative controls: distilled water for the P.A. calcium hydroxide and mineral trioxide aggregate; and DMSO for the iodoform paste and zinc oxide. Comets were identified using fluorescence microscopy and 100 of them were counted on each of the three slides analyzed per drug test. A damage index was established, taking into consideration the score pattern that had previously been determined from the size and intensity of the comet tail. Analysis of variance, followed by Tukey's test, was used to compare the means of the DNA damage indices. Results: The DNA damage index observed for mineral trioxide aggregate (7.08 to 8.58) and P.A. calcium hydroxide (6.50 to 8.33), which were similar to negative control index. On the other hand, damage index for zinc oxide (104.7 to 218.50) and iodoform paste (115.7 to 210.7) were similar to positive control index. Conclusion: Iodoform paste and zinc oxide showed genotoxicity at all concentrations used.

Reflexões sobre distanciamento, isolamento social e quarentena como medidas preventivas da covid-19 / Reflexiones sobre distanciamiento, aislamiento social y cuarentena como medidas preventivas de la covid-19 / Reflections on distancing, social isolation and quarantine as preventive measures against covid-19

Objetivo: Refletir sobre distanciamento, isolamento social e quarentena como medidas de prevenção da infecção em massa pelo SARSCoV-2, vírus responsável pela COVID-19. Métodos: Ensaio teórico reflexivo, embasado em ideias de estudiosos do tema, mediante levantamento bibliográfico no Google Acadêmico, na PUBMED/MEDLINE, em site oficial e jornais online, selecionados a partir das palavras-chave "COVID-19", "distanciamento social", "isolamento social", "quarentena" e suas combinações. Resultados e Discussão: Distanciamento, isolamento social e quarentena são medidas preventivas de extrema importância para a redução da velocidade e a disseminação da infecção entre indivíduos. Além de frear a mortalidade causada pela doença, envolvem aspectos de natureza emocional, psicológica, biológica, social, cultural, política e espiritual. Requer utilização de estratégias de enfrentamento, como mudanças no estilo de vida, manter boas relações interpessoais online, afastar-se do excesso de informações sobre a doença, realizar atividades de lazer, exercer a solidariedade, entre outros. Conclusão: Embora essas medidas preventivas acarretem prejuízos à economia mundial, às relações governamentais e de trabalho, mostram-se como grande oportunidade de a sociedade vir a ter uma melhor compreensão da vida em coletividade, dos estados ressignificarem as suas práticas e, ainda, das pessoas reavaliarem o que é mesmo importante em suas vidas (AU)

Objective: To reflect on distancing, social isolation and quarantine, as measures to prevent mass infection by SARS-CoV-2, the virus responsible for COVID-19. Methods: Reflective theoretical essay, based on ideas of scholars on the subject, by means of a bibliographic survey on Google Scholar, PUBMED/MEDLINE, official websites and online newspapers, selected from the keywords "COVID-19", "social distancing", "social isolation", "quarantine" and their combinations. Results and Discussion: Distancing, social isolation and quarantine are extremely important preventive measures to reduce the speed and spread of the infection among individuals. In addition to curbing the disease mortality levels, they involve aspects of an emotional, psychological, biological, social, cultural, political, and spiritual nature. They require the use of coping strategies, such as changes in lifestyle, maintenance of good interpersonal relationships online, avoidance of excess of information about the disease, performance of leisure activities, exercise of solidarity, among others. Conclusion: Although these preventive measures harm the world's economic, governmental and labor relations, they are a great opportunity for society to better understand collective life; for nations to reframe their practices; and for people to reevaluate what is really important in their lives (AU)

