Bovine babesiosis: anti-erythrocyte antibodies purification from the sera of naturally infected cattle.

Babesia bigemina and Babesia bovis are intra-erythrocytic protozoan parasites transmitted by ticks to cattle in which they induce babesiosis, a disease that resembles human malaria. Anemia, caused by the destruction of non-infected erythrocytes, is a critical feature of the disease. Anti-erythrocyte antibodies could be one of the explanations for such destruction. These antibodies are found in the sera of dogs and mice respectively infected with B. gibsoni and B. rodhaini. However, data concerning the presence of anti-erythrocyte antibodies in the sera of infected cattle are not conclusive. In the present study, we made an attempt to detect anti-erythrocyte antibodies from the sera of cattle naturally infected with B. bigemina. Erythrocytes from a non-infected calf were used in ELISA reaction for the detection of antibodies from samples. Results confirmed the presence of anti-erythrocytes antibodies in higher amounts in the serum of infected cattle. In order to correlate this increment with the parasite, anti-erythrocyte antibodies from the sera from infected calves were purified, coupled to a Sepharose-4B column and than used for anti-idiotypic antibodies purification. These antibodies were found to react with the parasites, suggesting a correlation between both anti-parasite and anti-erythrocyte antibodies.

Identification of immunogenic proteins from Paracoccidioides brasiliensis antigenic fractions F0, FII and FIII.

Paracoccidioides brasiliensis causes a chronic granulomatous mycosis prevalent in South America, and cell-mediated immunity is the principal mode of protection against this fungal infection. In this context, one of the strategies to discover proteins that are target of an effective immune response against P. brasiliensis is the partial sequencing of cDNA from an expression library previously screened with immunoglobulins (Ig) to generate antigen sequence tags (AST). In the present work, a P. brasiliensis yeast cDNA expression library was screened with affinity chromatography-purified IgG from rabbit sera immunized with P. brasiliensis antigenic fractions (F0, FII or FIII) or from paracoccidioidomycosis (PCM) patient sera by indirect ELISA. From 119 clones selected by the immunoscreening procedure, 40% were recognized by IgG from PCM patients, 25% were recognized by anti-F0, 8% were selected by anti-FII and 11% recognized by FIII specific antibodies. The remaining clones presented cross-reaction to all anti-sera tested. The AST homologies with previously reported sequences in the nonredundant GenBank at NCBI revealed high significant homology to fungal proteins of known function. One of them matched calcineurin B of Neurospora crassa with 35% identity and 55% similarity in amino acid sequence. We also identified an AST homologous to a Kinesin like protein from Ustilagus maydis and other fungi with 86% identity and 91% similarity. On the other hand, the vast majority of selected cDNA clones are new genes and represent 60% of the total. Prediction of transmembrane regions with the prediction transmembrane protein topology with a hidden markov model (TMHMM) revealed consensus sequences representing structural membrane segments in 28 encoded proteins.

Detection of IgG binding to Schistosoma mansoni recombinant protein RP26 is a sensitive and specific method for acute schistosomiasis diagnosis.

We recently described the first recombinant Schistosoma mansoni protein RP26, which was capable of acute infection diagnosis. The aim of the present work was to further characterize the RP26 diagnostic properties in immunoblot and enzyme-linked immunosorbent (ELISA) assays. Testing sera from uninfected donors and sera from patients with acute or chronic Schistosoma infection by Western blot immunoassay revealed 100% specificity and 100% sensitivity for acute infection identification. Sera from uninfected, acute, and chronic schistosomiasis were also probed for IgG, IgG4, IgA, and IgM reactivity to RP26 plus soluble egg antigens (SEA) in ELISA. The mean IgG reactivity to RP26 by sera from acute schistosomiasis patients was significantly higher than the chronic ones. The IgG4, IgA, and IgM reactivities to RP26 were low and similar in both infected groups. The mean IgA and IgM reactivities to SEA were significantly higher in the group of acute compared to chronic group, whereas mean IgG4 reactivity was higher in chronic group. To estimate the specificity of Schistosoma infection diagnosis sera from patients infected with other different parasites were tested to detect IgG reactivity to RP26 and IgA and IgM reactivity to SEA. For IgA against SEA detection, 72% of sera were positive and 48% of sera were positive for IgM detection. Based on these results we can suggest that detection of sera IgG binding to RP26 is a sensitive and specific method for acute schistosomiasis diagnosis. Therefore, RP26 is a candidate for immunodiagnostic kit development.

