Using Digital Technology to Promote Patient Participation in the Rehabilitation Process in Hip Replacement: A Scoping Review.

The purpose of this scoping review was to identify and summarize how technology can promote patient participation in the rehabilitation process in hip replacement. We conducted a scoping review following the steps outlined by the Joanna Briggs Institute. The PRISMA Checklist (Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic reviews and Meta-Analyses) was utilized to systematically organize the gathered information. A thorough search of articles was performed on PubMed, Scopus, and CINAHL databases for all publications up to December 2022. Twenty articles were included in this study. Various technologies, such as mobile applications, Web sites, and platforms, offer interactive approaches to facilitate total hip replacement rehabilitation. The analyzed studies were based on the rehabilitation of total hip arthroplasty, which in most of them was developed in mobile applications and Web sites. The studies identified reflect trends in the application of digital health technologies to promote patient engagement in the rehabilitation process and provide risk monitoring and patient education.

Clinical relevance of the blanking period on late recurrence after catheter ablation of atrial fibrillation.

INTRODUCTION: Recurrence of atrial fibrillation (AF) within the blanking period after catheter ablation (CA) is traditionally classified as a transient and benign event. However, recent findings suggest that early recurrence (ER) is associated with late recurrence (LR), challenging the predefined "blanking period". We aimed to determine the clinical and procedural predictors of ER and LR after CA and establish the risk of LR in patients who experience ER. METHODS AND RESULTS: Retrospective single-centre study including all patients who underwent a first procedure of AF CA between 2017 and 2019. ER was defined as any recurrence of AF, atrial flutter or atrial tachycardia >30 s within 90 days after CA and LR as any recurrence after 90 days of CA. A total of 399 patients were included, 37% women, median age of 58 years [49-66] and 77% had paroxysmal AF. Median follow-up was 33 months (from 13 to 61). ER after CA was present in 14% of the patients, and LR was reported in 32%. Among patients who experienced ER, 84% also had LR (p < .001). Patients with ER had a higher prevalence of moderate/severe valvular heart disease, persistent AF, previous electrical cardioversion, a larger left atrium, higher coronary artery calcium score, and higher rates of intraprocedural electrical cardioversion and cardiac fibrosis on eletroanatomical mapping compared with patients without ER. After covariate adjustment, ER and female sex were defined as independent predictors of LR (hazard ratio [HR] 4.69; 95% confidence interval [CI], 2.99-7.35; p < .001 and HR 2.73; 95% CI, 1.47-5.10; p = .002, respectively). CONCLUSION: The risk of LR after an index procedure of CA was significantly higher in patients with ER (five-fold increased risk). These results support the imperative need to clarify the clinical role of the blanking period.

Theta-Burst Stimulation Is Able to Impact Cognitive Processing: A P300 and Neuropsychological Test Study.

INTRODUCTION: Theta-burst stimulation (TBS) is a safe non-invasive neurostimulation technique used to improve cognitive and neuropsychiatric impairments. Combined outcome evaluation using event-related potentials (ERPs) and neuropsychological tests may allow a more thorough assessment of TBS treatment efficacy; however, some mixed results have been found, and their use remains scarce. Our main objective was to evaluate whether a session of TBS to the left dorsolateral prefrontal cortex (DLPFC) can impact upon the performance of both neuropsychological and neurophysiological tests. METHODS: This double-blind sham-controlled study involved 28 healthy adults, between 18 and 30 years. Volunteers were randomly allocated to receive excitatory (intermittent [iTBS]), inhibitory (continuous TBS [cTBS]) or sham stimulation on the left DLPFC. Subjects were evaluated using ERPs (auditory oddball paradigm P300) and neuropsychological tests (Trail making test [TMT] and Stroop test of words and colours [STWC]), using a pre-post stimulation protocol. RESULTS: Inhibitory stimulation led to significantly delayed P300 peak latencies (p < 0.001), with no consistent change in N2P3 amplitudes. cTBS also significantly influenced the expected group performance in Stroop C and Stroop interference (p = 0.025) compared to the iTBS and sham groups. No significant results were found in TMT tests after TBS. CONCLUSION: Our results suggest that P300 and specific Stroop colour and words test parameters can be similarly influenced by the same TBS protocol. This emphasizes the importance of mixed evaluation using neuropsychological and neurophysiological resources in research associated with the use of transcranial magnetic stimulation and cognition.

