The Safety of Inpatient Health Care.

BACKGROUND: Adverse events during hospitalization are a major cause of patient harm, as documented in the 1991 Harvard Medical Practice Study. Patient safety has changed substantially in the decades since that study was conducted, and a more current assessment of harm during hospitalization is warranted. METHODS: We conducted a retrospective cohort study to assess the frequency, preventability, and severity of patient harm in a random sample of admissions from 11 Massachusetts hospitals during the 2018 calendar year. The occurrence of adverse events was assessed with the use of a trigger method (identification of information in a medical record that was previously shown to be associated with adverse events) and from review of medical records. Trained nurses reviewed records and identified admissions with possible adverse events that were then adjudicated by physicians, who confirmed the presence and characteristics of the adverse events. RESULTS: In a random sample of 2809 admissions, we identified at least one adverse event in 23.6%. Among 978 adverse events, 222 (22.7%) were judged to be preventable and 316 (32.3%) had a severity level of serious (i.e., caused harm that resulted in substantial intervention or prolonged recovery) or higher. A preventable adverse event occurred in 191 (6.8%) of all admissions, and a preventable adverse event with a severity level of serious or higher occurred in 29 (1.0%). There were seven deaths, one of which was deemed to be preventable. Adverse drug events were the most common adverse events (accounting for 39.0% of all events), followed by surgical or other procedural events (30.4%), patient-care events (which were defined as events associated with nursing care, including falls and pressure ulcers) (15.0%), and health care-associated infections (11.9%). CONCLUSIONS: Adverse events were identified in nearly one in four admissions, and approximately one fourth of the events were preventable. These findings underscore the importance of patient safety and the need for continuing improvement. (Funded by the Controlled Risk Insurance Company and the Risk Management Foundation of the Harvard Medical Institutions.).

The Safety of Outpatient Health Care : Review of Electronic Health Records.

BACKGROUND: Despite considerable emphasis on delivering safe care, substantial patient harm occurs. Although most care occurs in the outpatient setting, knowledge of outpatient adverse events (AEs) remains limited. OBJECTIVE: To measure AEs in the outpatient setting. DESIGN: Retrospective review of the electronic health record (EHR). SETTING: 11 outpatient sites in Massachusetts in 2018. PATIENTS: 3103 patients who received outpatient care. MEASUREMENTS: Using a trigger method, nurse reviewers identified possible AEs and physicians adjudicated them, ranked severity, and assessed preventability. Generalized estimating equations were used to assess the association of having at least 1 AE with age, sex, race, and primary insurance. Variation in AE rates was analyzed across sites. RESULTS: The 3103 patients (mean age, 52 years) were more often female (59.8%), White (75.1%), English speakers (90.8%), and privately insured (70.4%) and had a mean of 4 outpatient encounters in 2018. Overall, 7.0% (95% CI, 4.6% to 9.3%) of patients had at least 1 AE (8.6 events per 100 patients annually). Adverse drug events were the most common AE (63.8%), followed by health care-associated infections (14.8%) and surgical or procedural events (14.2%). Severity was serious in 17.4% of AEs, life-threatening in 2.1%, and never fatal. Overall, 23.2% of AEs were preventable. Having at least 1 AE was less often associated with ages 18 to 44 years than with ages 65 to 84 years (standardized risk difference, -0.05 [CI, -0.09 to -0.02]) and more often associated with Black race than with Asian race (standardized risk difference, 0.09 [CI, 0.01 to 0.17]). Across study sites, 1.8% to 23.6% of patients had at least 1 AE and clinical category of AEs varied substantially. LIMITATION: Retrospective EHR review may miss AEs. CONCLUSION: Outpatient harm was relatively common and often serious. Adverse drug events were most frequent. Rates were higher among older adults. Interventions to curtail outpatient harm are urgently needed. PRIMARY FUNDING SOURCE: Controlled Risk Insurance Company and the Risk Management Foundation of the Harvard Medical Institutions.