Objetivo: Reflexionar sobre distanciamiento, aislamiento social y cuarentena, como medidas de prevención de la infección en masa por el SARS-CoV-2, virus responsable por la COVID-19. Métodos: Ensayo teórico reflexivo, basado en ideas de estudiosos del tema, mediante un levantamiento bibliográfico en Google Académico, en PUBMED/MEDLINE, páginas oficiales y periódicos online, seleccionados a partir de las palabras clave "COVID-19", "distanciamiento social", "aislamiento social", "cuarentena" y sus combinaciones. Resultados y Discusión: El distanciamiento, el aislamiento social y la cuarentena son medidas preventivas de extrema importancia para la reducción de la velocidad y diseminación de la infección de los individuos. Además de frenar la mortalidad por la enfermedad, implican aspectos de naturaleza emocional, psicológica, biológica, social, cultural, política y espiritual. Requiere la utilización de estrategias de enfrentamiento, como cambios en el estilo de vida, mantener buenas relaciones interpersonales online, alejarse del exceso de informaciones sobre la enfermedad, realizar actividades de ocio, ejercer la solidaridad, entre otros. Conclusión: Aunque esas medidas preventivas acarreten perjuicios a la economía mundial, a las relaciones gubernamentales y de trabajo, se muestran como una gran oportunidad para que la sociedad venga a tener una mejor comprensión de la vida en colectividad, que los estados resignifiquen sus prácticas y que las personas reevalúen lo que es realmente importante en sus vidas (AU)

Comparative evaluation of esthetic perception of black spaces in patients with mandibular incisor extraction.

OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the degree of perception of laypersons, dental professionals, and students with regard to the esthetics of the smile in cases of mandibular incisor extractions with the presence of black spaces between them. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Changes were made to a front-view intraoral photograph of occlusion treated by means of a mandibular incisor extraction, simulating various configurations of black spaces between mandibular incisors. For this purpose, a specific image manipulation program was used (Photoshop CS3). After digital manipulation the photographs were printed on photographic paper and attached to a questionnaire and distributed to laypersons, dental professionals, and students (n  =  90). To evaluate the degree of esthetics, an attractiveness scale was used, in which a score of 0 would represent "hardly attractive," 5 "attractive," and 10 "very attractive." The differences between examiners were checked using the Mann-Whitney test. All of the statistics were performed with a confidence level of 95%. RESULTS: The results demonstrated that dentistry professionals, students, and laypersons were capable of identifying cases with and without black spaces. In all groups evaluated, with the increase in black spaces the scores assigned were statistically lower (P < .05). CONCLUSIONS: It could be concluded that black spaces occurring after mandibular incisor extraction had a negative repercussion on dental esthetics for the dentist, the dental student, and the layperson.

Perception of the esthetic impact of mandibular incisor extraction treatment on laypersons, dental professionals, and dental students.

OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the degree of perception of laypersons, dental professionals, and dental students regarding dental esthetics in cases with mandibular central incisor extraction. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Using a smile photograph of a person with normal occlusion and all teeth, modifications were made to reflect the extraction of a mandibular incisor of various compositions and sizes. For this purpose a program specifically for image manipulation (Adobe Photoshop CS3, Adobe Systems Inc) was used. After manipulation the images were printed on photographic paper, attached to a questionnaire and distributed to laypersons, dental professionals, and dental students (n  =  90) to evaluate the degree of perception and esthetic using a scale of attractiveness, where 0  =  hardly attractive, 5  =  attractive, and 10  =  very attractive. The differences between examiners were checked by the Mann-Whitney test. All the statistics were performed with a confidence level of 95%. RESULTS: The results demonstrated the skill of the dental professionals and dental students in perceiving the difference between cases of normal occlusion and cases where an incisor was lacking (P < .05). The photograph in which the lateral incisors were shown to be larger than the central incisor was the one that obtained the highest value among the cases of extraction in all groups of evaluators. CONCLUSIONS: It can be concluded that dental professionals and dental students are more skillful at identifying deviation from normality. In addition, central incisor extraction should always be discarded when there are other treatment options available.

Effect of 10% papain gel on enamel deproteinization before bonding procedure.

