Exploring Culture Media Diversity to Produce Fungal Secondary Metabolites and Cyborg Cells.

Fungi are microorganisms of significant biotechnological importance due to their ability to provide food and produce several value-added secondary metabolites and enzymes. Its products move billions of dollars in the pharmaceutical, cosmetics, and additives sectors. These microorganisms also play a notable role in bionanotechnology, leading to the production of hybrid biological-inorganic materials (such as cyborg cells) and the use of their enzyme complex in the biosynthesis of nanoparticles. In this sense, optimizing the fungal growth process is necessary, with selecting the cultivation medium as one of the essential factors for the microorganism to reach its maximum metabolic expression. The culture medium's composition can also impact the nanomaterial's stability and prevent the incorporation of nanoparticles into fungal cells. Therefore, our main objectives are the following: (1) compile and discuss the most commonly employed culture media for the production of fungal secondary metabolites and the formation of cyborg cells, accompanied by preparation methods; (2) provide a six-step guide to investigating the fungal metabolomic profile and (3) discuss the main procedures of microbial cultivation to produce fungal cyborg cells.

Naturally Occurring Partially Reduced Perylenequinones from Fungi.

This Review provides a critical analysis of the literature covering the naturally occurring partially reduced perylenequinones (PQs) from fungi without carbon substituents (which can be named class A perylenequinones) and discusses their structures, stereochemistry, biosynthesis, and biological activities as appropriate. Perylenequinones are natural pigments with a perylene skeleton produced by certain fungi, aphids, some plants, and animal species. These compounds display several biological activities, e.g., antimicrobial, anti-HIV, photosensitizers, cytotoxic, and phytotoxic. It describes 36 fungal PQs and cites 81 references, covering from 1956 to August 2022.

Unveiling the Surface and the Ultrastructure of Palladized Fungal Biotemplates.

In this paper, two biosystems based on filamentous fungi and Pd nanoparticles (NPs) were synthesized and structurally characterized. In the first case, results concerning the integration and distribution of Pd-NPs on Phialomyces macrosporus revealed that nanoparticles are accumulated on the cell wall, keeping the cytoplasm isolated from abiotic particles. However, the Penicillium sp. species showed an unexpected internalization of Pd-NPs in the fungal cytosol, becoming a promising biosystem to further studies of in vivo catalytic reactions. Next, we report a new solution-based strategy to prepare palladized biohybrids through sequential reduction of Pd2+ ions over previously harvested fungus/Au-NP composites. The chemical composition and the morphology of the biohybrid surface were characterized using a combination of scanning electron microscopy, transmission electron microscopy, and photoelectron spectroscopy. The deposition of Pd0 over the fungal surface produced biohybrids with a combination of Au and Pd in the NPs. Interestingly, other chemical species such as Au+ and Pd2+ are also observed on the outermost wall of microorganisms. Finally, the application of A. niger/AuPd-NP biohybrids in the 3-methyl-2-buten-1-ol hydrogenation reaction is presented for the first time. Biohybrids with a high fraction of Pd0 are active for this catalytic reaction.

Phialomyces macrosporus: Chemical Constituents, Antimicrobial Activity and Complete NMR Assignments for the 7,7'-Biphyscion.

Five known secondary metabolites, chrysophanol (1), 7,7'-biphyscion (2), secalonic acid D (3), mannitol (4) and trehalose (5) were isolated for the first time from the extracts of the fungus Phialomyces macrosporus. Their structures were elucidated by NMR methods (1D and 2D NMR analysis), optical activity and ESI-MS. Complete 1 H and 13 C assignments were performed for compound 2. The antimicrobial activity was evaluated by serial microdilution assay for compounds 2 and 3 and results showed that compound 3 exhibited a significant growth inhibition at concentrations of 15.6 mg/ml (S. aureus and S. choleraesius) and 0.97 mg/mL (B. subtilis), comparable to the positive control.

A Review about the Mycoremediation of Soil Impacted by War-like Activities: Challenges and Gaps.