Serum proteomic profiling of rheumatoid arthritis-interstitial lung disease with a comparison to idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis.

Although interstitial lung disease (ILD) causes significant morbidity and mortality in rheumatoid arthritis (RA), it is difficult to predict the development or progression of ILD, emphasising the need for improved discovery through minimally invasive diagnostic tests. Aptamer-based proteomic profiling was used to assess 1321 proteins from 159 patients with rheumatoid arthritis with interstitial lung disease (RA-ILD), RA without ILD, idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis and healthy controls. Differential expression and gene set enrichment analyses revealed molecular signatures that are strongly associated with the presence and severity of RA-ILD and provided insight into unexplored pathways of disease. These warrant further study as non-invasive diagnostic tools and future therapeutic targets.

Screening for preclinical parenchymal lung disease in rheumatoid arthritis.

OBJECTIVES: Pulmonary disease is a common extraarticular manifestation of RA associated with increased morbidity and mortality. No current strategies exist for screening this at-risk population for parenchymal lung disease, including emphysema and interstitial lung disease (ILD). METHODS: RA patients without a diagnosis of ILD or chronic obstructive pulmonary disease underwent prospective and comprehensive clinical, laboratory, functional and radiological evaluations. High resolution CT (HRCT) scans were scored for preclinical emphysema and preclinical ILD and evaluated for other abnormalities. RESULTS: Pulmonary imaging and/or functional abnormalities were identified in 78 (74%) of 106 subjects; 45% had preclinical parenchymal lung disease. These individuals were older with lower diffusion capacity but had similar smoking histories compared with no disease. Preclinical emphysema (36%), the most commonly detected abnormality, was associated with older age, higher anti-cyclic citrullinated peptide antibody titres and diffusion abnormalities. A significant proportion of preclinical emphysema occurred among never smokers (47%) with a predominantly panlobular pattern. Preclinical ILD (15%) was not associated with clinical, laboratory or functional measures. CONCLUSION: We identified a high prevalence of undiagnosed preclinical parenchymal lung disease in RA driven primarily by isolated emphysema, suggesting that it may be a prevalent and previously unrecognized pulmonary manifestation of RA, even among never smokers. As clinical, laboratory and functional evaluations did not adequately identify preclinical parenchymal abnormalities, HRCT may be the most effective screening modality currently available for patients with RA.

Detection of Rheumatoid Arthritis-Interstitial Lung Disease Is Enhanced by Serum Biomarkers.

RATIONALE: Interstitial lung disease (ILD), a leading cause of morbidity and mortality in rheumatoid arthritis (RA), is highly prevalent, yet RA-ILD is underrecognized. OBJECTIVES: To identify clinical risk factors, autoantibodies, and biomarkers associated with the presence of RA-ILD. METHODS: Subjects enrolled in Brigham and Women's Hospital Rheumatoid Arthritis Sequential Study (BRASS) and American College of Rheumatology (ACR) cohorts were evaluated for ILD. Regression models were used to assess the association between variables of interest and RA-ILD. Receiver operating characteristic curves were generated in BRASS to determine if a combination of clinical risk factors and autoantibodies can identify RA-ILD and if the addition of investigational biomarkers is informative. This combinatorial signature was subsequently tested in ACR. MEASUREMENTS AND MAIN RESULTS: A total of 113 BRASS subjects with clinically indicated chest computed tomography scans (41% with a spectrum of clinically evident and subclinical RA-ILD) and 76 ACR subjects with research or clinical scans (51% with a spectrum of RA-ILD) were selected. A combination of age, sex, smoking, rheumatoid factor, and anticyclic citrullinated peptide antibodies was strongly associated with RA-ILD (areas under the curve, 0.88 for BRASS and 0.89 for ACR). Importantly, a combinatorial signature including matrix metalloproteinase 7, pulmonary and activation-regulated chemokine, and surfactant protein D significantly increased the areas under the curve to 0.97 (P = 0.002, BRASS) and 1.00 (P = 0.016, ACR). Similar trends were seen for both clinically evident and subclinical RA-ILD. CONCLUSIONS: Clinical risk factors and autoantibodies are strongly associated with the presence of clinically evident and subclinical RA-ILD on computed tomography scan in two independent RA cohorts. A biomarker signature composed of matrix metalloproteinase 7, pulmonary and activation-regulated chemokine, and surfactant protein D significantly strengthens this association. These findings may facilitate identification of RA-ILD at an earlier stage, potentially leading to decreased morbidity and mortality.