OBJECTIVE: To test the null hypothesis that enamel deproteinization with 10% papain gel does not increase the shear bond strength of orthodontic brackets bonded with resin-modified glass ionomer cement (RMGIC). MATERIALS AND METHODS: One hundred and twenty bovine incisors were used and divided into eight groups: 1) Transbond XT according to the manufacturer's recommendations, 2) Transbond XT deproteinized with 10% papain gel, 3) RMGIC without enamel deproteinization and without etching, 4) RMGIC without enamel etching and with deproteinization with 10% papain gel, 5) RMGIC deproteinized with 10% papain gel and etched with polyacrylic acid, 6) RMGIC deproteinized with 10% papain gel and etched with phosphoric acid, 7) RMGIC deproteinized with 2.5% sodium hypochlorite, and 8) RMGIC etched with polyacrylic acid. After bonding, the mechanical tests were performed in a Universal mechanical test machine. The values obtained were submitted to an analysis of variance and afterward to the Tukey test (P < .05). RESULTS: It was demonstrated that group 2 presented the highest shear bond strength value, and this differed statistically from the others; group 3 presented the lowest value and showed no differences from groups 4, 5, 7, and 8. Regarding the Adhesive Remnant Index, groups 2 and 6 presented the best results and groups 3 and 8 the worst. It could be concluded that enamel deproteinization with 10% papain gel increases the shear bond strength, irrespective of the etching agent. CONCLUSIONS: The hypothesis is rejected. Papain gel was shown to be a new ally in the orthodontic clinic.

Applicability of Bolton tooth-size ratios in racial groups.

AIM: To determine whether there is sexual dimorphism regarding Bolton ratios within four ethnic groups and to compare them against Bolton standards. METHODS: The sample consisted of 140 dental study casts of untreated normal occlusion subjects, derived from four racial groups: black, white, Afro-Mediterranean, and Japanese. Anterior and overall Bolton ratios were calculated for each cast. The Kolmogorov-Smirnov test, t test, and one-way ANOVA were used. RESULTS: No statistically significant sexual dimorphism in anterior or total tooth-size ratios were found within any group. Only the Japanese anterior ratio (75.09) was statistically less than the Bolton standard (77.2; P<.001). CONCLUSION: The Bolton ratio can be applied to the investigated ethnic groups except for the anterior ratio in Japanese patients.

A comparison of skeletal, dentoalveolar and soft tissue characteristics in white and black Brazilian subjects.

OBJECTIVE: This study aimed to compare skeletal, dentoalveolar and soft tissue characteristics in white and black Brazilian subjects presenting normal occlusions. MATERIAL AND METHODS: The sample comprised the lateral cephalograms of 106 untreated Brazilian subjects with normal occlusion, divided into two groups: Group 1- 50 white subjects (25 of each gender), at a mean age of 13.17 years (standard deviation 1.07); and Group 2- 56 black subjects (28 of each gender), at a mean age of 13.24 years (standard deviation 0.56). Variables studied were obtained from several cephalometric analyses. Independent t tests were used for intergroup comparison and to determine sexual dimorphism. RESULTS: black subjects presented a more protruded maxilla and mandible, a smaller chin prominence and a greater maxillomandibular discrepancy than white subjects. Blacks presented a more horizontal craniofacial growth pattern than whites. Maxillary and mandibular incisors presented more protruded and proclined in black subjects. The nasolabial angle was larger in whites. Upper and lower lips were more protruded in blacks than in whites. CONCLUSIONS: The present study found a bimaxillary skeletal, dentoalveolar and soft tissue protrusion in black Brazilian subjects compared to white Brazilian subjects, both groups with normal occlusion. Upper and lower lips showed to be more protruded in blacks, but lip thickness was similar in both groups.