(1) Background: The frequency and intensity of war-like activities (war, military training, and shooting ranges) worldwide cause soil pollution by metals, metalloids, explosives, radionuclides, and herbicides. Despite this environmentally worrying scenario, soil decontamination in former war zones almost always involves incineration. Nevertheless, this practice is expensive, and its efficiency is suitable only for organic pollutants. Therefore, treating soils polluted by wars requires efficient and economically viable alternatives. In this sense, this manuscript reviews the status and knowledge gaps of mycoremediation. (2) Methods: The literature review consisted of searches on ScienceDirect and Web of Science for articles (1980 to 2023) on the mycoremediation of soils containing pollutants derived from war-like activities. (3) Results: This review highlighted that mycoremediation has many successful applications for removing all pollutants of war-like activities. However, the mycoremediation of soils in former war zones and those impacted by military training and shooting ranges is still very incipient, with most applications emphasizing explosives. (4) Conclusion: The mycoremediation of soils from conflict zones is an entirely open field of research, and the main challenge is to optimize experimental conditions on a field scale.

Antibacterial activity of the alkaloid-enriched extract from Prosopis juliflora pods and its influence on in vitro ruminal digestion.

The purpose of this study was to assess the in vitro antimicrobial activity of alkaloid-enriched extracts from Prosopis juliflora (Fabaceae) pods in order to evaluate them as feed additives for ruminants. As only the basic chloroformic extract (BCE), whose main constituents were juliprosopine (juliflorine), prosoflorine and juliprosine, showed Gram-positive antibacterial activity against Micrococcus luteus (MIC = 25 µg/mL), Staphylococcus aureus (MIC = 50 µg/mL) and Streptococcus mutans (MIC = 50 µg/mL), its influence on ruminal digestion was evaluated using a semi-automated in vitro gas production technique, with monensin as the positive control. Results showed that BCE has decreased gas production as efficiently as monensin after 36 h of fermentation, revealing its positive influence on gas production during ruminal digestion. Since P. juliflora is a very affordable plant, this study points out this alkaloid enriched extract from the pods of Prosopis juliflora as a potential feed additive to decrease gas production during ruminal digestion.

Photoluminescent organisms: how to make fungi glow through biointegration with lanthanide metal-organic frameworks.

We show that filamentous fungi can emit green or red light after the accumulation of particulate lanthanide metal-organic frameworks over the cell wall. These new biohybrids present photoluminescence properties that are unaffected by the components of the cell wall. In addition, the fungal cells internalise lanthanide metal-organic framework particles, storing them into organelles, thereby making these materials promising for applications in living imaging studies.

Larvicidal effects of fungal Meroterpenoids in the control of Aedes aegypti L., the main vector of dengue and Yellow fever.

The mosquito Aedes aegypti is an increasing problem of public health, being the vector responsible for dengue and Yellow Fever in tropical and subtropical regions. The aim of this work was to determine the potential larvicidal activity of a series of meroterpenoids, compounds 1-7, previously obtained fungal secondary metabolites from Penicillium sp., against the third-instar larvae of A. aegypti. The lethal concentrations (LC(50) and LC(90)) of 1-7 were evaluated 24 h after exposure. Dehydroaustin (4) was the most active meroterpenoid in the series, with an LC(50) value of 2.9 ppm, making it an attractive natural insecticide.

Diterpenoids from Copaifera reticulata Ducke with larvicidal activity against Aedes aegypti (L.) (Diptera, Culicidae).

The objective of this study was to evaluate the larvicidal activity of diterpenoids obtained from the oil-resin of Copaifera reticulata against Aedes aegypti larvae, the principal vector of dengue and urban yellow fever. Four diterpenes were obtained from oil-resin extraction with organic solvents and subsequent chromatographic and spectroscopic procedures allowed to isolation and identification of these compounds as 3-beta-acetoxylabdan-8(17)-13-dien-15-oic acid (1), alepterolic acid (2), 3-beta-hidroxylabdan-8(17)-en-15-oic acid (3), and ent-agatic acid (4). Each compound was previously dissolved in dimethylsulphoxide, and distilled water was added to obtain the desired concentrations. Twenty larvae of third instars were placed into plastic beckers, containing the solution test (25 mL), in a five repetitions scheme, and their mortality, indicated by torpor and darkening of the cephalic capsule, was recorded after 48 h. Probit analyses were used to determine lethal concentrations (LC50 and LC90) and their respective 95% confidence intervals. This study showed that only diterpenoids 1 and 2 exhibited larvicidal properties with LC50 of 0.8 ppm and 87.3 ppm, respectively, revealing the former as the most toxic compound against third instars of Ae. aegypti. Therefore, this compound seems to be an interesting source for new metabolite to be exploited.

Larvicidal activity of oil-resin fractions from the Brazilian medicinal plant Copaifera reticulata Ducke (Leguminosae-Caesalpinoideae) against Aedes aegypti (Diptera, Culicidae).