Clinical characteristics of RA patients with secondary SS and association with joint damage.

OBJECTIVES: Secondary SS (sSS) is a common extra-articular manifestation of RA. There are conflicting data regarding the association of sSS with worse joint damage. This study aims to characterize sSS patients in an RA cohort and study the association between sSS and joint damage. METHODS: We conducted a cross-sectional study of RA patients with ≥1 year of follow-up at a large academic centre. Subjects with co-morbid diseases that can also result in sicca symptoms were excluded from the analysis. Subjects were considered to have sSS if they were reported as having sSS by their rheumatologist at recruitment into the cohort and had the diagnosis confirmed by chart review. The primary outcome was Sharp score using bilateral hand radiographs at recruitment. We constructed a linear regression model to determine the association of sSS status and Sharp score adjusted by age, gender, disease duration and ACPA and RF status. RESULTS: We studied 829 RA subjects, mean age 57 years, 83% female, mean RA duration 13 years, 74% seropositive; 85 subjects (10.3%) had sSS. We observed a female predominance (95.3%), longer mean disease duration (16.9 years) and higher frequency of RF or ACPA positive among patients with sSS and RA. Having sSS at baseline was associated with higher Sharp scores (P = 0.03), independent of age, gender, RA disease duration and seropositive disease. CONCLUSION: In our RA cohort, RA subjects with sSS had worse joint damage, suggesting that sSS is a marker of more aggressive disease.

Frequency and preventability of adverse drug events in the outpatient setting.

BACKGROUND: Limited data exist regarding adverse drug events (ADEs) in the outpatient setting. The objective of this study was to determine the incidence, severity, and preventability of ADEs in the outpatient setting and identify potential prevention strategies. METHODS: We conducted an analysis of ADEs identified in a retrospective electronic health records review of outpatient encounters in 2018 at 13 outpatient sites in Massachusetts that included 13 416 outpatient encounters in 3323 patients. Triggers were identified in the medical record including medications, consultations, laboratory results, and others. If a trigger was detected, a further in-depth review was conducted by nurses and adjudicated by physicians to examine the relevant information in the medical record. Patients were included in the study if they were at least 18 years of age with at least one outpatient encounter with a physician, nurse practitioner or physician's assistant in that calendar year. Patients were excluded from the study if the outpatient encounter occurred in outpatient surgery, psychiatry, rehabilitation, and paediatrics. RESULTS: In all, 5% of patients experienced an ADE over the 1-year period. We identified 198 ADEs among 170 patients, who had a mean age of 60. Most patients experienced one ADE (87%), 10% experienced two ADEs and 3% experienced three or more ADEs. The most frequent drug classes resulting in ADEs were cardiovascular (25%), central nervous system (14%), and anti-infective agents (14%). Severity was ranked as significant in 85%, 14% were serious, 1% were life-threatening, and there were no fatal ADEs. Of the ADEs, 22% were classified as preventable and 78% were not preventable. We identified 246 potential prevention strategies, and 23% of ADEs had more than one prevention strategy possibility. CONCLUSIONS: Despite efforts to prioritise patient safety, medication-related harms are still frequent. These results underscore the need for further patient safety improvement in the outpatient setting.

Understanding Differences in Patient Descriptions of Rheumatoid Arthritis Flares Using OMERACT Core Domains.

