RESUMO
A novel 4-aminoindazole sulfonamide hit (13) was identified as a human CCR4 antagonists from testing a focussed library of compounds in the primary GTPγS assay. Replacing the indazole core with a pyrazolopyrimidine, and introduction of a methoxy group adjacent to the sulfonamide substituent, resulted in the identification of pyrazolopyrimidine 37a, which exhibited good binding affinity in the GTPγS assay (pIC50=7.2), low lipophilicity (clogP=2.2, chromlogD7.4=2.4), high LE (0.41), high solubility (CLND solubility ≥581µM), and an excellent PK profile in both the rat (F=62%) and the dog (F=100%). Further SAR investigation of the pyrazolopyrimidine suggested that substitution at N1 is tolerated, providing a suitable vector to modulate the properties, and increase the potency in a lead optimisation campaign.
Assuntos
Receptores CCR4/antagonistas & inibidores , Sulfonamidas/farmacologia , Animais , Cães , Relação Dose-Resposta a Droga , Humanos , Masculino , Estrutura Molecular , Ratos , Ratos Sprague-Dawley , Ratos Wistar , Relação Estrutura-Atividade , Sulfonamidas/síntese química , Sulfonamidas/químicaRESUMO
IL-2-inducible tyrosine kinase (Itk) plays a key role in antigen receptor signaling in T cells and is considered an important target for anti-inflammatory drug discovery. In order to generate inhibitors with the necessary potency and selectivity, a compound that targeted cysteine 442 in the ATP binding pocket and with an envisaged irreversible mode of action was designed. We incorporated a high degree of molecular recognition and specific design features making the compound suitable for inhaled delivery. This study confirms the irreversible covalent binding of the inhibitor to the kinase by x-ray crystallography and enzymology while demonstrating potency, selectivity, and prolonged duration of action in in vitro biological assays. The biosynthetic turnover of the kinase was also examined as a critical factor when designing irreversible inhibitors for extended duration of action. The exemplified Itk inhibitor demonstrated inhibition of both TH1 and TH2 cytokines, was additive with fluticasone propionate, and inhibited cytokine release from human lung fragments. Finally, we describe an in vivo pharmacodynamic assay that allows rapid preclinical development without animal efficacy models.
Assuntos
Asma/tratamento farmacológico , Cisteína/química , Desenho de Fármacos , Inibidores Enzimáticos/farmacologia , Proteínas Tirosina Quinases/antagonistas & inibidores , Trifosfato de Adenosina/química , Animais , Cristalografia por Raios X , Citocinas/metabolismo , Avaliação Pré-Clínica de Medicamentos , Inibidores Enzimáticos/química , Regulação Enzimológica da Expressão Gênica , Humanos , Células Jurkat , Leucócitos Mononucleares/efeitos dos fármacos , Ligantes , Masculino , Tamanho da Partícula , Ligação Proteica , Proteínas Tirosina Quinases/química , Ratos , Ratos Wistar , Transdução de SinaisRESUMO
Synthesis and preliminary SAR of the N1 substituent of a novel series of indazole sulfonamide chemokine receptor 4 (CCR4) antagonist is reported. Compound 7r was identified for further development.
Assuntos
Indazóis/síntese química , Receptores de Quimiocinas/antagonistas & inibidores , Sulfonamidas/síntese química , Humanos , Indazóis/química , Indazóis/farmacologia , Concentração Inibidora 50 , Estrutura Molecular , Ligação Proteica/efeitos dos fármacos , Relação Estrutura-Atividade , Sulfonamidas/química , Sulfonamidas/farmacologiaRESUMO
BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES: Physiologically based pharmacokinetic (PBPK) modelling has evolved to accommodate different routes of drug administration and enables prediction of drug concentrations in tissues as well as plasma. The inhalation route of administration has proven successful in treating respiratory diseases but can also be used for rapid systemic delivery, holding great promise for treatment of diseases requiring systemic exposure. The objective of this work was to develop a PBPK model that predicts plasma and tissue concentrations following inhalation administration of the PI3Kδ inhibitor nemiralisib. METHODS: A PBPK model was built in GastroPlus® that includes a complete mechanistic description of pulmonary absorption, systemic distribution and oral absorption following inhalation administration of nemiralisib. The availability of clinical data obtained after intravenous, oral and inhalation administration enabled validation of the model with observed data and accurate assessment of pulmonary drug absorption. The PBPK model described in this study incorporates novel use of key parameters such as lung systemic absorption rate constants derived from human physiological lung blood flows, and implementation of the specific permeability-surface area product per millilitre of tissue cell volume (SpecPStc) to predict tissue distribution. RESULTS: The inhaled PBPK model was verified using plasma and bronchoalveolar lavage fluid concentration data obtained in human subjects. Prediction of tissue concentrations using the permeability-limited systemic disposition tissue model was further validated using tissue concentration data obtained in the rat following intravenous infusion administration to steady state. CONCLUSIONS: Fully mechanistic inhaled PBPK models such as the model described herein could be applied for cross molecule assessments with respect to lung retention and systemic exposure, both in terms of pharmacology and toxicology, and may facilitate clinical indication selection.