Oil-resin fractions from Copaifera reticulata Ducke (Leguminosae-Caesalpinoideae) were evaluated for larvicidal activity on third larval instars of Aedes aegypti, in searching for alternative control methods for this mosquito. The bioactive fractions were chemically monitored by thin-layer chromatography, (1)H and 13C nuclear magnetic resonance and mass spectrometry. Bioassays were performed using five repetitions, at a temperature of 28+/-1 degrees C, relative humidity of 80+/- 5% and light and dark cycles of 12h. Mortality was indicated by darkening of the cephalic capsule after 24h of exposure of the larvae to the solutions. The most active fractions were CRM1-4 (sesquiterpenes) and CRM5-7 (labdane diterpenes), which showed LC50 values of 0.2 and 0.8 ppm, respectively.

Bio-inspired gold microtubes based on the morphology of filamentous fungi.

This communication describes a general method for templating fungal filaments with gold nanoparticles that results in a gold replica of filaments after calcination of the biological template.

[Ultrastructural alterations in larvae of Aedes aegypti subject to labdane diterpene isolated from Copaifera reticulata (Leguminosae) and a fraction enriched with tannins of Magonia pubescens (Sapindaceae)]. / Alterações ultraestruturais em larvas de Aedes aegypti submetidas ao diterpeno labdano, isolado de Copaifera reticulata (Leguminosae), e à uma fração rica em taninos de Magonia pubescens (Sapindaceae).

INTRODUCTION: Dengue is an important public health problem in many countries and its main vector Aedes aegypti, is the mosquito most adapted to urban areas. For the first time, the mechanism of action of labdane diterpenoid extracted from Copaifera reticulata and the fraction enriched of catechin tannins extracted from Magonia pubescens is demonstrated through ultrastructural alterations of Aedes aegypti larvae. METHODS: Experiments were performed using a 0.9 ppm solution of diterpenoid and 3.7 ppm of the fraction as the main catechin tannin of molecular mass 846 Da. The compounds were obtained by thin layer chromatography and identified by nuclear magnetic resonance of hydrogen and mass spectrometry. Larvae that achieved lethargic state were collected and dissected. Next, they were contrasted with 1% uranyl acetate, dehydrated, embedded and polymerized. Ultrathin sections were made, mixed with 3% uranyl acetate and lead citrate and placed in an electron microscope. RESULTS: The main ultrastructural alterations caused by the diterpenoid and by tanins in larvae of Aedes aegypti were: cytoplasmic vacuolation, alteration of microvilli, cellular aging, cell disruption and degeneration, formation of secretion vesicles and structural changes in microvilli, irregular nuclei and displacement of cells in the basal lamina. CONCLUSIONS: The fraction containing tannins and the diterpenoid caused the death of Aedes aegypti larvae by cell destruction in the midgut.

Meroterpenoids produced by fungi.

This review deals with the isolation and structure elucidation of meroterpenoids (natural products of mixed biosynthetic origin which are partially derived from terpenoids) from higher and lower fungi, and discusses biosynthetic studies and biological activities as appropriate. It describes 333 fungal meroterpenoids and cites 195 references.

Atividade larvicida do ácido 3-B-acetoxylabdan-8(17)-13-dien-15-óico isolado da planta medicinal copaifera reticulata (leguminosae) sobre aedes aegypti (diptera, culicidae) evidenciada pelas alterações morfohistológicas / Larvicidal activity of 3-Beta-acetoxylabdan-8(17)-13-dien-15-oic acid isolated from the medicinal plant Copaifera reticulata against Aedes aegypti shown by morphohistological changes

O principal mecanismo de controle do dengue tem sido por meio da eliminação do Aedes aegypti, seu transmissor mais competente. Este mecanismo consiste, principalmente, na destruição dos criadouros potenciais, na educação sanitária e no uso de inseticidas sintéticos. Estes inseticidas apresentam eficiência, mas são altamente tóxicos aos vertebrados e ao meio ambiente. Com o aparecimento da resistência dos mosquitos a essas substâncias, abre-se uma oportunidade aos inseticidas de origem botânica. Neste estudo, apresentam-se os mecanismos da atividade larvicida do ácido 3-Beta-acetoxylabdan-8(17)-13-dien-15-oico, extraído da planta medicinal Copaifera reticulata Ducke (Leguminosae), sobre larvas de terceiro estádio de Ae. aegypti. As larvas foram submetidas a uma solução do ácido a 9ppm, por até 24 horas. Aquelas que atingiram estado letárgico foram coletadas e fixadas em paraformaldeído a 4 por cento, em tampão cacodilato de sódio 0.1M pH 7.2, incluídas em resina, e as lâminas, coradas pela técnica de hematoxilina-eosina e analisadas por microscopia de luz. O ácido causou a morte das larvas pela destruição celular do intestino médio, por meio de vacuolização citoplasmática, hipertrofia celular e nuclear, degeneração do bordo em escova, formação vesicular apical com liberação de conteúdo citoplasmático, estratificação do epitélio e dobras na matriz peritrófica.