Avaliação in vitro da Citotoxicidade de Enxaguatórios Bucais com e sem Álcool / In vitro assessment of the cytotoxicity of mouthwashes with and without alcohol

O objetivo do presente trabalho foi verificar a hipótese de que enxaguatórios bucais sem álcool apresentam menor citotoxicidade quando comparado aos com álcool. Avaliou-se os enxaguatórios Plax: Convencional (com álcool) e Sem álcool em diferentes tempos: 1, 15, 30, 45, 60 e 120 segundos quanto seu efeito citotóxico em fibroblastos gengivais L929. Utilizou-se 3 grupos controle: positivo (C+) detergente celular Tween 80, negativo (C-) PBS, e controle de célula (CC) onde as células não foram expostas a nenhum material. O ensaio de citotoxicidade foi realizado utilizando cultura celular de fibroblasto de camundongo (L929). Após contato do enxaguatório com as células, as mesmas foram colocadas em contato com o corante vital vermelho neutro utilizado-se a técnica ("dye uptake"). Os valores da quantidade de células viáveis, foram submetidos à análise da variância (ANOVA) para determinar se havia diferenças estatísticas entre os grupos, e posteriormente ao teste de Tukey (p<0.05). Os resultados demonstraram maior citotoxicidade dos enxaguatórios com álcool. Os enxaguatórios sem álcool apresentaram maior quantidade de células viáveis no entanto ainda assim apresentaram diferenças estatísticas com os grupos controle de células e controle negativo (p<0.05). A citotoxicidade foi diretamente proporcional ao tempo de exposição às culturas de células. Dessa forma pode-se concluir que a hipótese foi confirmada em partes, haja vista que os enxaguatórios sem álcool apresentaram menor citotoxicidade que os com álcool, mas ainda apresentaram citotoxicidade quando comparado aos grupos controle de célula e negativo.

Avaliação in vitro da citotoxicidade de enxaguatórios bucais Listerine® / In vitro cytotoxicity of Listerine® mouthwash

Objetivo: Avaliar a citotoxicidade de enxaguatórios bucais Listerine em diferentes períodos de tempo. Material e Métodos: Avaliaram-se os enxaguatórios Listerine: Vanilla Mint, Clássico, Cool Citrus, Menta, Tarta Control e Whitening em diferentes tempos: 1, 15, 30, 45, 60 e 120 segundos quanto ao seu efeito citotóxico em fibroblastos gengivais L929. Utilizaram-se 3 grupos controle: positivo (C+) detergente celular Tween 80, negativo (C-) PBS e controle de célula (CC) em que as células não foram expostas a nenhum material. O ensaio de citotoxicidade foi realizado, utilizando-se cultura celular de fibroblasto de camundongo (L929). Após contato do enxaguatório com as células, estas foram colocadas em contato com o corante vital vermelho neutro, utilizando-se a técnica ("dye uptake"). Os valores da quantidade de células viáveis foram submetidos à análise da variância (ANOVA) para determinar se havia diferenças estatísticas entre os grupos e posteriormente ao teste de Tukey (p<0.05). Resultados: Os resultados demonstraram que todos os enxaguatórios apresentaram citotoxicidade em todos os tempos avaliados. Os mais citotóxicos foram o Tarta Control e Whitening, e o que apresentou menos citotoxicidade foi o Clássico. Essa citotoxicidade foi diretamente proporcional ao tempo de exposição às culturas de células. Conclusão: Pode-se concluir com a realização deste trabalho que todos os enxaguatórios avaliados apresentaram citotoxicidade.

Objective: Evaluate the cytotoxicity of Listerine mouthwash in different time periods. Materials and Methods: We evaluated the mouthwash Listerine: Mint Vanilla, Classic, Cool Citrus, Mint, Control and Tarta Whitening at different times: 1, 15, 30, 45, 60 and 120 seconds as their cytotoxic effect on gingival fibroblasts L929. We used three control groups: positive (C +) cell detergent Tween 80 was negative (C-), PBS, and cell control (CC) where the cells were not exposed to any material. The cytotoxicity assay was performed using cell culture of mouse fibroblast (L929). After contacting the mouthwash with the cells, they were placed in contact with the vital dye neutral red used the technique (dye uptake). The values of the amount of viable cells, were subjected to analysis of variance (ANOVA) to determine whether there were statistical differences between groups, and subsequently Tukey test (p <0.05). Results: The results showed that all mouthrinses showed cytotoxicity at all times evaluated. The most cytotoxic were Tarta Control and Whitening, and showed less cytotoxicity than was the Classic. This cytotoxicity was directly proportional to exposure time to cell cultures. Conclusion: It can be concluded with the completion of this work showed that all mouthrinses evaluated cytotoxicity.

