Transmission of SARS-CoV-2 in children aged 0 to 19 years in childcare facilities and schools after their reopening in May 2020, Baden-Württemberg, Germany.

We investigated data from severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) infected 0-19 year olds, who attended schools/childcare facilities, to assess their role in SARS-CoV-2 transmission after these establishments' reopening in May 2020 in Baden-Württemberg, Germany. Child-to-child transmission in schools/childcare facilities appeared very uncommon. We anticipate that, with face mask use and frequent ventilation of rooms, transmission rates in schools/childcare facilities would remain low in the next term, even if classes' group sizes were increased.

[Isolation and structure determination of metabolites of xantinol from rat urine (author's transl)]. / Isolierung und Strukturermittlung der Metaboliten von Xantinol aus dem Urin der Ratte

In the urine of rats as metabolites of the theophylline-derivative 7-[2-hydroxy - 3 - (N-methyl-N-2-hydroxyethyl)-amino-propyl]-1,3-dimethylxanthine (xantinol), the two stereoisomeric 2-coffeinyl-N-methyl-6-hydroxy-morpholines were found. These compounds represented about 7 to 8 percent of the eliminated xantinol and can be described structurally as semiacetals of a terminal aldehyde formed from Xantinol. Their structure has been elucidated by combined NMR- and mass-spectrometry. After oral application of xantinol-nicotinate in therapeutic doses to male test subjects, the same substances were detected by thin-layer chromatography. Both compounds could be synthetized by treatment of 7-[2,3-epoxypropyl]-theophylline or 7-[2-hydroxy-3-chloro-propyl]-theophylline with methylami-noacetaldehyde-dimethylacetal and subsequent hydrolysis of the reaction product with hydrochloric acid.

[Isolation and structure determination of the metabolites of 2-(1,3-dimethyl-xanthinyl-(7)-methyl)-4-methyl-morpholine--a xantinol derivative--from rat urine (author's transl)]. / Isolierung und Strukturermittlung der Metaboliten von 2-(1,3-Dimethyl-xanthinyl-(7)-methyl)-4-methyl-morpholin--eines Xantinol-Derivates--aus dem Urin der Ratte.

In the urine of rats the following metabolites of the xantinol derivative 2-(1,3-dimethyl-xanthinyl-(7)-methyl)-4-methyl-morpholine were found: 2-[1,3-dimethyl-xanthinyl-(7)-methyl]-morpholine and 2-[1,3-dimethyl-xanthinyl-(7)-methyl]-4-methyl-morpholin-5-one. These compounds represent about 13.7% of the p.o. applied 2-[1,3-dimethyl-xanthinyl-(7)-methyl]-4-methyl-morpholine. Their structure has been elucidated by IR-, PMR- and mass spectrometry.

Evaluating the significance of minimal brain dysfunction--results of an epidemiological study.

An epidemiological field investigation of 399 8-yr-old children was unable to support basic assumptions of the clinical MBD concept (existence of a homogeneous syndrome, specific psychopathology, evidence of increased perinatal risks). Using a multi-level case definition procedure and factor-analytic data aggregation, nearly complete independence was found among the diagnostical levels of neurophysiology, neuropsychology and specific skills. Main results were replicated after the application of several alternative models of case definition and were further confirmed by data from a clinical sample. Present findings emphasize the necessity to reconsider the concept of MBD and its practical consequences.

[Role of the father in the development of school-age children. Results of an epidemiologic study]. / Zur Rolle des Vaters in der Entwicklung von Kindern im Schulalter. Ergebnisse einer epidemiologischen Studie.

As part of an epidemiological follow-up study, data collected from 356 children at ages 8 and 13 and from their parents were analyzed to examine the relationship of parental child-rearing behavior and parents' psychological problems to the intellectual, emotional and social development of the offspring. The results revealed that while children are growing up father and child influence each other in specific ways. The fathers were particularly active in developing their children's cognitive abilities and had a strong influence especially on the development of their sons. At both age 8 and age 13, children whose parents had psychiatric disturbances, regardless of which parent was affected, were much more likely than those with normal parents to have psychiatric disorders themselves. Significant parental gender effects were found, however, when the form of the child's disorder was considered: At age 13, the children were at a higher risk for a conduct disorder if the father had a problem than if the mother did. In further analyses, children who had lost their fathers were compared with those in intact families. Significantly higher rates of psychiatric disorders were found for the fatherless boys, whereas no such effect could be detected for the fatherless girls.