OBJECTIVE: Recently, there has been consensus on domains that constitute flares in rheumatoid arthritis (RA); however, variations in patients' flare descriptions continue to be observed. This study evaluates how demographic and clinical characteristics influence these differences. METHODS: Participants enrolled in a prospective RA registry completed a qualitative survey that included the open-ended question "What does a flare mean to you?" Responses were categorized into Outcome Measures in Rheumatology (OMERACT) core and research domains. Univariate analyses evaluated demographic and clinical characteristics. Regression analyses determined independent variables associated with flare description variations. RESULTS: Among 645 participants, the median Disease Activity Score in 28 joints (DAS28) with C-reactive protein was 2.1 (IQR 1.6-2.9); 58% of the participants reported at least 1 flare in the past 6 months. Participants reported a median of 3 (IQR 2-5) OMERACT domains when describing flares. Fatigue was more commonly noted among females (odds ratio [OR] 6.12; P < 0.001). Older participants were less likely to report emotional distress (OR 0.97; P = 0.03), swollen joints (OR 0.99; P = 0.04), physical function decrease (OR 0.98; P = 0.02), and a general increase in RA symptoms (OR 0.98; P = 0.005). Participants with a higher DAS28 score were less likely to report symptoms of stiffness (OR 0.70; P = 0.009), and those who experienced a flare within the last 6 months were more likely to describe flares as pain (OR 2.53; P < 0.001) and fatigue (OR 2.00; P = 0.007). CONCLUSION: Variations in patients' flare descriptions can be driven by a patient's disease activity, the experience of a recent flare, as well as different demographic characteristics, such as age and gender. Understanding the interplay of these characteristics can guide a physician's approach to the management of patients' RA flares.

Remission and radiographic outcome in rheumatoid arthritis: application of the 2011 ACR/EULAR remission criteria in an observational cohort.

OBJECTIVES: One goal of remission in rheumatoid arthritis (RA) is to halt joint damage. The authors assessed the progression of radiographic joint damage among RA patients in remission by the new ACR/EULAR criteria (Boolean approach) compared with remission thresholds for the simplified disease activity index (SDAI), clinical disease activity index (CDAI) and disease activity score based on 28 joints and C-reactive protein (DAS28-CRP) in an observational cohort, and evaluated the relationship between time in remission and radiographic joint damage. METHODS: 535 RA patients underwent physical examination and laboratory assessment at baseline, 1 and 2 years. Radiographs at baseline and 2 years were scored by the van der Heijde modified Sharp score (TSS). Positive likelihood ratios for a good radiographic outcome (change in TSS <1 unit/year) were calculated for each of the remission criteria. Radiographic progression was compared between patients in remission at none, one, two and three visits by χ(2) goodness of fit statistics. RESULTS: 20% of patients in ACR/EULAR remission at baseline had radiographic progression, 24% in SDAI remission, 19% in CDAI remission and 30% of patients in DAS28-CRP remission. The positive likelihood ratio for good radiographic outcome was 2.6 for ACR/EULAR criteria, 2.1 for SDAI, 2.8 for CDAI and.1.5 for DAS28-CRP. Reduced radiographic progression was observed for patients with an increasing number of visits in remission (p<0.003 for all criteria, χ(2) goodness of fit statistics). CONCLUSIONS: Patients with RA in remission by any established criteria can experience radiographic progression. An increased number of visits in remission was associated with reduced radiographic damage.

Using genetic and clinical data to understand response to disease-modifying anti-rheumatic drug therapy: data from the Brigham and Women's Hospital Rheumatoid Arthritis Sequential Study.