Schistosoma mansoni PIII antigen modulates in vitro granuloma formation by regulating CD28, CTLA-4, and CD86 expression in humans.

We investigated the in vitro responses of peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC) from intestinal chronic schistosomiasis patients to PIII, a multivalent antigen prepared from Schistosoma mansoni adult worm. PIII decreased cellular proliferation and granulomatous reaction. Moreover, induced the reduction of IFN-gamma levels and increased IL-10 production. To better understand the mechanism through which the observed suppression occurs, the present study focused on the phenotypic pattern displayed by PBMC treated with PIII in an in vitro granuloma assay. Expression of the surface markers CD28, CTLA-4 and CD86 by lymphocytes and monocytes were analyzed by flow cytometry. Our results demonstrated a significant decrease of CD28+CD4+ and CD28+CD8+ T-cell percentage stimulated by PIII compared to its non-infected counterparts. This suppressive effect was related to a significant increase in the percentage of T-cells expressing CTLA-4. PIII also promoted a significant increase in the percentage of cells expressing CD86. Indeed, our results demonstrated that PIII was capable of modulating in vitro granuloma reaction, and this event was related to the balance of IL-10, IFN-gamma and CD28, CTLA-4, CD86 bringing new insight to the immunoregulation of granulomatous hypersensitivity in human schistosomiasis.

Serological differentiation of acute and chronic schistosomiasis using Schistosoma mansoni recombinant protein RP26.

We obtained a recombinant protein encoded by Schistosoma mansoni gene which was able to differentiate acute from chronic schistosomiasis when applied as antigen in enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). A cDNA clone encoding a 26 kDa recombinant protein (RP26) was selected by screening of an adult worm S. mansoni lambdaZAP expression library with rabbit sera produced against PIII, an adult worm protein fraction already known to possess protective and immunomodulating effects. The clone cDNA presented 99% identity with S. mansoni Sm22.3 gene. We assayed IgG reactivity of sera from 18 patients with acute, 25 patients with chronic S. mansoni infection and 20 uninfected donors with RP26 in ELISA. Our results showed that 89% of sera were positive in acute schistosomiasis group, and only 26% in chronic group, without false-positive reactions in uninfected group. In mice the immune response to RP26 increased up to week 9 after infection and then diminished. We proposed that production of antibodies binding to RP26 stopped at the chronic stage of disease. The testing of sera from eight other parasitic infections with RP26 revealed no positive reactions in majority of sera. However, we observed low positive reaction in sera from 20% of leishmaniasis patients. Our results indicate that a recombinant protein RP26 can be used as immunodiagnostic reagent for detection of acute phase of schistosomiasis mansoni.

Protective immunity induced in mice by F0 and FII antigens purified from Paracoccidioides brasiliensis.

Paracoccidioides brasiliensis causes a chronic granulomatous mycosis prevalent in South America, and cell-mediated immunity represents the principal mode of protection against this fungal infection. We investigated whether immunization with P. brasiliensis antigens fractionated by anionic chromatography on fast protein liquid chromatography (FPLC) could elicit protective immunity. BALB/c mice were immunized by subcutaneous injection of either 10 microg fractions 0 (F0), II (FII) or III (FIII) in the presence of 100 microg of Corynebacterium parvum and 1 mg of Al(OH)(3) and challenged with pathogenic P. brasiliensis strain. Mice immunized with F0 presented cellular and humoral immune responses with significant production of IFN-gamma, and high levels of IgG2a and IgG3 isotypes. Immunization with FII induced significant production of IFN-gamma and IL-10 associated with high levels of IgG1 and IgG2a. It was demonstrated that immunization with F0 or FII promoted significant decrease of organ colony-forming units (CFUs) in the lung after challenge infection without fungi dissemination to the spleen or liver. In contrast, FIII immunized mice develop a progressive disseminated disease to spleen and liver presented significant levels of INF-gamma, IL-10 or TGF-beta associated with high production of IgG1 and IgG2a with low production of IgG2b and IgG3 after challenge infection. Taken together, these findings suggest that antigens of F0 and FII are reliable vaccine candidates against the paracoccidioidomycosis.