Traumatic Brain Injury Epidemiology in Brazil.

BACKGROUND: Traumatic brain injury (TBI) stands out as a grave social and economic problem. Emerging countries possess few epidemiologic studies on the range and impact of TBI. OBJECTIVE: Our study aimed to characterize the demographic, social, and economic profile of people suffering from TBI in Brazil. METHODS: Data on TBI cases in Brazil between 2008 and 2012 were collected through the website of the Information Technology Department of the Unified Health System (DATASUS) maintained by the Brazilian Ministry of Health. This database is fed by public hospital admission authorization forms provided nationwide. RESULTS: There were around 125,000 hospital admissions due to TBI a year, an incidence of 65.7 admissions per 100,000 inhabitants per year. Hospital mortality was 5.1/100,000/year, and the case fatality rate was 7.7%. The average annual cost of hospital expenses was US$ 70,960,000, with an average cost per admission of US$ 568. The age group 20-29, frequently admitted to the hospital due to TBI, presented the largest number of hospital deaths; however, the population >80 years of age showed the highest admission rate per age group, around 138/100,000/year, followed by the age group 70-79. CONCLUSIONS: TBI should be recognized as an important public health problem in Brazil because it is responsible for considerable social and economic costs. Besides the young adult age group (20-29 years old), the geriatric age group is especially vulnerable to the frequent and devastating consequences of TBI. The implementation of a system of effective epidemiologic vigilance for neurotrauma is urgent in Brazil and other countries worldwide.

Profile of patients with brain tumors and the role of nursing care.

OBJECTIVE: to describe the profile of 200 patients with central nervous system tumors (CNST), and the role of the nursing care. METHOD: prospective, quantitative and descriptive analysis of medical records of 200 patients with TSNC. RESULTS: a total of 61% of our patients had benign CNST and 39% had malignant tumors. The extent of patient dependence, according to the Karnofsky Performance Status scale, was significantly greater for patients with malignant CNST (p < .05), indicating that these patients needed more support with their activities of daily living. CONCLUSION: patients with CNST need specialized care, with specific guidance regarding their disease and aspects of daily living after treatment. Thus, the nurse can function as a key element for the effectiveness of care provided to patients and family members with the aim of enhancing the quality of life of all those affected, directly or indirectly, by the disease.

Endoscopic transnasal approach for removing pituitary tumors.

UNLABELLED: To describe a series of 129 consecutive patients submitted to the resection of pituitary tumors using the endoscopic transsphenoidal approach in a public medical center. METHOD: Retrospective analysis based on the records of patients submitted to the resection of a pituitary tumor through the endoscopic transsphenoidal approach between 2004 and 2009. RESULTS: One hundred and twenty-nine records were analyzed. The tumor was non-secreting in 96 (74.42%) and secreting in 33 patients (22.58%). Out of the secretory tumors, the most prevalent was the growth hormone producer (7.65%), followed by the prolactinoma, (6.98%). Eleven patients developed cerebral spinal fluid (CSF) fistulas, and four of them developed meningitis. One patient died due to intracerebral hemorrhage in the postoperative period. CONCLUSION: The endoscopic transsphenoidal approach to sellar tumors proved to be safe when the majority of the tumors were non-secreting. The most frequent complication was CSF. This technique can be done even in a public hospital with financial limits, since the health professionals are integrated.

Profile of patients with brain tumors and the role of nursing care / Perfil dos pacientes com tumores cerebrais e o papel do enfermeiro / Perfil de pacientes con tumores cerebrales y el papel de la enfermería

ABSTRACT Objective: to describe the profile of 200 patients with central nervous system tumors (CNST), and the role of the nursing care. Method: prospective, quantitative and descriptive analysis of medical records of 200 patients with TSNC. Results: a total of 61% of our patients had benign CNST and 39% had malignant tumors. The extent of patient dependence, according to the Karnofsky Performance Status scale, was significantly greater for patients with malignant CNST (p < .05), indicating that these patients needed more support with their activities of daily living. Conclusion: patients with CNST need specialized care, with specific guidance regarding their disease and aspects of daily living after treatment. Thus, the nurse can function as a key element for the effectiveness of care provided to patients and family members with the aim of enhancing the quality of life of all those affected, directly or indirectly, by the disease.

RESUMO Objetivo: descrever o perfil de 200 pacientes com tumores no sistema nervoso central (TSNC) e o papel do cuidado em enfermagem. Método: análise prospectiva, quantitativa e descritiva de prontuários de 200 pacientes com TSNC. Resultados: 61% dos pacientes possuíam TSNC benignos e 39% tumores malignos. O grau de dependência do paciente de acordo com a Escala de Karnofsky foi significativamente maior para pacientes com tumores malignos (P <0,05), indicando que estes precisam de maior esforço e, consequentemente, apoio em suas atividades diárias. Conclusão: Pacientes com TSNC necessitam de cuidados especializados, com orientações específicas a respeito de sua doença e aos aspectos da sua vida diária após o tratamento. Assim, o enfermeiro pode ser um elemento-chave para a eficácia dos cuidados prestados aos pacientes e familiares com o objetivo de melhorar a qualidade de vida de todas as pessoas afetadas, direta ou indiretamente, pela doença.