The main mechanism of control of dengue has been through the fight against Aedes aegypti, the most competent vector. The fight primarily consists of elimination of its potential breeding sites, health education and use of synthetic insecticides. These insecticides are effective but are highly toxic to vertebrates and the environment. With the emergence of resistance of mosquitoes to them, insecticides of botanical origin are being explored. This study looks at the larvicidal activity of a solution of a solution of 3-Beta-acetoxylabdan-8(17)-13-dien-15-óico acid extracted from the medicinal plant Copaifera reticulata Ducke (Leguminosae) on the 3rd stage larvae of Ae. aegypti. Larvae were subjected to 9 ppm acid for up to 24 h. Those that reached lethargic state were collected and fixed in 4 percent paraformaldhyde in 0.1 M sodium cacodilate buffer, pH 7.2, included in resin and the slides stained with the hematoxylin-eosin technique and examined by light microscopy. This acid caused the death of the Ae. aegypti larvae by cell destruction in the midgut, by the high cytoplasmic vacuolation, cell and nuclear hypertrophy, degeneration of the brush edge, apical vesicular formation with release of cytoplasmic contents of cells, stratification of the epithelium and folds in the peritrophic matrix.

Alterações ultraestruturais em larvas de Aedes aegypti submetidas ao diterpeno labdano, isolado de Copaifera reticulata (Leguminosae), e à uma fração rica em taninos de Magonia pubescens (Sapindaceae) / Ultrastructural alterations in larvae of Aedes aegypti subject to labdane diterpene isolated from Copaifera reticulata (Leguminosae) and a fraction enriched with tannins of Magonia pubescens (Sapindaceae)

INTRODUÇÃO: Dengue é um importante problema de saúde pública, em vários países, e tem como principal vetor o Aedes aegypti, mosquito mais adaptado às áreas urbanizadas. Apresenta-se, pela primeira vez, as alterações ultraestruturais em larvas de 3º estádio, desse mosquito, causadas pelos larvicidas naturais, um diterpeno labdano, extraído de Copaifera reticulata, e uma fração rica em taninos catéquicos, extraída de Magonia pubescens, evidenciando o mecanismo de ação dessas substâncias. MÉTODOS: Os experimentos foram realizados com larvas de 3º estádio em solução de 0,9ppm, do diterpeno (3-β-acetoxylabdan-8(17)-13-dien-15-óico) e de 3,7ppm, da fração majoritária de tanino catéquico de massa molecular 864Da. Obtiveram-se as substâncias através de fracionamentos cromatográficos sucessivos, identificadas por ressonância magnética nuclear de hidrogênio e espectrometria de massas. As larvas que atingiram estado letárgico foram coletadas e dissecadas e seus tubos digestórios fixados, desidratados, emblocados e polimerizados. Cortes ultrafinos foram feitos e contrastados com acetato de uranila 3 por cento e citrato de chumbo, posteriormente, levados ao microscópio eletrônico. RESULTADOS: As principais alterações ultraestruturais provocadas pelos diterpeno e tanino sobre larvas de Aedes aegypti foram vacuolização citoplasmática, desorganização e degeneração celular, mudança estrutural dos microvilos e deslocamento das células da lâmina basal. CONCLUSÕES: O diterpeno e a fração rica em taninos catéquicos provocaram a morte das larvas de Aedes aegypti através da destruição celular no intestino médio.