Evaluating surrogates of genetic diversity for conservation planning.

Protected-area systems should conserve intraspecific genetic diversity. Because genetic data require resources to obtain, several approaches have been proposed for generating plans for protected-area systems (prioritizations) when genetic data are not available. Yet such surrogate-based approaches remain poorly tested. We evaluated the effectiveness of potential surrogate-based approaches based on microsatellite genetic data collected across the Iberian Peninsula for 7 amphibian and 3 reptilian species. Long-term environmental suitability did not effectively represent sites containing high genetic diversity (allelic richness). Prioritizations based on long-term environmental suitability had similar performance to random prioritizations. Geographic distances and resistance distances based on contemporary environmental suitability were not always effective surrogates for identification of combinations of sites that contain individuals with different genetic compositions. Our results demonstrate that population genetic data based on commonly used neutral markers can inform prioritizations, and we could not find an adequate substitute. Conservation planners need to weigh the potential benefits of genetic data against their acquisition costs.

Evaluación de los Sustitutos de la Diversidad Genética para la Planeación de la Conservación Resumen Los sistemas de áreas protegidas deberían conservar la diversidad genética intraespecífica. Ya que para obtener datos genéticos se requieren recursos, se han propuesto distintas estrategias para generar los planes para los sistemas de áreas protegidas (priorizaciones) cuando los datos genéticos no están disponibles. A pesar de lo anterior, dichas estrategias basadas en sustitutos han sido poco evaluadas. Evaluamos la efectividad del potencial de las estrategias basadas en sustitutos cuya base son los datos genéticos de microsatélites obtenidos en toda la Península Ibérica y correspondientes a siete especies de anfibios y a tres de reptiles. La idoneidad ambiental a largo plazo no representó efectivamente los sitios que contienen una diversidad genética alta (riqueza de alelos). Las priorizaciones basadas en la idoneidad ambiental a largo plazo tuvieron un desempeño similar a las priorizaciones aleatorias. Las distancias geográficas y las distancias de resistencia basadas en la idoneidad ambiental contemporánea no siempre fueron sustitutos efectivos para la identificación de las combinaciones de sitios que contienen individuos con composiciones genéticas diferentes. Nuestros resultados demuestran que los datos genéticos de una población basados en marcadores neutrales de uso común pueden informar a las priorizaciones y que no pudimos encontrar un sustituto adecuado. Los planificadores de la conservación necesitan sopesar los beneficios potenciales de los datos genéticos contra sus costos de adquisición.

Non-Newtonian Thermosensitive Nanofluid Based on Carbon Dots Functionalized with Ionic Liquids.

Non-Newtonian nanofluids present outstanding features in terms of energy transfer and conductivity with high application in numerous areas. In this work, non-Newtonian nanofluids based on carbon dots (Cdots) functionalized with ionic liquids (ILs) are developed. The nanofluids are produced using a simple, single-step method where the raw materials for the Cdots synthesis are glucose and waste biomass (chitin from crab shells). The use of ILs as both reaction media and functionalization molecules allows for the development of a new class of nanofluids, where the ILs on the Cdots surface represent the base-fluid. Here, the well-known benign IL 1-butyl-3-methylimidazolium chloride ([Bmim]Cl) and a novel home-made IL (1-tosylate-3-methyl-imidazolium triflate) [Tmi][Trif] are used. The nanofluids obtained from both substrates show, apart from high conductivity and viscosity, light absorption, and good wettability, an appealing thermal sensitivity behavior. This thermal sensitivity is preserved even when applied as thin films on glass slides and can be boosted using the surface plasmon resonance effect. The results reported demonstrate that the new Cdots/IL-based nanofluids constitute a versatile and cost-effective route for achieving high-performance thermosensitive non-Newtonian sustainable nanofluids with tremendous potential for the energy coatings sector and heat transfer film systems.

Discordant patterns of introgression across a narrow hybrid zone between two cryptic lineages of an Iberian endemic newt.