RESUMEN Objetivo: describir el perfil de los 200 pacientes con tumores del sistema nervioso central (TSNC) y el papel de la enfermería. Método: análisis prospectivo, cuantitativo y descriptivo de los registros médicos de 200 pacientes con TSNC. Resultados: 61% de los pacientes tenían TSNC benignos y 39% tumores malignos. El grado de la dependencia de los pacientes según la Escala de Karnofsky fue significativamente mayor en los pacientes con tumores malignos (P <0,05), lo que indica que estos pacientes necesitan más apoyo en las actividades diarias. Conclusión: los pacientes con tumores cerebrales requieren atención especializada, con directrices específicas sobre su enfermedad y aspectos de la vida diaria después del tratamiento. Por lo tanto, los enfermeros pueden ser un elemento clave para la eficacia de la atención prestada a los pacientes y sus familias con el objetivo de mejorar la calidad de vida de las personas afectadas por la enfermedad.

Eticidade do uso de placebo em pesquisa clínica: proposta de algoritmos decisórios / Ethics of the use of placebos in clinical research: a proposal for decision-making algorithms

O uso de placebo em pesquisa clínica tem sido motivo de debate nos últimos anos, sobretudo após a Associação Médica Mundial publicar, em 2002, nota de esclarecimento do parágrafo 29 da Declaração de Helsinki. O Brasil tem se destacado por sua posição firme e contrária ao uso flexível de placebo. Tanto o Conselho Federal de Medicina quanto o Conselho Nacional de Saúde editaram resoluções que normatizam seu uso no Brasil, de forma a não admiti-lo em caso da existência de um método terapêutico melhor. O presente artigo reforça essa posição e tem por objetivo descrever as diversas aplicações de placebo em pesquisa clínica, bem como trazer à luz a complexa decisão sobre a eticidade de seu uso. Além disso, os autores propõem uma reflexão acerca da utilização de placebo no âmbito da pesquisa, por meio de algoritmos decisórios baseados nas normativas éticas brasileiras...

The use of placebos in clinical research has been a matter of considerable debate in recent years, notably when the World Medical Association published, in 2002, a note of clarification for paragraph 29 of the Helsinki Declaration. Brazil is known for its strong opposition to the flexible use of placebos. Both the Federal Council of Medicine and the National Health Council have published resolutions regulating the use of placebos in Brazil, preventing their use if there is a more effective therapeutic method already in place. The present study reinforces that position and aims to describe the various uses of placebos in clinical research, as well as examining the complex decisions relating to the ethics of their use. Additionally, the authors propose a reflection on the use of placebos through decision-making algorithms based on Brazilian ethical standards...

El uso del placebo en la investigación clínica ha sido un tema de debate en los últimos años, sobre todo después de que la Asociación Médica Mundial publicara, en 2002, una nota aclaratoria del párrafo 29 de la Declaración de Helsinki. Brasil se ha destacado por su firme posición en contra de la utilización flexible del placebo. Tanto el Consejo Federal de Medicina como el Consejo Nacional de Salud editaron resoluciones que regulan el uso del placebo en Brasil, no admitiéndose su uso cuando existe un mejor método terapéutico. El presente artículo refuerza esa posición y tiene como objetivo describir diferentes usos del placebo en la investigación clínica, así como contribuir en la discusión sobre la ética de su uso. Además, los autores proponen una reflexión sobre el uso del placebo en la investigación a través de algoritmos para la toma de decisiones, los cuales se basan en las normativas éticas de Brasil...

Endoscopic transnasal approach for removing pituitary tumors / Acesso transnasal endoscópico para remoção de tumores da hipófise

To describe a series of 129 consecutive patients submitted to the resection of pituitary tumors using the endoscopic transsphenoidal approach in a public medical center. Method: Retrospective analysis based on the records of patients submitted to the resection of a pituitary tumor through the endoscopic transsphenoidal approach between 2004 and 2009. Results: One hundred and twenty-nine records were analyzed. The tumor was non-secreting in 96 (74.42%) and secreting in 33 patients (22.58%). Out of the secretory tumors, the most prevalent was the growth hormone producer (7.65%), followed by the prolactinoma, (6.98%). Eleven patients developed cerebral spinal fluid (CSF) fistulas, and four of them developed meningitis. One patient died due to intracerebral hemorrhage in the postoperative period. Conclusion: The endoscopic transsphenoidal approach to sellar tumors proved to be safe when the majority of the tumors were non-secreting. The most frequent complication was CSF. This technique can be done even in a public hospital with financial limits, since the health professionals are integrated. .

Descrever uma série de 129 pacientes submetidos à ressecção de tumor de hipófise com acesso endoscópico transesfenoidal em um serviço de público referência em Belo Horizonte. Método: Análise retrospectiva realizada por análise dos prontuários de pacientes submetidos à ressecção de tumor de hipófise com acesso endoscópico transesfenoidal entre os anos 2004 e 2009. Resultados: Foram avaliados 129 prontuários. O tumor era não secretante em 96 (74,42%) e secretante em 33 pacientes (22,58%). Dos tumores secretores, o de maior prevalência foi o produtor de hormônio do crescimento: 15 pacientes (7,65%). Onze pacientes desenvolveram fístula liquórica. Um paciente faleceu devido hemorragia intracerebral no pós-operatório. Conclusão: O acesso endoscópico transfenoidal aos tumores selares mostrou-se seguro numa população em que a maioria dos tumores era não secretante. A principal complicação encontrada foi fístula liquórica. Esta técnica é passível de utilização em hospital público mesmo com limites financeiros desde que haja integração multiprofissional. .