Avaliação in vitro da citotoxicidade de bráquetes ortodônticos cerâmicos com e sem canaleta metálica / In vitro evaluation of the cytotoxicity of ceramic orthodontic brackets with and without metallic slot

Introdução: O propósito deste estudo é avaliar a citotoxicidade de bráquetes cerâmicos com e sem canaletas metálicas. Métodos: foram avaliados bráquetes de cerâmica de uma mesma marca comercial (American Or¬thodontics) distribuídos em dois grupos: 1 ?cerâmico com canaleta metálica e 2 ? cerâmico convencional. Três grupos-controle foram avaliados: controle positivo (C+), constituído de um cilindro de amálgama, controle negativo (C-), bastão de vidro, e controle de célula (CC) onde as células não foram expostas a nenhum material. Previamente, os bráquetes foram esterilizados em luz ultravioleta. Após isso, foram imersos em meio mínimo essencial de Eagle por 24 horas, e então procedeu-se à remoção do sobrenadante e colocação em contato com fibroblastos L929. Avaliou-se a citotoxicidade em 4 períodos, 24, 48, 72 e 168 horas. Após contato com o meio, as células foram incubadas por mais 24 horas, quando então foram adicionados 100?l do corante ver¬melho neutro a 0,01%. Passado esse período, foi realizada a contagem de células viáveis em espectrofotômetro em um comprimento de onda de 492nm. Resultados: Não foram encontradas diferenças estatísticas entre os grupos experimentais (1 e 2) e os grupos-controle negativo e controle de célula (p>0.05). O controle positivo foi diferente estatisticamente de todos os outros (p<0.05). Conclusâo: Os bráquetes de cerâmica avaliados não são citotóxicos

Introduction: The purpose of this study is to evaluate the cytotoxicity of ceramic orthodontic brackets, with or without metallic slot. Methods: Ceramic orthodontic brackets from different commercial brands were exam¬ined (American Orthodontics) and divided into two groups: 1- ceramic with metallic slot and 2- conventional ceramic. Three different control groups have been analyzed: positive control (C+) made of an amalgam barrel, negative control (C-) made of a glass rod and cell control (CC) where the cells were not exposed to any material. First of all, the brackets were sterilized by an ultraviolet light and then immersed in Eagle minimum essential for about 24 hours. The supernatants were collected and their cytotoxicity to L929 fibroblasts where analyzed in 4 periods: 24, 48, 72 and 168 hours. After the contact with the environment, the cells were incubated for another 24 hours and then stained with 100?l of 0,01% neutral red dye. The viable cells were counted using a spectrophotometer with a wavelength of 492nm. Results: Any statistics differences have been found among the experimental groups (1 and 2) and negative control and cell control groups (p>0.05). The positive control group was statistically different from the other groups (p<0.05). Conclusion: The ceramic orthodontic brackets evaluated are not cytotoxic

A comparison of skeletal, dentoalveolar and soft tissue characteristics in white and black Brazilian subjects