INTRODUCTION: Dengue is an important public health problem in many countries and its main vector Aedes aegypti, is the mosquito most adapted to urban areas. For the first time, the mechanism of action of labdane diterpenoid extracted from Copaifera reticulata and the fraction enriched of catechin tannins extracted from Magonia pubescens is demonstrated through ultrastructural alterations of Aedes aegypti larvae. METHODS: Experiments were performed using a 0.9ppm solution of diterpenoid and 3.7ppm of the fraction as the main catechin tannin of molecular mass 846Da. The compounds were obtained by thin layer chromatography and identified by nuclear magnetic resonance of hydrogen and mass spectrometry. Larvae that achieved lethargic state were collected and dissected. Next, they were contrasted with 1 percent uranyl acetate, dehydrated, embedded and polymerized. Ultrathin sections were made, mixed with 3 percent uranyl acetate and lead citrate and placed in an electron microscope. RESULTS: The main ultrastructural alterations caused by the diterpenoid and by tanins in larvae of Aedes aegypti were: cytoplasmic vacuolation, alteration of microvilli, cellular aging, cell disruption and degeneration, formation of secretion vesicles and structural changes in microvilli, irregular nuclei and displacement of cells in the basal lamina. CONCLUSIONS: The fraction containing tannins and the diterpenoid caused the death of Aedes aegypti larvae by cell destruction in the midgut.

Alterações morfo-histológicas em larvas de Aedes aegypti (linnaeus, 1762) (Diptera, Culicidae) causadas pelo tanino catéquico isolado da planta do cerrado magonia pubescens (Sapindaceae) / Changes in morphohistologic larvae of aedes aegypti (Linnaeus, 1762) (Diptera, Culicidae) caused by tannins catechin isolated from the plant magonia pubescens (Sapindaceae)

O controle do Aedes aegypti é hoje um dos grandes problemas de saúde pública no Brasil, por ser o principal vetor do dengue e da febre amarela urbana. De origem africana, este mosquito adaptou-se muito bem às condições climáticas brasileiras e se encontra distribuído em todos os estados. Os métodos usuais de combate e controle deste mosquito têm sofrido vários questionamentos. Os inseticidas químicos atualmente utilizados têm levado ao surgimento de populações resistentes de mosquitos, a consequente elevação de sua densidade já desencadeou grandes epidemias de dengue. Substâncias inseticidas de origem botânica podem ser candidatas alternativas ao controle. Este trabalho apresenta, pela primeira vez, as alterações morfo-histológicas causadas pela atividade larvicida do tanino catéquico, extraído de Magonia pubescens, nas larvas de A. aegypti, mostrando o potencial larvicida deste composto natural. Larvas de terceiro estádio foram submetidas aotanino catéquico, a 37ppm, solubilizado em água, onde permaneceram por até 24 horas. As larvas que atingiram estado letárgico foram coletadas e fixadas em paraformaldeído a 4por cento em tampão cacodilato de sódio 0.1M pH 7.2, incluídas em resina, montadas em lâminas, coradas pelahematoxilina-eosina e analisadas por microscopia de luz. Os principais efeitos tóxicos celulares do tanino catéquico sobre larvas de A. aegypti foram: elevada vacuolização e ausência dos limites citoplasmáticos, formação vesicular apical com liberação de conteúdo citoplasmático, aumento do espaço intercelular e desprendimento de células da membrana basal.

Diterpenoids from Copaifera reticulata Ducke with larvicidal activity against Aedes aegypti (L. ) (Diptera, Culicidae) / Diterpenos de Copaifera reticulata Ducke com atividade larvicida contra Aedes aegypti (L. ) (Diptera, Culicidae)

The objective of this study was to evaluate the larvicidal activity of diterpenoids obtained from the oil-resin of Copaifera reticulata against Aedes aegypti larvae, the principal vector of dengue and urban yellow fever. Four diterpenes were obtained from oil-resin extraction with organic solvents and subsequent chromatographic and spectroscopic procedures allowed to isolation and identification of these compounds as 3-b-acetoxylabdan-8(17)-13-dien-15-oic acid (1), alepterolic acid (2), 3-b-hidroxylabdan-8(17)-en-15-oic acid (3), and ent-agatic acid (4). Each compound was previously dissolved in dimethylsulphoxide, and distilled water was added to obtain the desired concentrations. Twenty larvae of third instars were placed into plastic beckers, containing the solution test (25 mL), in a five repetitions scheme, and their mortality, indicated by torpor and darkening of the cephalic capsule, was recorded after 48h. Probit analyses were used to determine lethal concentrations (LC50 and LC90) and their respective 95 percent confidence intervals. This study showed that only diterpenoids 1 and 2 exhibited larvicidal properties with LC50 of 0.8 ppm and 87.3 ppm, respectively, revealing the former as the most toxic compound against third instars of Ae. aegypti. Therefore, this compound seems to be an interesting source for new metabolite to be exploited.

O objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar a atividade larvicida de diterpenos isolados do óleo-resina de Copaifera reticulata sobre Aedes aegypti, principal vetor de dengue e febre amarela urbana. Quatro diterpenóides foram obtidos a partir da extração do óleo-resina com solventes orgânicos e, subseqüentes procedimentos cromatográficos e espectroscópicos permitiram o isolamento e a identificação desses compostos como ácido 3-b-acetoxylabdan-8(17)-13-dien-15-óico (1), ácido alepterólico (2), ácido 3-b-hidroxylabdan-8(17)-en-15-óico (3) e ácido ent-agático (4). Cada um desses compostos foi previamente solubilizado em dimetilsulfóxido, acrescentando-se água, até se obterem as concentrações desejadas. Em cada bioensaio foram utilizadas 20 larvas de 3° estádio de Ae. aegypti colocadas em 25 mL da solução-teste. Foram feitas cinco repetições, e a mortalidade avaliada 48 h após a exposição, indicada pela ausência de movimentos e escurecimento da cápsula cefálica. Os dados obtidos da mortalidade x concentração (ppm) foram analisados, em gráfico de Probit para avaliar as concentrações letais (CL50 e CL90). Este estudo revelou que os diterpenóides 1 e 2 mostraram atividade larvicida com CL50 de 0,8 e 87,3 ppm, respectivamente, sendo o diterpeno 1 o composto mais promissor a ser usado como larvicida para o controle de Ae. aegypti.

Larvicidal activity of oil-resin fractions from the Brazilian medicinal plant Copaifera reticulata Ducke (Leguminosae-Caesalpinoideae) against Aedes aegypti (Diptera, Culicidae)

Oil-resin fractions from Copaifera reticulata Ducke (Leguminosae-Caesalpinoideae) were evaluated for larvicidal activity on third larval instars of Aedes aegypti, in searching for alternative control methods for this mosquito. The bioactive fractions were chemically monitored by thin-layer chromatography, ¹H and 13C nuclear magnetic resonance and mass spectrometry. Bioassays were performed using five repetitions, at a temperature of 28 ± 1°C, relative humidity of 80 ± 5 percent and light and dark cycles of 12h. Mortality was indicated by darkening of the cephalic capsule after 24h of exposure of the larvae to the solutions. The most active fractions were CRM1-4 (sesquiterpenes) and CRM5-7 (labdane diterpenes), which showed LC50 values of 0.2 and 0.8ppm, respectively.

A atividade larvicida das frações do óleo-resina de Copaifera reticulata Ducke (Leguminosae-Caesalpinoideae) foi avaliada em larvas de 3° estádio de Aedes aegypti, na busca de alternativas para o controle desse mosquito. As frações bioativas foram monitoradas quimicamente através de cromatografia de camada delgada, analisada por ressonância magnética nuclear de hidrogênio (¹H e 13C) e espectrometria de massas. Os bioensaios foram realizados à temperatura de 28±1°C, 80±5 por cento de umidade relativa e fotofase de 12h, com cinco repetições. A mortalidade foi determinada através do escurecimento da cápsula cefálica, após 24h de exposição das larvas às soluções. As frações mais ativas foram CRM1-4 (sesquiterpenos) e CRM5-7 (diterpeno labdano), que mostraram os valores de CL50 de 0,2 e 0,8ppm, respectivamente.

Alterações morfohistológicas em larvas de Aedes aegypti (Linnaeus, 1762) (Diptera, Culicidae) causadas pela atividade larvicida do óleo-resina da planta medicinal Copaifera reticulata Ducke (Leguminosae) / Histomorphological alterations in larvae of Aedes aegypti (Diptera, Culicidae) caused by the larvicidal activity of the oil-resin of the medicinal plant Copaifera reticulata Ducke (Leguminosae)

O óleo-resina de Copaifera reticulata Ducke foi utilizado para verificar sua toxicidade e as alterações morfológicas estruturais provocadas em larvas de terceiro estádio de Aedes aegypti. A partir de 15 minutos de contato da larva com a solução a 30 ppm, houve diminuição em sua mobilidade e após 20 horas, destruição total ou parcial das células, elevada vacuolização citoplasmática, aumento do espaço intercelular e da liberação de secreções celulares e alterações nos nervos periféricos, nas microvilosidades, no núcleo, nucléolo e no epitélio que sofre pavimentação e estratificação. Este estudo elucida os mecanismos de ação do óleo-resina de C. reticulata sobre larvas de A. aegypti. As CL50 e CL90 foram de 8,9 e 59,4 ppm, respectivamente. Tais concentrações evidenciam o potencial larvicida da planta, ampliando as possibilidades de seu uso no controle deste mosquito.