The study of natural hybrid zones can illuminate aspects of lineage divergence and speciation in morphologically cryptic taxa. We studied a hybrid zone between two highly divergent but morphologically similar lineages (south-western and south-eastern) of the Iberian endemic Bosca's newt (Lissotriton boscai) in SW Iberia with a multilocus dataset (microsatellites, nuclear and mitochondrial genes). STRUCTURE and NEWHYBRIDS analyses retrieved few admixed individuals, which classified as backcrosses involving parental individuals of the south-western lineage. Our results show asymmetric introgression of mtDNA beyond the contact from this lineage into the south-eastern lineage. Analysis of nongeographic introgression patterns revealed asymmetries in the direction of introgression, but except for mtDNA, we did not find evidence for nonconcordant introgression patterns across nuclear loci. Analysis of a 150-km transect across the hybrid zone showed broadly coincident cline widths (ca. 3.2-27.9 km), and concordant cline centres across all markers, except for mtDNA that is displaced ca. 60 km northward. Results from ecological niche modelling show that the hybrid zone is in a climatically homogenous area with suitable habitat for the species, suggesting that contact between the two lineages is unlikely to occur further south as their distributions are currently separated by an extensive area of unfavourable habitat. Taken together, our findings suggest the genetic structure of this hybrid zone results from the interplay of historical (biogeographic) and population-level processes. The narrowness and coincidence of genetic clines can be explained by weak selection against hybrids and reflect a degree of reproductive isolation that is consistent with cryptic speciation.

Integrating hybrid zone analyses in species delimitation: lessons from two anuran radiations of the Western Mediterranean.

Molecular ecologists often rely on phylogenetic evidence for assessing the species-level systematics of newly discovered lineages. Alternatively, the extent of introgression at phylogeographic transitions can provide a more direct test to assign candidate taxa into subspecies or species categories. Here, we compared phylogenetic versus hybrid zone approaches of species delimitation in two groups of frogs from the Western Mediterranean region (Discoglossus and Pelodytes), by using genomic data (ddRAD). In both genera, coalescent analyses recovered almost all nominal taxa as "species". However, the least-diverged pairs D. g. galganoi/jeanneae and P. punctatus/hespericus admix over hundreds of kilometers, suggesting that they have not yet developed strong reproductive isolation and should be treated as conspecifics. In contrast, the comparatively older D. scovazzi/pictus and P. atlanticus/ibericus form narrow contact zones, consistent with species distinctiveness. Due to their complementarity, we recommend taxonomists to combine phylogenomics with hybrid zone analyses to scale the gray zone of speciation, i.e., the evolutionary window separating widely admixing lineages versus nascent reproductively isolated species. The radically different transitions documented here conform to the view that genetic incompatibilities accumulating with divergence generate a weak barrier to gene flow for long periods of time, until their effects multiply and the speciation process then advances rapidly. Given the variability of the gray zone among taxonomic groups, at least from our current abilities to measure it, we recommend to customize divergence thresholds within radiations to categorize lineages for which no direct test of speciation is possible.

Can Luminol Be a Fluorophore?

In this work, we report a new chemiluminescence system using bis-(2,4,6-trichlorophenyl) oxalate (TCPO) with hydrogen peroxide and luminol as fluorophore. The intense chemiluminescence reaction here described was fully investigated and it was determined that this fluorescent system has two strong light emissions at 440 and 490 nm, respectively. This new, user friendly, intense and striking light emission chemiluminescence system can be used as a very usefull tool for the design and construction of fluorescencent chemical sensors.

Complete atrioventricular block during exercise: New insights from an old test.

Exercise stress testing can have a central role in the assessment of cardiovascular disease. Contemporary data, however, has highlighted the added value of imaging modalities over the exercise electrocardiogram in the investigation of coronary artery disease. Given the physiological changes associated with exercise and the possibility to address other parameters such as rhythm changes and the chronotropic response, exercise stress testing with continuous electrocardiographic monitoring can still have an important place in contemporary clinical practice. We report the case of a complete atrioventricular block associated with exercise and discuss the current role of exercise stress testing with continuous electrocardiographic monitoring in this entity.

Finding Parameters around the Abdomen for a Vibrotactile System: Healthy and Patients with Parkinson's Disease.

