Excess Mortality During the COVID-19 Pandemic in Philadelphia.

Objectives. To estimate excess all-cause mortality in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, during the COVID-19 pandemic and understand the distribution of excess mortality in the population. Methods. With a Poisson model trained on recent historical data from the Pennsylvania vital registration system, we estimated expected weekly mortality in 2020. We compared these estimates with observed mortality to estimate excess mortality. We further examined the distribution of excess mortality by age, sex, and race/ethnicity. Results. There were an estimated 3550 excess deaths between March 22, 2020, and January 2, 2021, a 32% increase above expectations. Only 77% of excess deaths (n = 2725) were attributed to COVID-19 on the death certificate. Excess mortality was disproportionately high among older adults and people of color. Sex differences varied by race/ethnicity. Conclusions. Excess deaths during the pandemic were not fully explained by COVID-19 mortality; official counts significantly undercount the true death toll. Far from being a great equalizer, the COVID-19 pandemic has exacerbated preexisting disparities in mortality by race/ethnicity. Public Health Implications. Mortality data must be disaggregated by age, sex, and race/ethnicity to accurately understand disparities among groups.

Advancing public health surveillance to estimate child maltreatment fatalities: review and recommendations.

Fatal child maltreatment is a compelling problem in the United States. National estimates of fatal child maltreatment, based largely on child welfare data, have fluctuated around 1,500 deaths annually for the past ten years. However, the limitations of child welfare and other mortality data to accurately enumerate fatal child maltreatment are well documented. As a result of these limitations, the true magnitude of fatal child maltreatment remains unknown. Public health surveillance has been proposed as a mechanism to improve estimation of fatal child maltreatment, as well as to collect and analyze relevant risk factor data for the ultimate goal of developing prevention strategies. This paper describes public health surveillance efforts undertaken to improve estimation of fatal child maltreatment, and presents the unique challenges of identifying fatal child neglect. The strengths and limitations of existing sources of child maltreatment fatality data are reviewed and broad recommendations for strategies to advance public health surveillance of fatal child maltreatment are presented.

Fatal necrotizing pneumonia due to a Panton-Valentine leukocidin positive community-associated methicillin-sensitive Staphylococcus aureus and Influenza co-infection: a case report.

Recent studies have described a number of fatalities due to methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) and influenza virus co-infection. MRSA isolates provide a challenge to caregivers due to inherent wide range antibiotic resistance. Many facilities have instituted screening methods, based on the presence of antibiotic resistance genes, to identify MRSA positive patients upon admission. However, the resistance profile of the pathogen does not necessarily determine the severity of disease caused by that organism. We describe a fatal case of necrotizing pneumonia in a patient co-infected with Influenza B and a community-associated, PVL-positive methicillin-susceptible Staphylococcus aureus (MSSA).

Improving Forensic Pathologic Investigation of Sudden Death in the Young: Tools, Guidance, and Methods of Cardiovascular Dissection from the Sudden Death in the Young Case Registry.

The Sudden Death in the Young (SDY) Case Registry, a prospective, population-based registry active in ten states, has developed tools to aid pathologists and death investigators in the evaluation and autopsy of unexplained, natural sudden deaths in the pediatric population. The tools were developed by a team of experts representing forensic pathology; pediatric-, cardiac-, and neuropathology; cardiology; neurology/epileptology; pediatrics; genetic counseling; and public health. These tools focus on collecting data relevant to determination of cause of death with a focus on dissection of the cardiovascular system. The tools provide an objective checklist format for ease of use and data extraction. By sharing the tools here and highlighting the examination of the cardiovascular system, the SDY Case Registry encourages a standardized approach to death investigation, autopsy, and data collection for sudden, unexpected deaths in the young towards a goal of informing prevention efforts. Acad Forensic Pathol. 2018 8(2): 347-391.

Intra-urban societal vulnerability to extreme heat: the role of heat exposure and the built environment, socioeconomics, and neighborhood stability.

Extreme heat is an important weather hazard associated with excess mortality and morbidity. We determine the relative importance of heat exposure and the built environment, socioeconomic vulnerability, and neighborhood stability for heat mortality (Philadelphia, PA, USA) or heat distress (Phoenix, AZ, USA), using an ecologic study design. We use spatial Generalized Linear and Mixed Models to account for non-independence (spatial autocorrelation) between neighboring census block groups. Failing to account for spatial autocorrelation can provide misleading statistical results. Phoenix neighborhoods with more heat exposure, Black, Hispanic, linguistically and socially isolated residents, and vacant households made more heat distress calls. Philadelphia heat mortality neighborhoods were more likely to have low housing values and a higher proportion of Black residents. Our methodology can identify important risk factors and geographic areas to target interventions.

Examination of the cardiac conduction system: forensic application in cases of sudden cardiac death.

Forensic pathologists may occasionally encounter cases of apparent sudden cardiac death without gross cardiac abnormality. In some of these cases, evaluation of the cardiac conduction system may reveal pathologic lesions which may act as the substrates for ventricular tachyarrhythmias and sudden death. Sample case studies are used to illustrate the suggested criteria and techniques for examination, and commonly-encountered pathologic lesions and normal variants are discussed.