Assuntos
Indazóis , Modelos Biológicos , Absorção Fisiológica , Administração por Inalação , Administração Oral , Animais , Simulação por Computador , Humanos , Indóis , Oxazóis , Piperazinas , RatosRESUMO
The αvß6 integrin plays a key role in the activation of transforming growth factor-ß (TGFß), a pro-fibrotic mediator that is pivotal to the development of idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis (IPF). We identified a selective small molecule αvß6 RGD-mimetic, GSK3008348, and profiled it in a range of disease relevant pre-clinical systems. To understand the relationship between target engagement and inhibition of fibrosis, we measured pharmacodynamic and disease-related end points. Here, we report, GSK3008348 binds to αvß6 with high affinity in human IPF lung and reduces downstream pro-fibrotic TGFß signaling to normal levels. In human lung epithelial cells, GSK3008348 induces rapid internalization and lysosomal degradation of the αvß6 integrin. In the murine bleomycin-induced lung fibrosis model, GSK3008348 engages αvß6, induces prolonged inhibition of TGFß signaling and reduces lung collagen deposition and serum C3M, a marker of IPF disease progression. These studies highlight the potential of inhaled GSK3008348 as an anti-fibrotic therapy.
Assuntos
Butiratos/farmacologia , Fibrose Pulmonar Idiopática/tratamento farmacológico , Integrinas/antagonistas & inibidores , Naftiridinas/farmacologia , Pirazóis/farmacologia , Pirrolidinas/farmacologia , Administração por Inalação , Animais , Antígenos de Neoplasias/metabolismo , Bleomicina/toxicidade , Butiratos/administração & dosagem , Butiratos/metabolismo , Butiratos/farmacocinética , Colágeno/metabolismo , Modelos Animais de Doenças , Células Epiteliais/efeitos dos fármacos , Humanos , Fibrose Pulmonar Idiopática/induzido quimicamente , Fibrose Pulmonar Idiopática/patologia , Integrinas/metabolismo , Masculino , Camundongos Endogâmicos C57BL , Simulação de Acoplamento Molecular , Naftiridinas/administração & dosagem , Naftiridinas/metabolismo , Naftiridinas/farmacocinética , Pirazóis/administração & dosagem , Pirazóis/metabolismo , Pirazóis/farmacocinética , Pirrolidinas/administração & dosagem , Pirrolidinas/metabolismo , Pirrolidinas/farmacocinética , Bibliotecas de Moléculas Pequenas/química , Bibliotecas de Moléculas Pequenas/farmacologia , Tomografia Computadorizada de Emissão de Fóton Único , Fator de Crescimento Transformador beta/metabolismo , Pesquisa Translacional BiomédicaRESUMO
A number of potent 2,8-diazaspiro[4.5]decan-8-yl)pyrimidin-4-amine CCR4 antagonists binding to the extracellular allosteric site were synthesised. (R)-N-(2,4-Dichlorobenzyl)-2-(2-(pyrrolidin-2-ylmethyl)-2,8-diazaspiro[4.5]decan-8-yl)pyrimidin-4-amine (R)-(18a) has high affinity in both the [(125)I]-TARC binding assay with a pKi of 8.8, and the [(35)S]-GTPγS functional assay with a pIC50 of 8.1, and high activity in the human whole blood actin polymerisation assay (pA2 = 6.7). The most potent antagonists were also investigated for their ability to induce endocytosis of CCR4 and were found to internalise about 60% of the cell surface receptors, a property which is not commonly shared by small molecule antagonists of chemokine receptors.
Assuntos
Endocitose/efeitos dos fármacos , Pirimidinas/farmacologia , Receptores CCR4/antagonistas & inibidores , Compostos de Espiro/farmacologia , Relação Dose-Resposta a Droga , Humanos , Estrutura Molecular , Pirimidinas/síntese química , Pirimidinas/química , Receptores CCR4/metabolismo , Compostos de Espiro/síntese química , Compostos de Espiro/química , Relação Estrutura-AtividadeRESUMO
A series of indazole arylsulfonamides were synthesized and examined as human CCR4 antagonists. Methoxy- or hydroxyl-containing groups were the more potent indazole C4 substituents. Only small groups were tolerated at C5, C6, or C7, with the C6 analogues being preferred. The most potent N3-substituent was 5-chlorothiophene-2-sulfonamide. N1 meta-substituted benzyl groups possessing an α-amino-3-[(methylamino)acyl]-group were the most potent N1-substituents. Strongly basic amino groups had low oral absorption in vivo. Less basic analogues, such as morpholines, had good oral absorption; however, they also had high clearance. The most potent compound with high absorption in two species was analogue 6 (GSK2239633A), which was selected for further development. Aryl sulfonamide antagonists bind to CCR4 at an intracellular allosteric site denoted site II. X-ray diffraction studies on two indazole sulfonamide fragments suggested the presence of an important intramolecular interaction in the active conformation.