Freezing of Gait (FOG) is one of the most disabling gait disorders in Parkinson's Disease (PD), for which the efficacy of the medication is reduced, highlighting the use of non-pharmacological solutions. In particular, patients present less difficulties in overcoming FOG when using feedback and especially with Biofeedback Systems. In this study it is intended to detect the frequency threshold and the minimum interval of perception of the vibrotactile feedback, through a proposed wearable system, a waistband. Experimental tests were carried out that considered a temporal, spatial and spatiotemporal context, for which 15 healthy and 15 PD patients participated. It was detected as threshold frequency 180 Hz and for minimum interval of vibration perception 250 ms. The identification of this threshold frequency and this interval will allow us to select the frequency and the minimum interval of vibration to be used in a Vibrotactile Biofeedback Device for patients with PD, in order to help them to overcome FOG.

A devices' game of thrones: cardiac resynchronization therapy vs. pacemaker.

AIMS: Oversensing can interfere with biventricular pacing. Cardiac Resynchronization Therapy (CRT) output inhibition due to automatic brady mode change from a sensing to a pacing mode of a previously implanted pacemaker as it reached battery capacity depleted indicator has not been previously published in the medical literature. METHODS AND RESULTS: We report the first case of CRT output inhibition in a pacemaker dependent patient due to electrical stimuli from a previously right-sided implanted pacemaker, after unaware reversion of OVO mode (O = no chambers paced; V = ventricular sensing; O = no response to sensing) to backup VVI (V = ventricular pacing; V = ventricular sensing; I = inhibitory response to sensing) when it reached the elective replacement interval. CONCLUSION: This paper emphasizes the importance of knowing the distinct pacemaker brady mode behaviours after battery capacity depleted indicator has been reached, according to the pacemakers' manufacturer, including the possibility of automatic brady mode change from sensing to pacing mode. It also highlights the potential for severe bradycardia or asystole of this automatic brady mode change from a previously implanted pacemaker in pacemaker dependent patients submitted to CRT upgrade.

Aortic Valve Calcium Volume Predicts Paravalvular Regurgitation and the Need for Balloon Post-Dilatation After Transcatheter Aortic Valve Implantation.

OBJECTIVE: This study sought to evaluate the impact of aortic valve (AV) and left ventricle outflow tract (LVOT) calcium on paravalvular regurgitation (PVR) and need for balloon post-dilatation (BPD) during transcatheter aortic valve implantation (TAVI). METHODS: The overall study population comprised 152 patients. Calcium mass and volume of AV and LVOT were estimated from contrast-enhanced multislice computed tomography imaging, using 3 thresholds for calcium detection [650, 850, and 1,050 Hounsfield units (HU)]. RESULTS: A self-expandable prosthesis was implanted in 67.8% of patients and a balloon-expandable prosthesis in the remaining. Eleven patients required BPD and 82 patients presented post-procedural PVR, which was mild in 44.1% and moderate in 9.9%. The greatest discriminatory value for PVR ≥ mild was seen for calcium volume using 850 HU threshold, with an area under the curve of 0.72 (95%CI 0.64-0.80, P < 0.001) for AV and of 0.63 (95%CI 0.54-0.72, P = 0.008) for LVOT. For 850 HU threshold, the calcium volume cut-off with the highest sum of sensitivity and specificity for PVR was 157 mm(3) for AV and 0.6 mm(3) for LVOT. In multivariate logistic regression analysis, the presence of AV calcium ≥157 mm(3) (OR 3.83, 95%CI 1.81-8.10, P < 0.001) and ≥267 mm(3) (OR 11.3, 95%CI 1.2-103.1, P = 0.03) were the only independent predictors of PVR and BPD, respectively. CONCLUSIONS: AV calcium volume was an independent predictor of PVR and BPD in patients submitted to TAVI. Our results support a systematic assessment of AV calcium volume to identify patients at increased risk of post-procedural PVR.

Molecular evidence for cryptic candidate species in Iberian Pelodytes (Anura, Pelodytidae).