The objective of this review is to report on the progress of the Brigham and Women's Hospital Rheumatoid Arthritis Sequential Study (BRASS) Registry data collection and summarize previous research in understanding therapeutic response to DMARDs using clinical and genetic data. The BRASS Registry, established in 2003, is a large, single-centre, prospective and observational cohort of 1100 RA patients. Patients with either new-onset or established RA disease are recruited from the practices of rheumatologists. Annual visits collect information on demographics, 28-joint DAS-CRP3 (DAS-28-CRP3), medication use, comorbidities and functional status (Modified Health Assessment Questionnaire, Short Form Health Survey 12). Two published studies have utilized BRASS to examine genetic predictors of treatment response. In a cross-sectional study, examining the association between candidate single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) and disease activity in a subset of 120 RA patients on MTX monotherapy, the minor allele of ATIC rs4673993 was associated with low disease activity (P=0.01, DAS-28-CRP3≤3.2). In an international collaboration, 55 BRASS patients receiving anti-TNF therapy were genotyped for 31 SNPs associated with the risk of RA. With our collaborators, we discovered an SNP at the protein tyrosine phosphatase, receptor type, C (PTPRC) gene locus that was associated with EULAR 'good response'. With accurate data collection and the capacity to run genome-wide association studies and SNP analyses, the BRASS Registry has the ability to determine the contribution of genetic variants to disease onset and to assess their usefulness as biomarkers for treatment response and drug toxicity.

An analysis of the structure and content of dashboards used to monitor patient safety in the inpatient setting.

The objective of this study is to review and compare patient safety dashboards used by hospitals and identify similarities and differences in their design, format, and scope. We reviewed design features of electronic copies of patient safety dashboards from a representative sample of 10 hospitals. The results show great heterogeneity in the format, presentation, and scope of patient safety dashboards. Hospitals varied in their use of performance indicators (targets, trends, and benchmarks), style of color coding, and timeframe for the displayed metrics. The average number of metrics per dashboard display was 28, with a wide range from 7 to 84. Given the large variation in dashboard design, there is a need for future work to assess which approaches are associated with the best outcomes, and how specific elements contribute to usability, to help customize dashboards to meet the needs of different clinical, and operational stakeholders.

Expert Consensus on Currently Accepted Measures of Harm.

BACKGROUND: Twenty-five years after the seminal work of the Harvard Medical Practice Study, the numbers and specific types of health care measures of harm have evolved and expanded. Using the World Café method to derive expert consensus, we sought to generate a contemporary list of triggers and adverse event measures that could be used for chart review to determine the current incidence of inpatient and outpatient adverse events. METHODS: We held a modified World Café event in March 2018, during which content experts were divided into 10 tables by clinical domain. After a focused discussion of a prepopulated list of literature-based triggers and measures relevant to that domain, they were asked to rate each measure on clinical importance and suitability for chart review and electronic extraction (very low, low, medium, high, very high). RESULTS: Seventy-one experts from 9 diverse institutions attended (primary acceptance rate, 72%). Of 525 total triggers and measures, 67% of 391 measures and 46% of 134 triggers were deemed to have high or very high clinical importance. For those triggers and measures with high or very high clinical importance, 218 overall were deemed to be highly amenable to chart review and 198 overall were deemed to be suitable for electronic surveillance. CONCLUSIONS: The World Café method effectively prioritized measures/triggers of high clinical importance including those that can be used in chart review, which is considered the gold standard. A future goal is to validate these measures using electronic surveillance mechanisms to decrease the need for chart review.

The longitudinal effect of biologic use on patient outcomes (disease activity, function, and disease severity) within a rheumatoid arthritis registry.