OBJECTIVE: This study aimed to compare skeletal, dentoalveolar and soft tissue characteristics in white and black Brazilian subjects presenting normal occlusions. MATERIAL AND METHODS: The sample comprised the lateral cephalograms of 106 untreated Brazilian subjects with normal occlusion, divided into two groups: Group 1- 50 white subjects (25 of each gender), at a mean age of 13.17 years (standard deviation 1.07); and Group 2- 56 black subjects (28 of each gender), at a mean age of 13.24 years (standard deviation 0.56). Variables studied were obtained from several cephalometric analyses. Independent t tests were used for intergroup comparison and to determine sexual dimorphism. RESULTS: black subjects presented a more protruded maxilla and mandible, a smaller chin prominence and a greater maxillomandibular discrepancy than white subjects. Blacks presented a more horizontal craniofacial growth pattern than whites. Maxillary and mandibular incisors presented more protruded and proclined in black subjects. The nasolabial angle was larger in whites. Upper and lower lips were more protruded in blacks than in whites. CONCLUSIONS: The present study found a bimaxillary skeletal, dentoalveolar and soft tissue protrusion in black Brazilian subjects compared to white Brazilian subjects, both groups with normal occlusion. Upper and lower lips showed to be more protruded in blacks, but lip thickness was similar in both groups.

Tratamento ortodôntico com aparelho removível no serviço público em paciente com mordida cruzada e assimetria facial: relato de caso / Orthodontic treatment with removable appliance in a patient with crossbite and facial asymmetry on public health system: case report

O tratamento precoce da mordida cruzada anterior e posterior evita que a má oclusão permaneça na fase da dentição permanente, redirecionando o crescimento facial e restabelecendo o equilíbrio funcional. Tratamentos ortodônticos interceptativos, quando instituídos precocemente e com a colaboração do paciente, são viáveis de serem realizados no serviço público e apresentam resultados relevantes. Desta forma, o presente trabalho tem como objetivo relatar a correção da mordida cruzada anterior e posterior presente em todo hemiarco esquerdo da paciente, utilizando aparelho ortodôntico removível, minimizando a complexidade de possíveis tratamentos futuros. Os resultados foram obtidos com 1 ano e 1 mês de tratamento e a paciente deverá ter seu crescimento facial supervisionado, pois apresenta uma tendência de crescimento facial desfavorável.

Early treatment for anterior and posterior crossbites avoids that the malocclusion remains at the stage of permanent dentition, properly redirecting the facial growth and reestablishing the functional balance. Interceptive orthodontic treatments, when instituted early with the patient compliance, are feasible to be conducted in public health system and relevant results. Therefore this paper aimed at reporting the correction of anterior and posterior crossbites present throughout the patient’s left quadrants using a removable orthodontic appliance, minimizing the complexity of possible future treatments. The results were obtained at 1 year and 1 month of treatment and the patient should have his facial growth supervised, since she has an unfavorable facial growth trend.

Período de amamentação, hábitos bucais deletérios e más-oclusões: existe uma relação / Period of breastfeeding, oral habits and malocclusion: is there a relationship

Objetivo: avaliar a frequência de má-oclusão em crianças, na faixa etária de seis a oito anos, verificando a sua relação com o tempo de amamentação e a presença dos hábitos orais deletérios. Material e Métodos: foi aplicado, aos cuidadores de crianças com faixa etária compreendida entre seis e oito anos de idade, um questionário que continha informações sobre os métodos e a duração da alimentação de lactentes, bem como a história do não nutritivo hábito de sucção. A avaliação se deu por duas etapas, sendo a primeira respondida pelos responsáveis por cada criança. A segunda etapa consistia em uma avaliação intraoral, por parte do dentista. As associações entre as variáveis de má-oclusão e hábitos bucais com o tempo de amamentação e hábitos bucais foram testadas por meio da técnica de regressão de Poisson. Foram calculados modelos robustos ajustados por sexo e idade para estimar as razões de prevalências (RP), com os seus respectivos intervalos de confiança de 95% (IC 95%). Resultados: demonstraram que, mesmo apresentando alto índice de má-oclusão entre os avaliados, o tempo de amamentação não está relacionado à aquisição de hábitos deletérios e à instalação de má-oclusão. Conclusão: pôde-se concluir que a frequência de má-oclusão não está relacionada com o tempo de amamentação e a presença dos hábitos orais deletérios.