Species delineation is a central topic in evolutionary biology, with current efforts focused on developing efficient analytical tools to extract the most information from molecular data and provide objective and repeatable results. In this paper we use a multilocus dataset (mtDNA and two nuclear markers) in a geographically comprehensive population sample across Iberia and Western Europe to delineate candidate species in a morphologically cryptic species group, Parsley frogs (genus Pelodytes). Pelodytes is the sole extant representative of an ancient, historically widely distributed anuran clade that currently includes three species: P. caucasicus in the Caucasus; P. punctatus in Western Europe, from Portugal to North-Western Italy; and P. ibericus in Southern Iberia. Phylogenetic analyses recovered four major well-supported haplotype clades in Western Europe, corresponding to well demarcated geographical subdivisions and exhibiting contrasting demographic histories. Splitting times date back to the Plio-Pleistocene and are very close in time. Species-tree analyses recovered one of these species lineages, corresponding to P. ibericus (lineage B), as the sister taxon to the other three major species lineages, distributed respectively in: western Iberian Peninsula, along the Atlantic coast and part of central Portugal (lineage A); Central and Eastern Spain (lineage C); and North-eastern Spain, France and North-western Italy (lineage D). The latter is in turn subdivided into two sub-clades, one in SE France and NW Italy and the other one from NE Spain to NW France, suggesting the existence of a Mediterranean-Atlantic corridor along the Garonne river. An information theory-based validation approach implemented in SpedeSTEM supports an arrangement of four candidate species, suggesting the need for a taxonomic revision of Western European Pelodytes.

Multilocus assessment of phylogenetic relationships in Alytes (Anura, Alytidae).

With the advent of large multilocus datasets, molecular systematics is experiencing very rapid progress, but important challenges remain regarding data analysis and interpretation. Midwife toads (genus Alytes) exemplify two of the most widespread problems for accurate phylogenetic reconstruction: discerning the causes of discordance between gene trees, and resolving short internodes produced during rapid, successive splitting events. The three species in subgenus Baleaphryne (A. maurus, A. dickhilleni and A. muletensis), the sister group to A. obstetricans, have disjunct and highly restricted geographical ranges, which are thought to result from old vicariant events affecting their common ancestor, but their phylogenetic relationships are still unresolved. In this study we re-address the phylogeny of Alytes with a special focus on the relationships in Baleaphryne with a multilocus dataset including >9000 base pairs of mitochondrial DNA and four nuclear markers (3142bp) in all recognized taxa, including all subspecies of A. obstetricans. Both concatenation and species tree analyses suggest that A. muletensis, endemic to the Balearic island of Mallorca, is the sister taxon to a clade comprising the southeastern Iberian endemic A. dickhilleni and the North African A. maurus. This scenario is consistent with palaeogeological evidence associated with the fragmentation of the Betic-Rifean Massif, followed by the opening of the Strait of Gibraltar. On the other hand, analyses of intraspecific variation in A. obstetricans are inconclusive regarding relationships between major clades and conflict with current subspecific taxonomy.

Digital biomarkers of mobility and quality of life in Parkinson's disease based on a wearable motion analysis LAB.

BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVE: Functional mobility, an indicator of the quality of life (QoL), requires fast and flexible changes during motion, which are limited in Parkinson's disease (PD). Recent body-worn sensors have emerged in the last decades as potential solutions to produce digital biomarkers able to quantify mobility outside routine consultations and during real-life scenarios for multiple days at a time. The proposed research aims to study the ability of a wearable motion analysis lab, developed by our team, to produce digital biomarkers of mobility and QoL levels in patients with PD. METHODS: A cross-sectional study was followed, including 40 patients stratified into three subgroups according to a clinic motor examination and a QoL questionnaire. RESULTS: The achieved outcomes demonstrate the ability of the proposed high-tech solution to measure prototypical gait impairments and discriminate motor condition (AUC=0,890) and patients' QoL levels (AUC=0,950). Also, from the measured multiple gait-associated parameters, we identified the variables with the most potential to be applied as digital biomarkers of mobility (67 % of the metrics) and QoL (72 % of the metrics) in PD. CONCLUSIONS: Overall, we confirmed our hypothesis of using our body-worn sensor-based solution for passive or active monitoring of mobility and QoL in PD to produce objective, feasible, and continuous digital biomarkers.

Lipid Profile of Plant-Based Milk Alternatives (PBMAs) and Cow's Milk: A Comparison.

Some consumers are replacing cow's milk with plant-based milk alternatives (PBMAs). The present study aimed to characterize the lipid profiles of cow's milk (n = 60) and PBMA types (soya, oat, rice, almond, coconut, and hazelnut; n = 10 per type). Significant differences were found in the fatty acid (FA) profiles of PBMAs and milk, particularly in FA diversity (15 FAs in PBMAs vs 54 FAs in milk) and the proportion of prime FA groups. The FA profile of coconut was dominated by saturated FAs (SFA), whereas monounsaturated FAs (MUFA) or polyunsaturated FAs (PUFA) were dominant in the remaining PBMA types. Cholesterol was not detected in any PBMA type. The FA profile of milk FAs was dominated by SFA; however, different individual SFA have varying health outcomes. Additionally, milk contains some FA groups with health-promoting properties, such as methyl-branched-chain FAs (BCFA) and conjugated linoleic acid (CLA), both of which are absent in PBMAs.