INTRODUCTION: Biologics effectively manage symptoms and disease activity in rheumatoid arthritis (RA), but their long-term effects remain unclear. METHOD: Longitudinal data were examined from the Brigham and Women's Rheumatoid Arthritis Sequential Study (BRASS) registry. Linear regression modeled the effect of biologic exposure on changes in disease activity (Disease Activity Score-28 with C-reactive protein [DAS28-CRP]), functional status (modified Health Assessment Questionnaire [mHAQ]), and RA severity (Routine Assessment of Patient Index Data [RAPID3]). Biologic exposure was the ratio of time on a biologic relative to time participating in the BRASS cohort. RESULTS: The analysis included 1395 RA patients, 82.3% female, with 6783 unique study visits from 2003 to 2015. At the patient's first visit, mean (SD) age was 56.3 (14.2) years and mean (SD) duration of RA was 12.7 (11.9) years. Average follow-up duration was 5.59 years (range, 1-13). Over time, DAS28-CRP, mHAQ, and RAPID3 scores decreased as the biologic exposure ratio increased. In repeated measures regression models, increased biologic exposure was significantly associated with decreased DAS28-CRP score (ß = - 0.647; P < 0.001), decreased mHAQ score (ß = - 0.096; P < 0.001), and decreased RAPID3 score (ß = - 0.724; P < 0.001) during follow-up. Methotrexate use at baseline predicted decreased DAS28-CRP, mHAQ, and RAPID3 scores during follow-up. Biologic use at baseline predicted increased DAS28-CRP or mHAQ during follow-up. CONCLUSIONS: Increased biologic exposure is associated with decreased disease activity, function impairment, and RA severity. Future studies should examine whether earlier initiation of biologics improves patient outcomes in RA. TRIAL REGISTRATION: ClinicalTrials.gov , NCT01793103 Key Points • Biologics effectively manage symptoms and disease activity in rheumatoid arthritis (RA), but their long-term effects remain unclear. • In this analysis of longitudinal annual population samples of 1395 RA patients in the Brigham and Women's Rheumatoid Arthritis Sequential Study (BRASS) registry, disease activity, function, and severity scores improved as time on biologic therapy increased. • In repeated measures regression models, time on biologic therapy was a significant predictor of improved outcomes for disease activity, function, and RA severity. • Further studies should examine whether earlier initiation of biologics limits the long-term effect of inflammation on RA outcomes.

Supplementing Claims Data with Electronic Medical Records to Improve Estimation and Classification of Rheumatoid Arthritis Disease Activity: A Machine Learning Approach.

OBJECTIVE: Previous attempts to estimate rheumatoid arthritis (RA) disease activity using claims data only did not yield high performance. We aimed to assess whether supplementing claims data with readily available electronic medical record (EMR) data might result in improvement. METHODS: We used a subset of the Brigham and Women's Hospital Rheumatoid Arthritis Sequential Study (BRASS) that had linked Medicare claims. The disease activity score in 28 joints with C-reactive protein (DAS28-CRP) was considered the gold standard of measure. Variables in the linked Medicare claims, as well as EMR recorded in the preceding one-year period were used as potential explanatory variables. We constructed three models: "Claims-Only," "Claims + Medications," and "Claims + Medications + Labs (laboratory data from EMR). We selected variables via adaptive LASSO. Model performance was measured with adjusted R2 for continuous DAS28-CRP and C-statistics for binary category classification (high/moderate vs low disease activity/remission). RESULTS: We identified 300 patients with laboratory data and linked Medicare claims. The mean age was 68 years and 80% were female. The mean (SD) DAS28-CRP was 3.6 (1.6) and 51% had high or moderate DAS28-CRP. For the continuous estimation, the adjusted R2 was 0.02 for Claims-Only, 0.09 for Claims + Medications, and 0.18 for Claims + Medications + Labs. The C-statistics for discriminating the binary categories were 0.61 for Claims-Only, 0.68 for Claims + Medications, and 0.76 for Claims + Medications + Labs. CONCLUSION: Adding EMR-derived variables to claims-derived variables resulted in modest improvement. Even with EMR variables, we were unable to estimate continuous DAS28-CRP satisfactorily. However, in claims-EMR models, we were able to discriminate between binary categories of disease activity with reasonable accuracy.

Incidence and predictors of dyspnea on exertion in a prospective cohort of patients with rheumatoid arthritis.