Objective: to evaluate the frequency of malocclusion in children aged six to eight years checking their relationship with the duration of breastfeeding and the presence of harmful oral habits. Materials and Methods: from possession of a questionnaire that contained information on the methods and duration of infant feeding, as well as the history of non-nutritive sucking habits were distributed to caregivers of children aged between six and eight years old. The evaluation was made in two stages the first being answered by those responsible for each child and the second stage consisted of an intra-oral assessment. The associations between the variables of malocclusion and oral habits with the duration of breastfeeding and oral habits were tested by means of Poisson regression technique. We calculated robust models adjusted for age and sex to estimate prevalence ratios (PR), with their respective confidence intervals (95%). Results: showed that even with a high rate of malocclusion among the evaluated, the feeding time is not related to the acquisition of deleterious habits and installation of malocclusion. Conclusions: it can be concluded that the presence of malocclusion is not related to breastfeeding duration and the presence of harmful oral habits.

Avaliação qualitativa e quantitativa de streptococcus mutans na saliva de pacientes em tratamento ortodôntico com aparelhos removíveis / Qualitative and quantitative evaluation of streptococcus mutans in saliva of patients undergoing orthodontic treatment with removable appliances

O objetivo do trabalho é avaliar os níveis salivares de streptococcus mutans, antes e durante o tratamento ortodôntico com aparelhos removíveis. A amostra foi constituída de 19 pacientes em terapia Ortodontia preventiva e interceptativa. Para tanto, foram realizadas coletas de saliva 15 dias antes e 45 dias após a instalação do aparelho. A saliva coletada passou por análise microbiológica, através do meio MSB, para identificação e contagem bacteriana; para confirmação da espécie foram realizadas provas bioquímicas com a fermentação de manitol, sorbitol e rafinose. Foi observado que dos 19 pacientes, 73,68% apresentaram aumento estatisticamente significativo (p < 0,05) na contagem de streptococcus mutans, e 26,31% apresentaram redução. Em relação ao risco de cárie dental, 68% dos pacientes foram classificados em alto risco devido às contagens superiores a 250.000 (105) UFC/ml de saliva. A elevada taxa de colonização por streptococcus mutans associada ao uso de aparelhos ortodônticos removíveis pode não ser necessariamente preditiva de cáries em desenvolvimento, mas sublima a necessidade de medidas preventivas durante todo o período de tratamento ortodôntico.

The aim of the study was to evaluate salivary levels of streptococcus mutans, before and during orthodontic treatment with removable appliances. The sample consisted of 19 patients undergoing Preventive and Interceptive Orthodontic therapy. For this purpose, saliva was collected 15 days before and 45 days after placement of the appliance. The saliva collected was submitted to microbiological analysis by means of MSB, for identification and quantification of bacterial count; and for confirmation of species, biochemical assays were performed with mannitol, sorbitol and raffinose fermentation. It was observed that of the 19 patients, 73.68% presented statistically significant increase (p < 0.05) in streptococcus mutans count, and 26.31% presented reduction. As regards risk for dental caries, 68% of the patients were classified as high risk due to counts exceeding 250,000 (105) CFU/ml of saliva. The high rate of colonization by streptococcus mutans associated with the use of removable orthodontic appliances may not necessarily be predictive of caries in development, but increases the need for preventive measures during the entire period of orthodontic treatment.