RehabApp to promote patient participation in the rehabilitation process after HIP replacement: Development and usability study.

OBJECTIVE: This study aims to present the developmental stages of a Mobile App Prototype designed to enhance patient participation in the rehabilitation process after hip replacement. METHODS: To ensure effective interaction between the system and the end user, a User-Centered Design methodology was followed, encompassing three phases: Requirements gathering, Prototyping, and Evaluation. Usability tests were conducted to assess the usability of the developed system. RESULTS: The RehabApp for mobile devices was created, and the testing results were positive. Users expressed satisfaction with the outcome, deeming it a valuable tool for their recovery. This outcome demonstrates the high receptiveness of these technologies in the healthcare sector, making it a project that can readily be expanded into other areas of rehabilitation. CONCLUSION: This study demonstrated the potential of the RehabApp in the rehabilitation process after hip replacement surgery. This accomplishment was realized by ensuring the active participation of patients, potential users, and healthcare professionals throughout the app's development. INNOVATION: The RehabApp is a mobile application to provide users with all the necessary knowledge, enabling them to undergo a smoother and safer rehabilitation. Feedback from both patients and healthcare professionals played a crucial role in refining the app's features and addressing usability concerns.

Hepatitis E virus in wild and domestic rabbits from Portugal: a combined molecular and longitudinal serological study.

Hepatitis E virus (HEV), species Paslahepevirus balayani, poses a global public health threat, especially in developing countries, by causing acute enterically transmitted hepatitis. HEV infects various mammalian hosts and belongs to the genus Paslahepevirus in the family Hepeviridae. While swine are recognized as the main hosts of HEV, rabbits, which can also be affected by swine HEV-3 related strains, serve as the primary reservoir for the distinct emerging and zoonotic HEV-3ra subtype. In Portugal, where the European wild rabbit is abundant, their role in HEV epidemiology remains unclear. The primary aim of the present research was to evaluate the circulation and the potential for HEV infection within these species. This study employed a molecular and longitudinal serological approach to investigate HEV in Portuguese rabbits. Among the 205 wild rabbits tested, a seroprevalence of 2.44% (95% CI: 0.80-5.60) was found, with no significant associations with age, sex, localization, or sampling dates. Seropositive animals were found in the south and center regions of the country. HEV RNA was not detected in 120 fecal samples, suggesting a natural, low level, and widespread viral circulation. The study underscores the need for further research to comprehend HEV dynamics in these species, which is crucial for assessing potential transmission risks to humans.

Serological and Molecular Survey of Hepatitis E Virus in Small Ruminants from Central Portugal.

Hepatitis E virus (HEV) is currently recognized as an emerging problem and a growing concern for public health in developed countries, with HEV infections mainly attributable to foodborne transmission of HEV-3. The zoonotic HEV genotype 3 infects a wide range of mammalian hosts, with swine considered as the primary host. This study investigates the occurrence of HEV among small ruminants in Portugal. The primary aim of the present research was to evaluate the circulation and the potential for HEV infection among sheep and goats. A total of 400 bile samples and 493 blood samples were collected from sheep and goats at a slaughterhouse in the center region of Portugal, between January 2022 and March 2023. The HEV RNA detection in bile samples was performed using a nested broad-spectrum RT-PCR targeting the ORF1 region. Serological analysis to detect anti-HEV antibodies was conducted using a commercial double-antigen sandwich multi-species ELISA. The HEV RNA was not detected in any bile samples using the nested broad-spectrum RT-PCR. Serological analysis revealed an overall HEV antibody seroprevalence of 2% (10/493, 95% CI: 0.98-3.70) among the small ruminants, namely 2.2% in goats and 2.0% in sheep. Curiously, no statistically significant association among the factors, age, sex and species and HEV seroprevalence was observed. Although HEV RNA was not detected in the bile of sheep and goats, this study the evidence of seroprevalence in these small ruminant species. Further research could provide additional insights into the factors influencing HEV transmission dynamics in small ruminants in Portugal and its potential implications for public health.