OBJECTIVE: To investigate the incidence and predictors of dyspnea on exertion among subjects with rheumatoid arthritis (RA). METHODS: We investigated dyspnea on exertion using a prospective cohort, the Brigham RA Sequential Study (BRASS). Clinically significant dyspnea on exertion was defined as a score of ≥3 (unable to ambulate without breathlessness or worse) on the validated Medical Research Council (MRC) scale (range 0-5). We analyzed subjects with MRC score <3 at BRASS baseline and ≥1 year of follow-up. The MRC scale was administered annually. We determined the incidence rate (IR) of dyspnea on exertion. We used Cox regression to estimate the HR for dyspnea on exertion occurring one year after potential predictors were assessed. RESULTS: We analyzed 829 subjects with RA and no clinically significant dyspnea on exertion during mean follow-up of 3.0 years (SD 1.9). At baseline, mean age was 55.7 years (SD 13.6), 82.4% were female, and median RA duration was 8 years. During follow-up, 112 subjects (13.5%) developed incident dyspnea on exertion during 2,476 person-years of follow-up (IR 45.2 per 1000 person-years). Independent predictors of incident dyspnea on exertion were: older age (HR 1.03 per year, 95%CI 1.01-1.04), female sex (HR 2.22, 95%CI 1.14-4.29), mild dyspnea (HR 2.62, 95%CI 1.60-4.28), and worsened MDHAQ (HR 2.36 per unit, 95%CI 1.54-3.60). Methotrexate use, RA disease activity, and seropositivity were not associated with incident dyspnea on exertion. CONCLUSION: Dyspnea on exertion occurred commonly in patients with RA. Older women with impaired physical function were especially vulnerable to developing dyspnea on exertion.

Prevalence and predictors for sustained remission in rheumatoid arthritis.

OBJECTIVE: Remission is a key goal in managing rheumatoid arthritis (RA), with sustained remission as the preferred sequelae of short-term remission. However little is known about the predictors of sustained remission for patients reaching remission. Using two independent cohorts, we aimed to evaluate the prevalence and predictors for sustained remission. METHODS: The study cohort consisted of subjects with RA from the Brigham and Women's Hospital Rheumatoid Arthritis Sequential Study (BRASS) and the Korean Observational Study Network for Arthritis (KORONA). We analyzed subjects who reached remission in 2009 with follow up data for two consecutive years. Remission was defined by the Disease Activity Score 28- (DAS28-CRP) of less than 2.6. Sustained remission was defined as three consecutive annual visits in remission. Predictors for sustained remission were identified by multivariate logistic regression analysis. RESULTS: A total of 465 subjects were in remission in 2009. Sustained remission was achieved by 53 of 92 (57.5%) in BRASS and by 198 of 373 (53.1%) in KORONA. In multivariate analyses, baseline predictors of sustained remission were: disease duration less than 5 years [odds ratio (OR) 1.96, 95% confidence interval (95% CI) 1.08-3.58], Modified Health Assessment Questionnaire (MHAQ) score of 0 (OR 1.80, 95% CI 1.18-2.74), and non-use of oral glucocorticoid (OR 1.58, 95% CI 1.01-2.47). CONCLUSION: More than half of RA subjects in remission in 2009 remained in remission through 2011. Short disease duration, no disability, and non-use of oral glucocorticoid at baseline were associated with sustained remission.

Rheumatoid Arthritis Disease Activity Predicting Incident Clinically Apparent Rheumatoid Arthritis-Associated Interstitial Lung Disease: A Prospective Cohort Study.