Ortodontia interceptiva em pacientes especiais: relato de dois casos clínicos / Interceptive Orthodontics in special patients: two case reports

Geralmente, os pacientes portadores de necessidades especiais apresentam músculos orofaciais com função anormal, alteração no crescimento facial e na oclusão, prevalência de cárie e doença periodontal, além da má oclusão como um problema recorrente. A intervenção ortodôntica, quando indicada, tem um importante papel nesses tratamentos e deve ser realizado com a colaboração do paciente e, principalmente, de seus cuidadores. / Métodos / Esse trabalho apresenta dois casos clínicos, um caso de paralisia cerebral com mordida cruzada anterior e outro de Síndrome de Down com erupção ectópica e mordida cruzada anterior, ambos tratados por meio da Ortodontia Interceptativa no Módulo de Odontologia da Universidade Estadual do Sudoeste da Bahia. / Resultados / Os dois casos tiveram uma boa evolução e conclusão, a colaboração dos pais e dos pacientes permitiu que a má oclusão fosse revertida em menos de seis meses. / Conclusões / O tratamento ortodôntico, desde que bem conduzido, apresenta resultados semelhantes aos de pacientes convencionais, mas esse só é possível com a colaboração dos pais/cuidadores.

Retratamento de Classe II esquelética com mini-implantes ortodônticos: relato de caso / Retreatment of skeletal Class II with the orthodontic miniscrews: case report

A perda de ancoragem caracteriza-se como uma grave falha de biomecânica ortodôntica, principalmente em pacientes com discrepâncias esqueléticas severas. Como opção segura de movimentação dentária sem efeito de forças indesejáveis, os mini-implantes ortodônticos demonstraram ser um recurso de fácil instalação e grande previsibilidade. Portanto, este trabalho objetivou relatar um caso de retratamento ortodôntico de uma paciente com Classe II esquelética sem possibilidade de exodontias dos primeiros pré-molares superiores, realizadas no primeiro tratamento. Os espaços foram fechados totalmente sem nenhum cuidado com a ancoragem ortodôntica, agravando a relação dentária de Classe II e o perfil facial continuou bastante convexo. Dessa forma, após avaliação de nova documentação ortodôntica, diagnóstico cefalométrico do caso e colagem de novo aparelho ortodôntico da marca Abzil 3M, slot 0.022” com prescrição Padrão II Capelozza, foram utilizados mini-implantes ortodônticos inicialmente instalados entre caninos superiores e pré-molares para distalização dos molares e pré-molares. Esses mesmos mini-implantes foram depois reposicionados entre primeiros molares e pré-molares para distalização de caninos e retração anterior. Associados aos mini-implantes, foram utilizados cursores confeccionados com fio de aço 0.70” no lado direito e esquerdo da arcada superior e elásticos em corrente para promover a movimentação dos dentes superiores. Em menos de dois anos o caso foi concluído, restabelecendo uma oclusão satisfatória com molares em Classe II e caninos em Classe I. O perfil facial ficou suavemente convexo, bastante harmônico com a face da paciente. Foram utilizados placa de Hawley superior e contenção 3x3 na arcada inferior para estabilização do caso.

The loss of anchorage is characterized as a serious failure of orthodontic biomechanics, especially in patients with severe skeletal discrepancies. How safe option of moving teeth without undesirable effect of forces, the orthodontic mini-implants have proven to be a feature easy installation and great predictability. Therefore, this study aimed to report a case of orthodontic retreatment of a patient with skeletal Class II without the possibility of tooth extraction of the first premolars, performed the first treatment. The spaces were closed completely with no care for orthodontic anchorage, exacerbating the Class II dental relationship, and the facial profile remained quite convex. Thus, after evaluation of new orthodontic documentation, cephalometric diagnosis of the case and bonded a new orthodontic appliance (3M Abzil, slot 0.022” prescription Pattern II Capelozza) were used orthodontic mini-implants initially installed between upper canine and premolars for distalization of molars and premolars. The same mini-implants were then repositioned between the first molars and premolars for distalization of canines and anterior retraction. Associated with mini-implants were used cursors made with steel wire 0.70” on the right and left upper jaw, and elastic chain to promote the movement of the upper teeth. In less than two years the case has been completed, restoring a satisfactory occlusion with Class II molars and canines in Class I. The face was slightly convex profile, very harmonious with the face of the patient. Hawley plate was used in maxillary arch and lower teeth a retainer 3x3 for stabilization in the case.