OBJECTIVE: To evaluate rheumatoid arthritis (RA) disease activity and risk of RA-associated interstitial lung disease (RA-ILD). METHODS: We investigated disease activity and risk of RA-ILD using the Brigham RA Sequential Study (BRASS, 2003-2016). All patients were diagnosed as having RA according to accepted criteria. Disease Activity Scores in 28 joints (DAS28) and covariate data were measured prospectively at annual study visits. Diagnosis of RA-ILD was determined by review of images from clinically indicated chest computed tomography scans. We analyzed patients without RA-ILD at baseline. We used Cox regression to estimate hazard ratios (HRs) and 95% confidence intervals (CIs) for RA-ILD, using annually updated DAS28 data, with adjustment for known RA-ILD risk factors (age, sex, smoking status, RA duration, and serologic status). We performed alternative analyses that did not censor at the time of missing DAS28 data and included adjustment for use of methotrexate, use of glucocorticoids, presence of bone erosions, and presence of rheumatoid nodules. RESULTS: Among 1,419 participants, the mean ± SD age was 55.8 ± 14.2 years, and 68.6% were seropositive for either cyclic citrullinated peptide or rheumatoid factor. We identified 85 incident cases of RA-ILD during a mean ± SD follow-up duration of 8.9 ± 4.2 years per patient. The moderate/high disease activity group had a multivariable HR of 2.22 (95% CI 1.28-3.82) for RA-ILD compared to the remission/low disease activity group. Risk of RA-ILD increased across disease activity categories: multivariable HR 1.00 (reference) for remission, 1.41 (95% CI 0.61-3.28) for low disease activity, 2.08 (95% CI 1.06-4.05) for moderate disease activity, and 3.48 (95% CI 1.64-7.38) for high disease activity (P for trend = 0.001). For each unit increase in the DAS28, the risk of RA-ILD increased by 35% (95% CI 14-60%). Results were similar in analyses that included follow-up for missing DAS28 data and with adjustment for use of methotrexate, use of glucocorticoids, presence of bone erosions, or presence of rheumatoid nodules. CONCLUSION: Active articular RA was associated with an increased risk of developing RA-ILD. These results suggest that decreasing systemic inflammation may alter the natural history of RA-ILD development.

Correction: Prevalence and predictors for sustained remission in rheumatoid arthritis.

[This corrects the article DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0214981.].

Association of anti-cyclic citrullinated protein antibodies, erosions, and rheumatoid factor with disease activity and work productivity: A patient registry study.

OBJECTIVES: To evaluate associations between the presence of anti-cyclic citrullinated protein antibodies (anti-CCP) and rheumatoid factor (RF) and other outcomes, including joint erosions and both clinical and economic endpoints, in patients with rheumatoid arthritis (RA). METHODS: Data from the Brigham and Women's Hospital Rheumatoid Arthritis Sequential Study (BRASS), a prospective registry of adult RA patients with established or recent-onset RA, were analyzed. Logistic regression models were constructed to test associations between anti-CCP/RF seropositivity and erosive disease and the presence of anti-CCP/RF seropositivity plus erosive disease and (1) RA severity; (2) hospitalizations; (3) durable medical equipment (DME) use; and (4) worker productivity (e.g., employment status). Covariates in these models included patient age, gender, race, body mass index (BMI), number of comorbidities, and treatment. RESULTS: Among 1309 registrants, those who were positive (vs. negative) for anti-CCP were 2.72 times more likely to have erosions (OR = 2.72; 95% CI: 1.77-4.18; P < 0.001). Individuals positive (vs. negative) for RF were 36% more likely to have erosions (95% CI: 0.88-2.08; P = 0.162). Patients with anti-CCP seropositivity and erosions were significantly more likely to: (1) have higher disease activity as measured by the Disease Activity Score in 28 joints C-reactive protein (DAS28-CRP ≥ 2.6); (2) be hospitalized; (3) use DME; and (4) be unemployed, disabled, or long-term disabled. CONCLUSIONS: For the first time in a "real-world" setting including patients with both recent-onset and chronic RA, this study demonstrated that the combination of anti-CCP seropositivity and erosions were significantly associated with more adverse clinical and health-economic consequences, including a lower probability of low disease activity and higher health resource utilization, despite use of biologic disease-modifying antirheumatic drugs by many patients. This dual presentation may signal a need for more intensive therapies, even when observed in patients with chronic, as well as recent-onset, RA. Trial registration [Brigham and Women's Hospital (BWH) Rheumatoid Arthritis Sequential Study; Registry URL: https://clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT01793103; ClinicalTrials.gov Identifier NCT01793103].